Singh / Harvey Sustainable Biotechnology

Sources of Renewable Energy
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3295-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 323 Seiten

Sustainable Biotechnology; Sources of Renewable Energy draws on the vast body of knowledge about renewable resources for biofuel research, with the aim to bridge the technology gap and focus on critical aspects of lignocellulosic biomolecules and the respective mechanisms regulating their bioconversion to liquid fuels and other value-added products. This book is a collection of outstanding research reports and reviews elucidating several broad-ranging areas of progress and challenges in the utilization of sustainable resources of renewable energy, especially in biofuels.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singh, Om V.

Harvey, Steven P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;8
3;Applications of Biotechnology for the Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources;12
3.1;Introduction;12
3.2;References;16
4;Heat and Mass Transport in Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals;17
4.1;1 Introduction;17
4.2;2 Macroscopic Transport Through Plant Tissues;20
4.3;3 Microscopic Transport Through Plant Cell Walls;22
4.4;4 Lignin Mobility and Impact on Biochemical Conversion;23
4.5;5 Rheology of Biomass Slurries and Implications for Mixing;28
4.6;6 Outlook for Challenges Associated with Transport Processes in Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass;29
4.7;References;31
5;Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass;35
5.1;1 Introduction;35
5.2;2 Background Research;37
5.2.1;2.1 Natural Resource Limitation and Economic Security;37
5.2.2;2.2 Limitation of Mainstream Agricultural Crops for Biofuels;38
5.3;3 Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass;39
5.4;4 Technical Issues at Present;40
5.5;5 Technical Details;42
5.5.1;5.1 Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass;42
5.5.1.1;5.1.1 Overview;42
5.5.1.2;5.1.2 Gasification Process;42
5.5.2;5.2 Syngas Generation;42
5.5.3;5.3 Liquid Fuels -- FT Liquids (Diesel), Ethanol or Butanol, Chemicals;44
5.6;6 Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass;46
5.6.1;6.1 Overview;46
5.6.2;6.2 Pretreatment Methods;47
5.6.3;6.3 Cellulose Hydrolysis;48
5.6.4;6.4 Fermentation (Including SSF and C5 and C6);50
5.6.5;6.5 Butanol and Other Chemicals;51
5.6.6;6.6 Heat (Lignin);51
5.7;7 Current Outcome of Technological Implementation;51
5.7.1;7.1 Current Technology and Commercialization;51
5.7.2;7.2 Major Industries and Technology Providers;52
5.8;8 Summary;53
5.9;References;54
6;Environmentally Sustainable Biofuels The Case for Biodiesel, Biobutanol and Cellulosic Ethanol;58
6.1;1 Introduction;58
6.2;2 Biodiesel;60
6.2.1;2.1 Background;60
6.2.2;2.2 Feedstock;61
6.2.3;2.3 Comparison of Technologies;65
6.2.4;2.4 Summary;66
6.3;3 Biobutanol;66
6.3.1;3.1 Background;66
6.3.2;3.2 Comparison of Processes;67
6.3.3;3.3 Summary;69
6.4;4 Cellulosic Ethanol;69
6.4.1;4.1 Background;70
6.4.2;4.2 Comparison of Pretreatment and Manufacturing Processes;71
6.4.3;4.3 Summary;73
6.5;5 Final Thoughts;74
6.6;References;74
7;Biotechnological Applications of Hemicellulosic Derived Sugars: State-of-the-Art;78
7.1;1 Introduction;78
7.2;2 Background Research;80
7.3;3 Technical Details Materials and Methods;81
7.3.1;3.1 Hemicellulose Hydrolysis;81
7.3.1.1;3.1.1 Dilute Acidic Hydrolysis;81
7.3.1.2;3.1.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis;83
7.3.2;3.2 Hemicellulose Hydrolysates into Products of Industrial Significance;83
7.3.2.1;3.2.1 Ethanol;83
7.3.2.2;3.2.2 Xylitol;89
7.3.3;3.3 2, 3-Butanediol;91
7.3.3.1;3.3.1 Microorganisms;91
7.3.3.2;3.3.2 Fermentation Methodologies;91
7.3.4;3.4 Other Products;92
7.4;4 Expert Commentary and Five-Year View;92
7.5;References;93
8;Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery (TGER);97
8.1;1 Introduction;98
8.2;2 Background Research;100
8.3;3 Materials and Methods;101
8.3.1;3.1 TGER Retrofits;102
8.3.2;3.2 Modifications of Second Prototype;104
8.4;4 Current Outcome of Technical Implementation;106
8.4.1;4.1 General TGER Parameters;108
8.4.1.1;4.1.1 Consumables:;108
8.4.1.2;4.1.2 Logistical Overhead:;108
8.4.1.3;4.1.3 Safety and health risk:;108
8.4.1.4;4.1.4 Target MTBEFF:;108
8.4.2;4.2 Sub-system Specific Parameters Under Optimal Conditions Conus;109
8.5;5 Expert Commentary and Five Year View;113
8.6;6 Conclusion;115
8.7;References;117
9;Production of Methane Biogas as Fuel Through Anaerobic Digestion;118
9.1;1 Introduction;119
9.2;2 The Microbiology Underpinning Anaerobic Digestion;120
9.3;3 Methane Biogas Production from Different Feedstocks;123
9.3.1;3.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Sludge (Biosolids);123
9.3.2;3.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Manures;124
9.3.2.1;3.2.1 Animal Manure Dung and Poultry Litter;125
9.3.2.2;3.2.2 Dairy and Swine Manure Slurry;126
9.3.3;3.3 Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Food and Food-Processing Wastes, Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes (OFMSW), and Crop Residues;127
9.3.4;3.4 Anaerobic Treatment of Organic Wastewaters;129
9.4;4 Drivers and Barriers for Commercial Implementation of Anaerobic Digestion to Convert Biomass Wastes to Renewable Energy;130
9.4.1;4.1 Drivers for Commercial Implementation of AD;131
9.4.2;4.2 Barriers to Commercial Implementation of AD;132
9.4.3;4.3 Tipping the Balance Between Drivers and Barriers;133
9.5;5 Future Perspective;133
9.5.1;5.1 Enhancing Biomass Conversion and Methane Production;133
9.5.2;5.2 Optimizing AD Process Stability;134
9.5.3;5.3 Better Knowledge on the Microbial Communities in Digesters;135
9.5.4;5.4 Strengthening the Drivers and Eliminating the Barriers;135
9.6;References;136
10;Waste to Renewable Energy: A Sustainable and Green Approach Towards Production of Biohydrogen by Acidogenic Fermentation;141
10.1;1 Introduction;141
10.2;2 Fermentative Process of H2 Production ;142
10.2.1;2.1 Biochemistry;144
10.2.2;2.2 Soluble Metabolic Acid Intermediates;145
10.3;3 Waste and Wastewater as Substrates for H2 Production ;145
10.4;4 Factors Influencing the Fermentative H2 Production Process ;148
10.4.1;4.1 Biocatalyst;148
10.4.2;4.2 pH;149
10.4.3;4.3 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT);152
10.4.4;4.4 Temperature;153
10.4.5;4.5 Reactor Configuration and Operation;153
10.4.6;4.6 Substrate Loading Rate;154
10.4.7;4.7 Nitrogen and Phosphrous;156
10.5;5 Combined Process Efficiency;156
10.6;6 Limitations in Fermentative H2 Production ;157
10.7;7 Strategies to Enhance Process Efficiency;158
10.7.1;7.1 Process Integration Approach;158
10.7.2;7.2 Microbial Electrolysis;159
10.7.3;7.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Generation Utilizing Acid-Rich Effluents;161
10.7.4;7.4 Bioaugmentation;161
10.7.5;7.5 Self-immobilization of Biocatalyst;161
10.7.6;7.6 Activators to Enhance H2 Production ;162
10.7.7;7.7 Molecular Engineering;164
10.8;8 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Bioelectricity Generation from Acidogenic Fermentation;164
10.9;9 Concluding Remarks;165
10.10;References;168
11;Bacterial Communities in Various Conditions of the Composting Reactor Revealed by 16S rDNA Clone Analysis and DGGE;177
11.1;1 Introduction;177
11.2;2 Background Research;178
11.2.1;2.1 16S rRNA Gene (rDNA) Clone Analysis;178
11.2.2;2.2 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE);179
11.2.3;2.3 Case Study;179
11.2.3.1;2.3.1 Different Conditions of the Reactor;179
11.2.3.2;2.3.2 Types of Bulking Agent -- Wood Chips or Polyethylene Terephthalate;179
11.2.3.3;2.3.3 Small-Scale and Large-Scale Reactor;180
11.3;3 Technical Details-Materials and Methods;180
11.3.1;3.1 Operation of the Reactors;180
11.3.2;3.2 Extraction of Community DNA from Samples;181
11.3.2.1;3.2.1 16S rDNA Clone Analysis;181
11.3.2.2;3.2.2 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE);182
11.4;4 Current Outcome of Technological Implementation;183
11.5;5 Expert Commentary and 5 Year View;186
11.6;References;187
12;Perspectives on Bioenergy and Biofuels;190
12.1;1 Introduction;190
12.1.1;1.1 Biomass for Non-food Applications and Possible Adverse Effects;191
12.1.2;1.2 Food Production and Price Increases;191
12.1.3;1.3 Destruction of the Rainforest;192
12.1.4;1.4 Greenhouse Gases;192
12.1.5;1.5 Waste Biomass and Its Application for Energy and Fuels;193
12.1.6;1.6 Biomass to Liquids (BTL);193
12.1.7;1.7 Biogas;193
12.1.8;1.8 Second Generation Bioethanol Production;194
12.1.9;1.9 Lignocellulose Pre-treatment for Bioethanol Production;195
12.1.10;1.10 (Ligno)Cellulose Hydrolysis;196
12.1.11;1.11 Fermentation of Sugars;196
12.2;2 Technical Details and Status of Technological Implementation;196
12.2.1;2.1 Q: Burn or Bioethanol?;197
12.2.2;2.2 Pretreatment;198
12.2.3;2.3 Pretreatment Experiments;198
12.2.4;2.4 Pretreatment Costs and Acid Recovery;198
12.2.5;2.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis;199
12.2.6;2.6 Adding Value to Rest Streams;199
12.3;3 Commentary on Future Perspectives;200
12.3.1;3.1 Tackling Adverse Effects of the Use of Biomass for Non-food Applications;200
12.3.2;3.2 Use of the Correct Raw Materials and Technology at the Right Scale;202
12.4;4 Conclusion;202
12.5;References;203
13;Perspectives on Chemicals from Renewable Resources;206
13.1;1 Introduction;206
13.1.1;1.1 Conversions of Fats and Oils;207
13.1.2;1.2 Carbohydrate Conversions;207
13.2;2 Conversions of Lignin;209
13.2.1;2.1 Amino Acid Conversions;209
13.2.2;2.2 Other Biomass Conversions;209
13.3;3 An Approach;210
13.4;4 Technical Details and Status of Technological Implementation;212
13.4.1;4.1 Possible Reactions of Amino Acids;214
13.5;5 Expert Commentary on Future Perspectives;215
13.5.1;5.1 Sourcing of Raw Materials;216
13.5.2;5.2 Protein Conversion to Amino Acids;217
13.5.3;5.3 Amino Acid Separation;217
13.5.4;5.4 Amino Acid Application and Modification;218
13.6;References;219
14;Microbial Lactic Acid Production from Renewable Resources;222
14.1;1 Introduction;222
14.2;2 Background Research;224
14.3;3 Materials and Methods;226
14.3.1;3.1 Pretreatment;226
14.3.2;3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation;227
14.3.3;3.3 Separation;228
14.4;4 Results and Discussion;229
14.4.1;4.1 Cheese Whey;231
14.4.2;4.2 Starchy Biomass;232
14.4.3;4.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass;233
14.5;5 Expert Commentary and 5 Year View;234
14.6;References;235
15;Microbial Production of Potent Phenolic-Antioxidants Through Solid State Fermentation;240
15.1;1 Introduction;240
15.2;2 Background Research;241
15.2.1;2.1 Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (NDGA);241
15.2.2;2.2 Gallic Acid;245
15.2.3;2.3 Ellagic Acid;246
15.3;3 Technical Details;247
15.4;4 Current Outcome of Technological Implementation;248
15.5;5 Current Commentary and 5 Year View;250
15.6;References;251
16;Photoautotrophic Production of Astaxanthin by the Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis ;258
16.1;1 Introduction;258
16.2;2 Current Methodology for the Production of Haematococcus astaxanthin: The Two-Stage Approach ;260
16.3;3 The Alternative: The One-Step Strategy;262
16.4;References;267
17;Enzymatic Synthesis of Heparin;270
17.1;1 Introduction;270
17.2;2 Background Research;271
17.2.1;2.1 Structures and Biological Functions of HS;271
17.2.2;2.2 Biosynthesis of HS;272
17.2.3;2.3 The Role of HS/Heparin in Regulating the Blood Coagulation;274
17.2.4;2.4 Chemical Synthesis of Heparin/HS;275
17.2.5;2.5 Enzymatic Synthesis of Heparin/HS;275
17.3;3 Technical Details-Materials and Methods;275
17.3.1;3.1 Purification of Heparosan from E. coli ;276
17.3.2;3.2 Expression of HS Biosynthetic Enzymes in E. coli ;277
17.3.3;3.3 Coupling HS Sulfotransferase with a PAPS Regeneration System;277
17.4;4 Current Outcome of Technological Implementation;278
17.4.1;4.1 Enzymatic Synthesis of AT Binding Pentasaccharide;278
17.4.2;4.2 Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Anticoagulant HS from Heparosan;278
17.4.3;4.3 Enzymatic Redesign of HS;280
17.4.4;4.4 Use of an Enzymatic Combinatorial Approach to Identify Novel Anticoagulant HS Structures;281
17.4.5;4.5 Preparation of 3-O-Sulfated Octasaccharide that Inhibits the Entry of HSV-1;281
17.4.6;4.6 De Novo Synthesis of Heparin/HS Backbone;283
17.4.7;4.7 Alternative UDP Sugar Donor Substrates;284
17.5;5 Expert Commentary and 5 Year View;285
17.6;References;285
18;Extremophiles: Sustainable Resource of NaturalCompounds-Extremolytes;289
18.1;1 Introduction;289
18.2;2 Extremophilism;290
18.2.1;2.1 Factors Influencing Extremophilism;292
18.2.1.1;2.1.1 Temperature;292
18.2.1.2;2.1.2 Radiation;293
18.2.1.3;2.1.3 Desiccation;294
18.2.1.4;2.1.4 Pressure;294
18.2.1.5;2.1.5 Salinity;295
18.2.1.6;2.1.6 pH;295
18.3;3 Extremophiles and Extremolytic Products;295
18.4;4 Future Implications of Extremolytes;298
18.5;5 Expert Commentary and 5 Year View;298
18.6;References;299
19;Index;305