Simeonova / Opopol / Luster Nanotechnology - Toxicological Issues and Environmental Safety

2007
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6076-2
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 292 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing technological fields of the 21 st century. Nanotechnologies will impact numerous industries, including daily consumer products, health care, energy, and transportation. However, the success of the emerging nanotechnology applications will depend on dynamic development of nanomaterial toxicology, risk and exposure assessment. Little is known about the potential adverse health and ecological effects of exposure to engineered nanomaterials, the main components of many nanotechnologies. Concerns are coming from the initial toxicological studies as well as the research and epidemiological reports on ultrafine particle toxicity. This book provides a summary of the state-of-art knowledge on nanomaterials and nanoparticles – toxicological issues; risk assessment and control measures; public participation and educational/ethical issues; and lastly, institutional mechanisms and status reports from various countries. This book includes a summary of the most important gaps in knowledge, needs for research, and collaborations in the field of nanotechnology regarding safe application and development.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Simeonova, P.P.

Opopol, N.

Luster, M.I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Nanotechnologies: Overview and Issues.- Biokinetics and Effects of Nanoparticles.- Nanoparticle Exposure and Systemic/Cardio Vascular Effects – Experimental Data.- Pulmonary Effects of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress/Signaling, and Recognition by Macrophages.- Inhalation of Nanomaterials: Short Overview of the Local and Systemic Effects.- Interactions of Organic Compounds with Mineral Particles, and the Detection of Cell Components in Bacteria by Spectroscopic Methods – Connections to Nanoscience.- Toxicity of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Respect to their Application as Drug Carriers.- Risk Assessment Approaches and Research Needs for Nanomaterials: An Examination of Data and Information from Current Studies.- Risk Assessment Related to Nanotechnology: Environmental and Policy–Making.- Needs for Regulations, Training, and Education for Health Protection and Environmental Security of Nanotechnologies.- Bioethics and Legal Aspects of Potential Health and Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology.- Nanotechnology – The Frame of Worker Training, Public Education, and Participation.- Use of Membrane Filtration for Water Treatment with Examples from the Republic of Macedonia.- Current State of Nanostructured TiO2-based Catalysts: Preparation Methods.- Evaluation of Mean Diameter values using Scherrer Equation Applied to Electron Diffraction Images.- Occupational Risk Assessment and Management: Focus on Nanomaterials.- Approaches in Environmental Ecotoxicology.- Particle Exposure Through the Indoor Air Environment.

Leseproben

BIOKINETICS AND EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES (p. 15)

GUNTER OBERDÖRSTER
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry,
Department of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Avenue,
MRBx Building, Box 850, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
Abstract:
Exposures to airborne nanosized particles (<,100 nm) have been experienced by humans throughout their evolutionary stages. Recently, the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source for human exposures to nanosized particles – engineered nanoparticles (NPs) – by different routes, i.e., inhalation, ingestion, dermal, or even injection.

Nanotechnology is defined as research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of ~1–100 nm range. One of the many promising applications of engineered NPs is in the area of medicine, for example, targeted drug delivery as aerosols and to tissues which are difficult to reach.

The discipline of nanomedicine has arisen to develop, test, and optimize these applications. However, the same properties that makes NP attractive for development in nanomedicine and for specific industrial processes could also prove deleterious when NP interact with cells. An emerging discipline – nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices – is gaining increased attention.

Nanotoxicology research will not only provide information for risk assessment of NP based on data for hazard identification, dose–response relationships, and biokinetics, but will also help to advance further the field of nanomedicine by providing information to alter undesirable NP properties.

Although potential adverse effects of engineered NP have not been systema- tically investigated, there are a number of studies in the area of inhalation toxicology and also human epidemiology from which some preliminary some decades-old – mostly forgotten – studies with nanosized particles which shed light on the biokinetics of such particles once introduced into the organism.

This presentation summarizes results of studies with nanosized particles with a focus on the respiratory tract and skin as portals of entry. conclusions about effects of nanosized particles can be drawn. There are also Examples of translocation and effects of nanosized particles and presumed consequences, on the other hand, the findings also give us ideas about the intriguing possibilities that NP offer for potential use as diagnostic tools or as therapeutic delivery systems.

A thorough evaluation of desirable versus adverse effects is required for the safe use of engineered NP, and major challenges lie ahead to answer key questions of nanotoxicology, foremost being the assessment of human and environmental exposure, the identification of potential hazards (toxicity vs. benefit), and the biopersistence in cells and subcellular structures.

Results so far demonstrate that the highly desirable properties of nanoparticles, which makes them attractive as medicinal aerosols, as well as their potential to induce toxicity, depend not only on their size but on a variety of surface properties. To establish the principles which govern NP-cell interactions will be a major challenge for the field of Nanotoxicology.

1. Introduction
Exposures to airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs, <,100 nm) have been experienced by humans throughout their evolutionary stages, but it is only with the advent of the industrial revolution that such exposures have increased dramatically because of anthropogenic sources such as internal combustion engines, power plants, and many other sources of thermodegradation.