Side Effects of Drugs Annual

A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-093299-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 848 Seiten

The Side Effects of Drugs Annual was first published in 1977. It has been continually published since then, as a yearly update to the voluminous encyclopedia Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Each new Annual continues to provide clinicians and medical investigators with a reliable and critical yearly survey of new data and trends in the area of adverse drug reactions and interactions. An international team of specialists has contributed to the informative Annual by critically interpreting it and by pointing to whatever is misleading.
Provides a critical yearly survey of new data and trendsSpecial reviews in this Annual include, among other topics: Epidemiology of the use of ecstasy, Paracetamol and the risk of asthma, Combination vaccines/multiple immunizations, Interactions of herbal medicines with warfarin, and Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Side effects of drugs annual 31;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;13
5;Contributors;6
6;Special reviews;17
7;Cumulative indexes of special reviews, Annuals 12–30;18
7.1;Index of drugs;18
7.2;Index of adverse effects;23
8;Table of Essays, Annuals 1–30;27
9;Classifications of adverse drug reactions;28
9.1;1. EIDOS;28
9.2;2. DoTS;29
10;How to use this book;32
10.1;THE SCOPE OF THE ANNUAL;32
10.2;PERIOD COVERED;32
10.3;SELECTION OF MATERIAL;32
10.4;CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS;33
10.5;DRUG NAMES;33
10.6;SYSTEM OF TAGGING REFERENCES;33
10.7;INDEXES;33
11;Side Effects of Drugs Essay: MedDRA®: the Tale of a Terminology;34
11.1;The history of MedDra;34
11.2;The scope and structure of MedDra;35
11.3;Sustaining MedDra: the MSSO and Management Board;35
11.4;MedDra and regulatory agencies;36
11.5;Applications of MedDra: coding;37
11.6;Applications of MedDra: data retrieval and presentation;38
11.7;The future of MedDra;40
11.8;Conclusions;41
11.9;Acknowledgements;41
11.10;References;41
12;Chapter 1. Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that suppress appetite;44
12.1;AMPHETAMINES;44
12.1.1;Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine, MDMA);44
12.1.2;Metamfetamine;44
12.1.3;Atomoxetine;45
12.1.4;Methylphenidate;46
12.1.5;Modafinil;50
12.2;METHYLXANTHINES;51
12.2.1;Caffeine;51
12.2.2;Theophylline;51
12.3;DRUGS THAT SUPPRESS APPETITE;52
12.3.1;Phentermine;52
12.3.2;Sibutramine;52
12.4;DRUGS USED IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE;53
12.4.1;Donepezil;53
12.4.2;Rivastigmine;54
12.5;REFERENCES;55
13;Chapter 2. Antidepressant drugs;60
13.1;GENERAL;60
13.2;SELECTIVE SEROTONIN RE-UPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs);61
13.2.1;SSRIs and suicide;61
13.3;SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SNRIs);65
13.3.1;Venlafaxine;65
13.4;OTHER ANTIDEPRESSANTS;65
13.4.1;Bupropion (amfebutamone);65
13.4.2;Reboxetine;65
13.5;REFERENCES;65
14;Chapter 3. Lithium;68
14.1;REFERENCES;72
15;Chapter 4. Drugs of abuse;76
15.1;CANNABINOIDS;76
15.2;COCAINE;80
15.2.1;Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine, MDMA);84
15.2.2;Khat;91
15.3;OPIOID ANALGESICS;91
15.4;REFERENCES;95
16;Chapter 5. Hypnosedatives and anxiolytics;100
16.1;BENZODIAZEPINES;100
16.1.1;Alprazolam;100
16.1.2;Diazepam;100
16.1.3;Flunitrazepam;101
16.1.4;Lorazepam;101
16.1.5;Midazolam;102
16.1.6;Quazepam;103
16.1.7;Temazepam;103
16.1.8;Triazolam;103
16.2;OTHER HYPNOSEDATIVES;103
16.2.1;Chloral hydrate;103
16.2.2;Zolpidem;104
16.2.3;Zopiclone;105
16.3;REFERENCES;105
17;Chapter 6. Antipsychotic drugs;108
17.1;GENERAL;108
17.2;INDIVIDUAL DRUGS;112
17.2.1;Amisulpride;112
17.2.2;Clozapine;121
17.2.3;Haloperidol;123
17.2.4;Olanzapine;124
17.2.5;Quetiapine;129
17.2.6;Risperidone;131
17.2.7;Sarcosine;135
17.2.8;Ziprasidone;135
17.3;REFERENCES;137
18;Chapter 7. Antiepileptic drugs;148
18.1;GENERAL;148
18.1.1;Carbamazepine;150
18.1.2;Gabapentin;153
18.1.3;Lamotrigine;156
18.1.4;Levetiracetam;159
18.1.5;Oxcarbazepine;161
18.1.6;Phenytoin and fosphenytoin;163
18.1.7;Pregabalin;164
18.1.8;Tiagabine;166
18.1.9;Topiramate;167
18.1.10;Valproate sodium and semisodium (divalproex);169
18.1.11;Vigabatrin;179
18.1.12;Zonisamide;180
18.2;REFERENCES;182
19;Chapter 8. Opioid analgesics and narcotic antagonists;192
19.1;GENERAL;192
19.2;OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS;196
19.2.1;Alfentanil;196
19.2.2;Codeine;197
19.2.3;Dextromethorphan;199
19.2.4;Dextropropoxyphene;199
19.2.5;Diamorphine (heroin);199
19.2.6;Fentanyl;200
19.2.7;Frakefamide;203
19.2.8;Hydrocodone;203
19.2.9;Hydromorphone;203
19.2.10;Methadone;204
19.2.11;Morphine;205
19.2.12;Morphine-6-glucuronide;208
19.2.13;Oxycodone;208
19.2.14;Oxymorphone;209
19.2.15;Papaverine;209
19.2.16;Pethidine (meperidine);209
19.2.17;Remifentanil;209
19.2.18;Sufentanil;210
19.2.19;Tramadol;211
19.3;PARTIAL OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS;212
19.3.1;Buprenorphine;212
19.3.2;Butorphanol;213
19.4;OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;213
19.4.1;Naloxone;213
19.4.2;Naltrexone;213
19.5;REFERENCES;214
20;Chapter 9. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout;224
20.1;ANILINE DERIVATIVES;224
20.1.1;Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and combinations;224
20.2;NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS;226
20.3;ARYLALKANOIC ACID DERIVATIVES;229
20.3.1;Aceclofenac;229
20.3.2;Dexketoprofen;229
20.3.3;Diclofenac;229
20.3.4;Ibuprofen;230
20.3.5;Indometacin;232
20.3.6;Ketoprofen;232
20.3.7;Naproxen;233
20.4;COX-2 SELECTIVE INHIBITORS;233
20.4.1;Etoricoxib;234
20.4.2;Parecoxib;234
20.4.3;Rofecoxib;234
20.4.4;Valdecoxib;234
20.5;OXICAMS;235
20.5.1;Meloxicam;235
20.5.2;Piroxicam;235
20.6;PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES;235
20.6.1;Metamizole (dipyrone);235
20.7;SALICYLATES;236
20.7.1;Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and related compounds;236
20.7.2;Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease;236
20.8;DUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT;244
20.8.1;Allopurinol;244
20.8.2;Colchicine;245
20.8.3;Probenecid;246
20.8.4;Rasburicase;246
20.9;REFERENCES;247
21;Chapter 10. General anesthetics and therapeutic gases;260
21.1;ANESTHETIC VAPORS;260
21.2;HALOGENATED VAPORS;260
21.2.1;Desflurane;260
21.2.2;Isoflurane;261
21.2.3;Sevoflurane;261
21.2.4;Trichloroethylene;262
21.3;OTHER VAPORS;264
21.3.1;Nitrous oxide;264
21.4;INTRAVENOUS AGENTS: NON-BARBITURATE ANESTHETICS;264
21.4.1;Etomidate;264
21.4.2;Ketamine;265
21.4.3;Propofol;265
21.5;INTRAVENOUS AGENTS: BARBITURATE ANESTHETICS;269
21.5.1;Thiopental sodium;269
21.6;REFERENCES;269
22;Chapter 11. Local anesthetics;274
22.1;Lipid rescue for local anesthetic toxicity;274
22.2;EFFECTS RELATED TO MODES OF USE;276
22.2.1;Brachial plexus anesthesia;276
22.2.2;Epidural anesthesia;277
22.2.3;Spinal (intrathecal) anesthesia;278
22.2.4;Dental anesthesia;280
22.2.5;Hematoma blocks;280
22.2.6;Ocular anesthesia;280
22.2.7;Peripheral nerve block anesthesia;281
22.2.8;Tonsillar anesthesia;281
22.2.9;Topical anesthesia;281
22.3;INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS;282
22.3.1;Amethocaine;282
22.3.2;Benzocaine;282
22.3.3;Bupivacaine;282
22.3.4;Cocaine;283
22.3.5;Lidocaine;283
22.3.6;Prilocaine and Emla;283
22.3.7;Ropivacaine;283
22.3.8;Tetracaine;284
22.4;REFERENCES;284
23;Chapter 12. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants;290
23.1;DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS;290
23.1.1;Suxamethonium;290
23.2;NON-DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS;291
23.2.1;Rocuronium;291
23.2.2;Sugammadex;292
23.3;SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS;293
23.3.1;Baclofen;293
23.3.2;Botulinum toxins;295
23.3.3;Carisoprodol;296
23.3.4;Chlorzoxazone;296
23.3.5;Cyclobenzaprine;297
23.3.6;Diaminopyridine;297
23.4;REFERENCES;297
24;Chapter 13. Drugs that affect autonomic functions or the extrapyramidal system;302
24.1;DRUGS THAT STIMULATE BOTH ALPHA- AND BETAADRENOCEPTORS;302
24.1.1;Adrenaline (epinephrine);302
24.2;DRUGS THAT PREDOMINANTLY STIMULATE ALPHA1- ADRENOCEPTORS;307
24.2.1;Midodrine;307
24.2.2;Phenylephrine;307
24.2.3;Phenylpropanolamine;307
24.3;DRUGS THAT STIMULATE BETA1-ADRENOCEPTORS;308
24.3.1;Dobutamine;308
24.4;DRUGS THAT STIMULATE DOPAMINE RECEPTORS;309
24.4.1;Levodopa;309
24.4.2;Dopamine receptor agonists;311
24.5;OTHER DRUGS THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE ACTIVITY;312
24.5.1;Amantadine;312
24.5.2;Selegiline;313
24.5.3;Rasagiline;313
24.6;ERGOT DERIVATIVES;315
24.6.1;Methysergide;315
24.7;DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM;315
24.7.1;Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;315
24.7.2;Anticholinergic drugs;316
24.8;REFERENCES;320
25;Chapter 14. Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics;330
25.1;COSMETICS;330
25.1.1;Artecoll® ;330
25.1.2;Eyelash tint;330
25.1.3;Hyaluronic acid;331
25.1.4;Hydroquinone;331
25.1.5;Talc;331
25.2;HAIR DYES;331
25.2.1;Para-phenylenediamine;332
25.2.2;Glucocorticoids, topical;333
25.2.3;Colophony;334
25.3;PHOTOTHERAPY AND PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY;334
25.3.1;Aminolevulinic acid;334
25.3.2;PUVA;334
25.4;SUNSCREENS;334
25.5;VITAMIN A (RETINOIDS);334
25.5.1;Acitretin;334
25.5.2;Isotretinoin;334
25.5.3;Tazarotene;335
25.6;VITAMIN D ANALOGS, TOPICAL;336
25.6.1;Calcipotriol;336
25.7;REFERENCES;336
26;Chapter 15. Antihistamines (H[sub(1)] receptor antagonists);340
26.1;Cetirizine;341
26.2;Desloratadine;341
26.3;Diphenhydramine;341
26.4;Doxylamine;341
26.5;Fexofenadine;342
26.6;Hydroxyzine;343
26.7;Levocetirizine;343
26.8;REFERENCES;344
27;Chapter 16. Drugs acting on the respiratory tract;348
27.1;INHALED GLUCOCORTICOIDS;348
27.2;BETA[sub(2)]-ADRENOCEPTOR;351
27.3;ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS;354
27.3.1;Tiotropium bromide;354
27.4;LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS;355
27.4.1;Montelukast;355
27.5;PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE IV INHIBITORS;356
27.5.1;Cilomilast;356
27.5.2;Roflumilast;356
27.5.3;Non-prescription cough and cold medicines;357
27.6;REFERENCES;358
28;Chapter 17. Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias;364
28.1;CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES;364
28.2;OTHER POSITIVE INOTROPIC DRUGS;366
28.2.1;Milrinone;366
28.3;ADENOSINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS;366
28.3.1;Adenosine and analogues;366
28.3.2;Adenosine receptor agonists;367
28.3.3;Amiodarone;367
28.3.4;Bepridil;372
28.3.5;Cibenzoline;373
28.3.6;Flecainide;373
28.3.7;Lidocaine (lignocaine);373
28.3.8;Mexiletine;374
28.3.9;Propafenone;374
28.3.10;Procainamide;375
28.4;REFERENCES;375
29;Chapter 18. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and antianginal drugs;382
29.1;BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;382
29.1.1;Atenolol;382
29.1.2;Metoprolol;382
29.1.3;Propranolol;383
29.1.4;Timolol;383
29.2;POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATORS;383
29.2.1;Nicorandil;383
29.3;CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS;383
29.3.1;Amlodipine;383
29.3.2;Diltiazem;384
29.3.3;Nimodipine;384
29.3.4;Nifedipine;384
29.3.5;Verapamil;385
29.4;REFERENCES;385
30;Chapter 19. Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations;388
30.1;DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTERIAL DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN AND LIMBS;388
30.1.1;Cinnarizine and flunarizine;388
30.1.2;Ginkgo biloba;388
30.2;DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF VENOUS DISORDERS;388
30.2.1;Aescin;388
30.3;DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE;388
30.3.1;Ergot alkaloids;388
30.3.2;Triptans;389
30.4;OTHER PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS;389
30.4.1;Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type V;389
30.5;REFERENCES;390
31;Chapter 20. Antihypertensive drugs;392
31.1;ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS;393
31.1.1;Captopril;398
31.1.2;Enalapril;398
31.1.3;Lisinopril;400
31.1.4;Quinapril;400
31.1.5;Ramipril;400
31.2;ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;401
31.2.1;Candesartan;401
31.2.2;Losartan;402
31.2.3;Telmisartan;403
31.2.4;Valsartan;403
31.3;DIRECT RENIN INHIBITORS;403
31.3.1;Aliskiren;403
31.4;ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;403
31.4.1;Ambrisentan;404
31.4.2;Bosentan;404
31.4.3;Sitaxsentan;405
31.5;DRUGS THAT ACT ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;405
31.6;PRESYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS;405
31.6.1;Clonidine;405
31.6.2;Methyldopa;406
31.7;POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;406
31.7.1;Alfuzosin;406
31.7.2;Doxazosin;406
31.7.3;Phenoxybenzamine;407
31.7.4;Tamsulosin;407
31.7.5;Hydralazine;408
31.7.6;Sodium nitroprusside;408
31.8;REFERENCES;409
31.9;ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS;393
31.9.1;Captopril;398
31.9.2;Enalapril;398
31.9.3;Imidapril;400
31.9.4;Lisinopril;400
31.9.5;Quinapril;400
31.9.6;Ramipril;400
31.10;ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;401
31.10.1;Candesartan;401
31.10.2;Irbesartan;402
31.10.3;Losartan;402
31.10.4;Telmisartan;403
31.10.5;Valsartan;403
31.11;DIRECT RENIN INHIBITORS;403
31.11.1;Aliskiren;403
31.12;ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;403
31.12.1;Ambrisentan;404
31.12.2;Bosentan;404
31.13;DRUGS THAT ACT ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-29,;405
31.14;PRESYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS;405
31.14.1;Clonidine;405
31.14.2;Methyldopa;406
31.15;POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHAADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;406
31.15.1;Alfuzosin;406
31.15.2;Doxazosin;406
31.15.3;Phenoxybenzamine;407
31.15.4;Tamsulosin;407
31.15.5;Hydralazine;408
31.15.6;Sodium nitroprusside;408
31.16;REFERENCES;409
32;Chapter 21. Diuretics;414
32.1;CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS;414
32.1.1;Acetazolamide;414
32.1.2;Brinzolamide;414
32.1.3;Dorzolamide;414
32.2;THIAZIDE AND THIAZIDELIKE DIURETICS;415
32.2.1;Chlortalidone;415
32.2.2;Hydrochlorothiazide;416
32.3;LOOP DIURETICS;418
32.4;ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;418
32.5;OSMOTIC DIURETICS;419
32.6;REFERENCES;420
33;Chapter 22. Metals;426
33.1;Aluminium;426
33.2;Tumorigenicity of aluminium;426
33.3;Antimony;427
33.4;Arsenic;428
33.5;Bismuth;428
33.6;Cesium;429
33.7;Cerium;429
33.8;Chromium;429
33.9;Cobalt;429
33.10;Copper;430
33.11;Gold and gold salts;430
33.12;Iron salts;430
33.13;LANTHANOIDS;431
33.14;Cerium nitrate;431
33.15;Lanthanum carbonate;432
33.16;Magnesium salts;433
33.17;Mercury and mercurial salts;434
33.18;Nickel;435
33.19;Potassium salts;435
33.20;Selenium;435
33.21;Silver salts and derivatives;436
33.22;Titanium;437
33.23;Zinc;437
33.24;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;437
33.25;REFERENCES;437
34;Chapter 23. Metal antagonists;442
34.1;IRON CHELATORS;442
34.1.1;Deferasirox;444
34.1.2;Deferiprone;445
34.1.3;Deferoxamine;445
34.2;PENICILLAMINE AND RELATED DRUGS;446
34.2.1;Bucillamine;446
34.2.2;Penicillamine;447
34.3;OTHER CHELATORS;447
34.3.1;Di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl- 3-thiosemicarbazone;447
34.3.2;Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA);448
34.3.3;Triapine®;448
34.4;REFERENCES;448
35;Chapter 24. Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants;452
35.1;ALDEHYDES;452
35.1.1;Formaldehyde;452
35.1.2;Glutaral (glutaraldehyde);452
35.2;BISBIGUANIDES;453
35.2.1;Chlorhexidine;453
35.3;IODOPHORS;454
35.3.1;Polyvinylpyrrolidone;454
35.4;ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS;454
35.4.1;Thiomersal;454
35.5;REFERENCES;455
36;Chapter 25. Penicillins, cephalosporins, other beta-lactam antibiotics, and tetracyclines;456
36.1;BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS;457
36.2;CARBAPENEMS;457
36.2.1;Doripenem;458
36.2.2;Tebipenem pivoxil;458
36.3;CEPHALOSPORINS;459
36.3.1;Cefdinir;459
36.3.2;Cefepime;459
36.3.3;Ceftriaxone;460
36.3.4;Cefprozil;460
36.4;MONOBACTAMS;460
36.4.1;Aztreonam;460
36.5;PENICILLINS;461
36.5.1;Amoxicillin;461
36.5.2;Co-amoxiclav and clavulanic acid;462
36.5.3;Nafcillin;462
36.6;TETRACYCLINES AND GLYCYLCYCLINES;462
36.6.1;Minocycline;463
36.6.2;Tetracycline;464
36.6.3;Tigecycline;464
36.7;REFERENCES;465
37;Chapter 26. Miscellaneous antibacterial drugs;470
37.1;AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS;470
37.1.1;Amikacin;470
37.1.2;Gentamicin;470
37.1.3;Neomycin;471
37.1.4;Tobramycin;471
37.2;CHLORAMPHENICOL AND RELATED DRUGS;472
37.2.1;Chloramphenicol;472
37.2.2;Thiamphenicol;472
37.3;FLUOROQUINOLONES;472
37.3.1;Ciprofloxacin;472
37.3.2;Gatifloxacin;474
37.3.3;Levofloxacin;475
37.3.4;Moxifloxacin;477
37.3.5;Ofloxacin;477
37.3.6;Sparfloxacin;478
37.4;GLYCOPEPTIDES;478
37.4.1;Dalbavancin;478
37.4.2;Teicoplanin;478
37.5;KETOLIDES;479
37.5.1;Telithromycin;479
37.6;LINCOSAMIDES;480
37.6.1;Clindamycin;480
37.7;MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS;480
37.7.1;Azithromycin;480
37.7.2;Clarithromycin;481
37.7.3;Erythromycin;481
37.7.4;Roxithromycin;482
37.8;NITROFURANTOIN;482
37.9;OXAZOLIDINONES;482
37.10;POLYMYXINS;484
37.11;STREPTOGRAMINS;485
37.11.1;Pristinamycin;485
37.11.2;Quinupristin/dalfopristin;486
37.11.3;Virginiamycin;487
37.12;SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETHOPRIM, AND CO-TRIMOXAZOLE;487
37.13;OTHER ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS;489
37.13.1;Daptomycin;489
37.13.2;Fosmidomycin;490
37.14;REFERENCES;490
38;Chapter 27. Antifungal drugs;500
38.1;ALLYLAMINES;500
38.1.1;Terbinafine;500
38.2;AMPHOTERICIN;501
38.2.1;Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC);502
38.2.2;Amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB);502
38.2.3;Liposomal amphotericin (L-AmB);502
38.3;ANTIFUNGAL AZOLES;502
38.3.1;Fluconazole;505
38.3.2;Itraconazole;506
38.3.3;Posaconazole;506
38.3.4;Voriconazole;506
38.4;ECHINOCANDINS;507
38.4.1;Micafungin;507
38.5;REFERENCES;508
39;Chapter 28. Antiprotozoal drugs;512
39.1;ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS;512
39.2;4-AMINOQUINOLINES (CHLOROQUINE AND CONGENERS);512
39.2.1;Amodiaquine;512
39.2.2;Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine;513
39.2.3;Mefloquine;514
39.3;QUININE AND CONGENERS;515
39.4;ENDOPEROXIDES;516
39.5;DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI INFECTIONS;517
39.5.1;Sulfonamides;517
39.6;DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF OTHER PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS;518
39.6.1;Metronidazole;518
39.7;REFERENCES;518
40;Chapter 29. Antiviral drugs;520
40.1;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST CYTOMEGALOVIRUS;520
40.1.1;Cidofovir;520
40.2;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HERPESVIRUSES;521
40.2.1;Aciclovir;521
40.3;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HEPATITIS VIRUSES;523
40.3.1;Adefovir;523
40.3.2;Lamivudine;523
40.3.3;Telbivudine;524
40.4;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: COMBINATIONS;524
40.5;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI);525
40.5.1;Abacavir;525
40.5.2;Didanosine;526
40.5.3;Emtricitabine;527
40.5.4;Stavudine;527
40.5.5;Zidovudine;528
40.6;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI);528
40.6.1;Tenofovir;528
40.7;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTI);529
40.7.1;Efavirenz;529
40.7.2;Nevirapine;529
40.8;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST HIV: PROTEASE INHIBITORS;530
40.8.1;Amprenavir;530
40.8.2;Atazanavir;530
40.8.3;Indinavir;531
40.8.4;Nelflnavir;531
40.8.5;Ritonavir;531
40.8.6;Saquinavir;531
40.9;DRUGS ACTIVE AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUSES: NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS;532
40.9.1;Oseltamivir;532
40.10;REFERENCES;532
41;Chapter 30. Drugs used in tuberculosis and leprosy;538
41.1;Dapsone;539
41.2;Ethambutol;540
41.3;Isoniazid;541
41.4;Rifampicin;541
41.5;Rifapentine;543
41.6;Newer drugs for tuberculosis;543
41.7;REFERENCES;545
42;Chapter 31. Antihelminthic drugs;550
42.1;BENZIMIDAZOLES;551
42.1.1;Albendazole and mebendazole;551
42.1.2;Ivermectin;552
42.1.3;Levamisole;553
42.1.4;Myrrh;554
42.1.5;Praziquantel;554
42.1.6;Suramin;555
42.2;REFERENCES;555
43;Chapter 32. Vaccines;558
43.1;Vaccines and Guillain–Barré syndrome;558
43.2;Vaccines and autism;559
43.3;Information about vaccine safety;561
43.4;The Vaccine Safety and Public Confidence Assurance Act of 2007;561
43.5;Surveillance of adverse events following immunization;561
43.6;Combination vaccines/multiple immunizations;562
43.7;BACTERIAL VACCINES;562
43.7.1;Meningococcal vaccine;562
43.7.2;Pertussis vaccine (including diphtheria–tetanus–whole-cell pertussis vaccine [DTwP]);563
43.8;VIRAL VACCINES;563
43.8.1;Hepatitis B vaccine (including combination vaccines with HB component);563
43.8.2;Measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine;564
43.8.3;Mumps vaccine;564
43.8.4;Rotavirus vaccine;564
43.8.5;Varicella vaccine;565
43.8.6;Yellow fever vaccine;566
43.9;OTHER COMPONENTS OF VACCINES;566
43.9.1;Aluminium;566
43.9.2;Squalene;566
43.9.3;Yeast;567
43.10;REFERENCES;567
44;Chapter 33. Blood, blood components, plasma, and plasma products;570
44.1;ALBUMIN;570
44.2;ANTICOAGULANT PROTEINS;570
44.2.1;Drotrecogin alfa (recombinant human activated protein C);570
44.3;BLOOD TRANSFUSION;571
44.4;BLOOD SUBSTITUTES;574
44.4.1;Hemin;574
44.4.2;Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers;574
44.4.3;Perfluorocarbons;574
44.5;PLASMA PRODUCTS;575
44.5.1;Alpha[sub(1)]-proteinase inhibitor;575
44.5.2;Antithrombin III;575
44.5.3;C1 inhibitor concentrate;575
44.5.4;Fresh Frozen Plasma;575
44.6;PLASMA SUBSTITUTES;576
44.6.1;Polygelines;577
44.7;GLOBULINS;577
44.7.1;Immunoglobulins;577
44.8;COAGULATION PROTEINS;580
44.8.1;Coagulation factor concentrates;580
44.8.2;Gene therapy;580
44.8.3;Prothrombin complex concentrate;580
44.9;ERYTHROPOIETIN AND DERIVATIVES;581
44.10;HEMATOLOGICAL GROWTH FACTORS;582
44.11;STEM CELLS;582
44.12;REFERENCES;583
45;Chapter 34. Vitamins, intravenous solutions, and drugs and formulations used in nutrition;590
45.1;VITAMINS IN GENERAL;590
45.2;VITAMIN A (CAROTENOIDS);591
45.3;VITAMINS OF THE B GROUP;591
45.3.1;Nicotinamide;591
45.4;VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID);591
45.5;VITAMIN D ANALOGUES;592
45.6;VITAMIN E;592
45.7;PARENTERAL NUTRITION;592
45.7.1;Fat emulsions;593
45.8;REFERENCES;593
46;Chapter 35. Drugs affecting blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and hemostasis;596
46.1;COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANTS;596
46.2;HEPARINS;599
46.3;DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS;602
46.3.1;Argatroban;602
46.3.2;Bivalirudin;602
46.3.3;Dabigatran;602
46.3.4;Lepirudin;602
46.3.5;Ximelagatran;603
46.4;DIRECT FACTOR IXa INHIBITORS;604
46.5;DIRECT FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS;604
46.5.1;Apixaban;604
46.5.2;Otamixaban;604
46.5.3;Razaxaban;605
46.5.4;Rivaroxaban;605
46.6;INDIRECT FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS;606
46.6.1;Fondaparinux;606
46.6.2;Idraparinux;606
46.7;THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS;607
46.7.1;Reteplase;607
46.7.2;Tenecteplase;607
46.8;DRUGS THAT ALTER PLATELET FUNCTION;607
46.8.1;Anagrelide;607
46.8.2;Dipyridamole;607
46.8.3;Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors;608
46.8.4;Clopidogrel and ticlopidine;609
46.9;HEMOSTATIC AGENTS;609
46.9.1;Aprotinin;609
46.10;REFERENCES;610
47;Chapter 36. Gastrointestinal drugs;616
47.1;ANTACIDS;616
47.2;ANTIEMETICS AND DRUGS THAT AFFECT GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY;616
47.2.1;Cisapride;616
47.2.2;Dronabinol;616
47.2.3;Metoclopramide;617
47.2.4;Renzapride;617
47.2.5;Tegaserod;617
47.3;5-HT[sub(3)] RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;618
47.3.1;Alosetron;618
47.3.2;Ondansetron;618
47.3.3;Palonosetron;619
47.3.4;Tropisetron;619
47.4;HISTAMINE H[sub(2)] RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;619
47.4.1;Famotidine;619
47.4.2;Ranitidine;620
47.5;PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS;620
47.5.1;Esomeprazole;621
47.5.2;Lansoprazole;621
47.5.3;Omeprazole;621
47.5.4;Pantoprazole;622
47.5.5;Rabeprazole;622
47.5.6;Tenatoprazole;622
47.6;H. PYLORI ERADICATION REGIMENS;622
47.6.1;Esomeprazole + amoxicillin + gatifloxacin;623
47.6.2;Omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin;623
47.6.3;Pantoprazole + amoxicillin + rifabutin;623
47.6.4;Rabeprazole + clarithromycin + amoxicillin;623
47.6.5;Rabeprazole + levofloxacin + tinidazole;624
47.6.6;Ranitidine bismuth citrate + amoxicillin + clarithromycin;624
47.7;LAXATIVES AND ORAL BOWEL PREPARATIONS;624
47.7.1;Bisacodyl;624
47.7.2;Phosphates;624
47.7.3;Polyethylene glycol;625
47.8;AMINOSALICYLATES;626
47.8.1;Balsalazide;626
47.8.2;Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, mesalamine);626
47.9;PREBIOTICS;626
47.10;REFERENCES;627
48;Chapter 37. Drugs that act on the immune system: cytokines and monoclonal antibodies;632
48.1;COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS;632
48.1.1;Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF);632
48.1.2;Interferon alfa;634
48.2;INTERLEUKINS;635
48.2.1;Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist);635
48.3;TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-a) ANTAGONISTS;635
48.3.1;Adalimumab;640
48.3.2;Etanercept;643
48.3.3;Infliximab;644
48.4;MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES;645
48.4.1;Adalimumab;645
48.4.2;Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H®);645
48.4.3;Basiliximab;646
48.4.4;Bevacizumab;647
48.4.5;Daclizumab;648
48.4.6;Efalizumab;648
48.4.7;Infliximab;650
48.4.8;Muromonab;650
48.4.9;Rituximab;650
48.5;REFERENCES;653
49;Chapter 38. Drugs that act on the immune system: immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory drugs;662
49.1;Ciclosporin;662
49.2;Everolimus (SDZ-RAD);665
49.3;ISA 247;667
49.4;Mycophenolate mofetil;670
49.5;Pimecrolimus;671
49.6;Sirolimus (rapamycin);671
49.7;Tacrolimus;673
49.8;THIOPURINES;677
49.8.1;Azathioprine;678
49.8.2;6-Thioguanine;681
49.9;REFERENCES;681
50;Chapter 39. Corticotrophins, corticosteroids, and prostaglandins;690
50.1;CORTICOTROPHINS;690
50.2;SYSTEMIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS;690
50.3;PROSTAGLANDINS AND ANALOGUES;694
50.3.1;Bimatoprost;694
50.3.2;Latanoprost;694
50.3.3;Misoprostol;694
50.3.4;Travoprost;694
50.4;REFERENCES;695
51;Chapter 40. Sex hormones and related compounds, including hormonal contraceptives;698
51.1;GONADOTROPINS AND OVULATION-INDUCING DRUGS;699
51.1.1;Estrogens;699
51.1.2;Diethylstilbestrol;700
51.1.3;Possible transgenerational effects of diethylstilbestrol;700
51.1.4;Hormone replacement therapy (HRT);702
51.1.5;Cardiovascular adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy;702
51.2;HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES;706
51.3;ANTIESTROGENS AND SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERMS);707
51.3.1;Clomifene;708
51.3.2;Exemestane;708
51.3.3;Fulvestrant;708
51.3.4;Letrozole;709
51.3.5;Raloxifene;709
51.3.6;Tamoxifen;710
51.4;PROGESTOGENS;712
51.4.1;Drospirenone;713
51.4.2;Megestrol acetate;713
51.5;PROGESTERONE ANTAGONISTS;714
51.5.1;Mifepristone;714
51.6;SEX HORMONE AGONISTS;714
51.6.1;Tibolone;714
51.7;SEX HORMONE ANTAGONISTS;715
51.7.1;Gestrinone;715
51.8;ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS;715
51.8.1;Androgens;715
51.8.2;Androgenic anabolic steroids;716
51.8.3;Stanozolol;716
51.9;ANTIANDROGENS;716
51.9.1;Bicalutamide;717
51.9.2;Dutasteride;718
51.9.3;Finasteride;718
51.9.4;Flutamide;718
51.10;REFERENCES;718
52;Chapter 41. Thyroid hormones, iodine, and antithyroid drugs;726
52.1;Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, protirelin);726
52.2;Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin);726
52.3;THYROID HORMONES;726
52.4;IODINE AND IODIDES;727
52.4.1;Radioactive iodine compounds;727
52.5;ANTITHYROID DRUGS;728
52.6;REFERENCES;729
53;Chapter 42. Insulin, other hypoglycemic drugs, and glucagon;732
53.1;GLUCAGON;732
53.2;INSULIN;732
53.3;ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS;734
53.4;AMYLIN ANALOGUES;735
53.4.1;Pramlintide;735
53.5;BIGUANIDES;735
53.5.1;Metformin;735
53.6;DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE INHIBITORS;736
53.6.1;Sitagliptin;736
53.6.2;Vildagliptin;737
53.7;INCRETIN MIMETICS;738
53.7.1;Liraglutide;738
53.8;MEGLITINIDES;738
53.8.1;Repaglinide;738
53.9;SULFONYLUREAS;738
53.9.1;Glibenclamide;739
53.9.2;Glipizide;739
53.9.3;Gliquidone;739
53.10;THAZOLIDINEDIONES (GLITAZONES);740
53.10.1;Risk of adverse cardiovascular effects in patients taking thiazolidinediones;740
53.10.2;Rosiglitazone;741
53.11;PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORACTIVATED RECEPTOR a/? AGONISTS;742
53.11.1;Tesaglitazar;742
53.12;REFERENCES;742
54;Chapter 43. Miscellaneous hormones;746
54.1;Calcitonin;746
54.2;Gonadotropins (gonadorelin and analogues);746
54.3;Somatropin (human growth hormone, hGH);748
54.4;Growth hormone receptor antagonists;750
54.5;Melatonin;751
54.6;Oxytocin and analogues;751
54.7;Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin;752
54.8;Parathyroid hormone;752
54.9;Somatostatin (growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone) and analogues;752
54.10;Octreotide;752
54.11;VASOPRESSIN AND ANALOGUES;753
54.11.1;Desmopressin (N-deamino-8-Darginine vasopressin, DDAVP);753
54.11.2;Terlipressin;753
54.12;REFERENCES;754
55;Chapter 44. Drugs that affect lipid metabolism;758
55.1;Ezetimibe;758
55.2;HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors;758
55.3;Fluvastatin;760
55.4;Rosuvastatin;761
55.5;REFERENCES;761
56;Chapter 45. Cytostatic and cytotoxic drugs;764
56.1;DNA alkylating N-Lost derivatives;764
56.2;REFERENCES;770
57;Chapter 46. Radiological contrast agents;774
57.1;TYPES OF CONTRAST AGENTS;774
57.1.1;Water-soluble intravascular iodinated contrast agents;774
57.1.2;Contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity;774
57.2;MRI CONTRAST MEDIA;777
57.2.1;Gadolinium salts;777
57.2.2;Polyethylene glycol;780
57.3;REFERENCES;780
58;Chapter 47. Drugs used in ocular treatment;782
58.1;DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AGERELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION;782
58.1.1;Pegaptanib;782
58.1.2;Ranibizumab;782
58.1.3;Verteporfin and photodynamic therapy;782
58.2;ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS;783
58.2.1;Pilocarpine;783
58.3;ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS;783
58.3.1;Phenylephrine;783
58.4;ANTIBIOTICS;783
58.4.1;Fluoroquinolones;783
58.5;ARTIFICIAL TEARS;783
58.5.1;Systane;783
58.6;BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;783
58.6.1;Timolol;784
58.7;CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS;784
58.8;GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS;784
58.8.1;Anecortave acetate;784
58.8.2;Dexamethasone;784
58.9;NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS;784
58.9.1;Bromfenac;784
58.9.2;Ketorolac;785
58.10;PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES;785
58.10.1;Bimatoprost;785
58.10.2;Travoprost;785
58.11;REFERENCES;786
59;Chapter 48. Treatments used in complementary and alternative medicine;788
59.1;GENERAL;788
59.2;HERBAL MEDICINES;788
59.3;ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINES;791
59.4;SPECIFIC PLANTS;791
59.5;PLANT TOXINS;796
59.6;AROMATHERPY;796
59.7;CUPPING;796
59.8;REFERENCES;797
60;Chapter 49. Miscellaneous drugs, materials, medical devices, and techniques;800
60.1;Alcohol;800
60.2;Calabash chalk;802
60.3;Disulfiram;803
60.4;DYESTUFFS;803
60.4.1;Indocyanine green;803
60.4.2;Hydrogen peroxide;804
60.4.3;Latex allergy;804
60.4.4;Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue);806
60.4.5;Nicotine;806
60.4.6;Paraffins;807
60.4.7;Phosphatidylcholine;808
60.4.8;Silicone;809
60.4.9;Talc;809
60.5;DEVICES;809
60.5.1;Drug-eluting stents;809
60.5.2;Syringes;810
60.6;REFERENCES;810
61;Index of drugs;814
61.1;A;814
61.2;B;816
61.3;C;817
61.4;D;818
61.5;E;819
61.6;F;820
61.7;G;820
61.8;H;821
61.9;I;821
61.10;K;822
61.11;L;822
61.12;M;823
61.13;N;824
61.14;O;824
61.15;P;824
61.16;Q;826
61.17;R;826
61.18;S;826
61.19;T;827
61.20;U;828
61.21;V;828
61.22;W;829
61.23;X;829
61.24;Y;829
61.25;Z;829
62;Index of adverse effects;830
62.1;A;830
62.2;B;832
62.3;C;833
62.4;D;834
62.5;E;836
62.6;F;836
62.7;G;837
62.8;H;838
62.9;I;840
62.10;J;840
62.11;K;840
62.12;L;840
62.13;M;841
62.14;N;842
62.15;O;843
62.16;P;844
62.17;Q;845
62.18;R;845
62.19;S;846
62.20;T;847
62.21;U;848
62.22;V;848
62.23;W;848
62.24;X;849
62.25;Y;849
62.26;Z;849