Sharma / Kumar Lignin

Biosynthesis and Transformation for Industrial Applications
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-030-40663-9
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials

This book presents a comprehensive overview on origin, structure, properties, modification strategies and applications of the biopolymer lignin. It is organized into four themed parts. The first part focuses on the analysis and characterization of the second most abundant biopolymer. The following part is devoted to the biological aspects of lignin such as biosynthesis and degradation. In the third part, chemical modification strategies and the preparation of composites as well as nano- and microparticles are discussed.The final part addresses the industrial application of lignin and its derivatives, as well as lignin materials. The usage for synthesis of biofuels, fine chemicals and in agriculture and food industry is covered.
This book is a comprehensive source for researchers, scientists and engineers working in the field of biopolymers as well as renewable materials and sources.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sharma, Swati

Kumar, Ashok

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;About the Editors;10
4; Lignin as Potent Industrial Biopolymer: An Introduction;12
4.1;1 Introduction;13
4.2;2 Sources and Structure of Lignin;13
4.2.1;2.1 Major Sources of Lignin;13
4.2.2;2.2 Structural Composition of Lignin;15
4.3;3 Lignin Extraction from Different Types of Biomass;16
4.3.1;3.1 Biological or Enzymatic Methods;16
4.3.2;3.2 Chemical Methods;17
4.3.3;3.3 Physical Methods;17
4.3.4;3.4 Miscellaneous Processes of Lignin Extraction and Conversion;18
4.4;4 Challenges in Lignin Conversion;18
4.5;5 Lignin-Derived Products of Industrial Importance;19
4.5.1;5.1 Lignin-Based Foams;19
4.5.2;5.2 Epoxy Resins from Lignins;20
4.5.3;5.3 Lignin-Based Ethers;20
4.5.4;5.4 Lignin-Based Esters;20
4.5.5;5.5 Lignin-Based Paints and Coatings;21
4.6;6 Conclusion;21
4.7;References;22
5; Structure and Characteristics of Lignin;27
5.1;1 Introduction;28
5.2;2 Structural Features of Lignin;31
5.2.1;2.1 Monolignols/Units;31
5.2.2;2.2 Inter-Unit Linkages;34
5.2.3;2.3 Lignin–Carbohydrate Complex (LCC);37
5.2.4;2.4 Monolignol Radicals;38
5.2.5;2.5 Biosynthesis of Lignin;39
5.2.6;2.6 Computational Assays;42
5.2.7;2.7 Structural Models of Lignin;43
5.2.8;2.8 Classification of Lignins;45
5.3;3 Physicochemical Properties of Lignin;45
5.3.1;3.1 Heating Values;45
5.3.2;3.2 Molecular Weight and Polydispersity;45
5.3.3;3.3 Thermal Characterization;46
5.3.4;3.4 Solubility;47
5.3.5;3.5 Relative Density;48
5.3.6;3.6 Color;48
5.3.7;3.7 Functional Groups;48
5.3.8;3.8 Chemical Reactions;49
5.4;4 Depolymerization and Isolation Technologies;50
5.4.1;4.1 Brauns’ Lignin;50
5.4.2;4.2 Milled Wood Lignin (MWL);51
5.4.3;4.3 Soda Lignin (Alkali Lignin);51
5.4.4;4.4 Kraft Lignin;52
5.4.5;4.5 Sulfite Lignin (Lignosulfonates);52
5.4.6;4.6 Organosolv Lignin;53
5.4.7;4.7 Klason Lignin;53
5.4.8;4.8 Hydrolytic Lignin;53
5.4.9;4.9 Acidolysis Lignin;54
5.4.10;4.10 Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignin (CEL);54
5.4.11;4.11 Enzymatic Mild Acidolysis Lignin (EMAL);54
5.4.12;4.12 Pyrolytic Lignin;55
5.4.13;4.13 Steam Explosion Lignin (SEL);55
5.4.14;4.14 Ionic Liquid Extraction;55
5.4.15;4.15 Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC);56
5.5;5 Instrumental Strategies;56
5.5.1;5.1 Elemental Analysis;57
5.5.2;5.2 Spectroscopic Methods;57
5.6;6 Summary and Prospects;69
5.7;References;71
6; Lignin Synthesis and Degradation;86
6.1;1 Introduction;86
6.2;2 Lignin Biosynthesis;88
6.2.1;2.1 Synthesis of Lignin Monomeric Units;88
6.2.2;2.2 Glycosylation of Monolignols Their Storage and Transport;94
6.2.3;2.3 Oxidative Polymerization;95
6.3;3 Lignin Degradation;95
6.3.1;3.1 Lignin-Modifying Enzymes;98
6.3.2;3.2 Supplementary Enzymes for Lignin Degradation (LDEs);104
6.4;4 Way Forward;113
6.5;References;115
7; Analysis of Lignin Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods;123
7.1;1 Introduction;123
7.1.1;1.1 Lignin;124
7.1.2;1.2 Biological Role and Commercial Significance;125
7.2;2 Lignin Analysis;127
7.2.1;2.1 Qualitative Methods of Lignin Analysis;128
7.2.2;2.2 Quantitative Methods of Lignin Analysis;133
7.2.3;2.3 Future Challenge and Development;140
7.3;3 Conclusion;141
7.4;References;142
8; Chemical Modification of Lignin by Polymerization and Depolymerization;147
8.1;1 Introduction;147
8.2;2 Lignin Polymerization;149
8.2.1;2.1 Methods for the Synthesis of New Reactive Sites in Lignin Structure;149
8.2.2;2.2 Modification of Lignin’s Hydroxyl Groups;154
8.2.3;2.3 Lignin-Based Polymers;159
8.3;3 Lignin Depolymerization;164
8.3.1;3.1 Depolymerization by Chemical Treatment;166
8.3.2;3.2 Depolymerization by the Thermochemical Process;170
8.3.3;3.3 Depolymerization by Biological Transformations;176
8.4;4 Conclusions;178
8.5;References;179
9; Lignin and Its Composites;189
9.1;1 Introduction;189
9.2;2 Lignin in Thermoplastic Composites;190
9.2.1;2.1 Polyethylene/Lignin Composites;190
9.2.2;2.2 Polypropylene/Lignin Composites;192
9.2.3;2.3 Polylactic Acid/Lignin Composites;195
9.3;3 Lignin in Thermoset Composites;198
9.3.1;3.1 Polyurethane/Lignin Composites;198
9.3.2;3.2 Epoxy/Lignin Composites;201
9.4;4 Conclusions;205
9.5;References;207
10; Advances in Nanotechnology based Strategies for Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Lignin;211
10.1;1 Introduction;212
10.2;2 Techniques for Synthesis of Micro- and Nanostructures of Lignin;215
10.2.1;2.1 Mechanical Processes;216
10.2.2;2.2 Solvent Shifting Method;217
10.2.3;2.3 pH Shifting Technique;217
10.2.4;2.4 Template-Based Synthesis Technique;218
10.2.5;2.5 Ice-Segregation-Induced Self-assembly Method;219
10.2.6;2.6 Aerosol Process;220
10.2.7;2.7 Electrospinning Method;220
10.2.8;2.8 Supercritical Fluid Processes;222
10.2.9;2.9 Solvent Antisolvent Precipitation;224
10.2.10;2.10 Acoustic Cavitation Assisted Nanoparticles Preparation;225
10.3;3 Conclusion and Future Prospective;226
10.4;References;228
11; Synthesis and Applications of Lignin-Derived Hydrogels;238
11.1;1 Introduction;239
11.2;2 Lignin as a Potential Material for Hydrogel Development;239
11.3;3 Synthetic Procedures for Lignin-Derived Hydrogels;240
11.3.1;3.1 Cross-Linking Method;241
11.3.2;3.2 ATRP and RAFT Methods;242
11.3.3;3.3 Copolymerization Method;242
11.3.4;3.4 Ultrasonication Method;242
11.3.5;3.5 Hydrothermal Method;243
11.3.6;3.6 Wet Spinning Method;243
11.4;4 Applications of Lignin-Derived Hydrogels;243
11.4.1;4.1 Therapeutic Agents;247
11.4.2;4.2 Adhesives;249
11.4.3;4.3 Adsorbents;250
11.4.4;4.4 Conductive Carbon Microfibers;252
11.4.5;4.5 Supercapacitors;252
11.4.6;4.6 Sustained Release Materials;253
11.4.7;4.7 Biosensors;254
11.4.8;4.8 Enzyme Immobilization;254
11.5;5 Conclusion;255
11.6;References;255
12; Lignin Composites for Biomedical Applications: Status, Challenges and Perspectives;260
12.1;1 Introduction;261
12.2;2 Prominent Properties of Lignin for Biomedical Applications;263
12.3;3 Biomedical Applications of Lignin Composites;264
12.3.1;3.1 Lignin Composites with Biological Activity;264
12.3.2;3.2 Lignin Composites for Wound Healing Applications;270
12.3.3;3.3 Lignin Composites for Tissue Engineering Applications;271
12.3.4;3.4 Lignin Composites for Drug Delivery Systems;274
12.4;4 Future Challenges and Perspectives;275
12.5;5 Conclusion;276
12.6;References;276
13; Applications of Lignin in the Agri-Food Industry;281
13.1;1 Introduction: Lignin-What Are They?;282
13.2;2 Lignin Structure, Derivatives, and Modifications;283
13.3;3 Established Uses of Lignin;286
13.4;4 Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential;289
13.4.1;4.1 Antioxidant Activity;290
13.4.2;4.2 Antimicrobial Effects;292
13.4.3;4.3 Anticancer/Anti-tumor Activity;294
13.4.4;4.4 Anticoagulant, Anti-emphysema, Anti-diabetic, and Anti-obesity;294
13.5;5 Conclusion and Future Prospects;295
13.6;References;296