Sessions Forest Road Operations in the Tropics

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-46393-1
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 170 Seiten

Reihe: Tropical Forestry

This book brings together information on road planning, location, design, construction and maintenance to support environmentally acceptable operations in tropical forests. It highlights the challenges of road operations in the tropics, includes techniques that have been shown to be successful, and discusses newer technologies. Numerical examples are included to provide clarity for interpreting graphs, procedures, and formulas.

John Sessions is University Distinguished Professor and Stewart Professor of Forest Engineering at Oregon State University. His forestry career spans five decades, forest operations on five continents, including experience in each of the main tropical forest regions. He was harvesting manager in the Amazon, conducted reduced impact logging evaluations in Malaysia, transportation planning workshops in Africa and forest transportation feasibility studies throughout tropical Latin America from Costa Rica and Colombia to northwest Argentina. His transportation planning software is used world wide. He is joined by coauthors who have a combined experience in more than 60 countries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sessions, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of Authors;13
4;Forest Roads in the Tropics;14
4.1;What Are the Issues?;14
4.2;Overview of the Tropics;16
4.3;Road Building Challenges in the Tropics;18
4.4;Traffic Characteristics;18
4.5;Design Vehicle;19
4.6;Design Objectives;20
4.7;Direct Environmental Impacts;20
4.8;Best Management Practices;21
5;Road Standards;22
5.1;Basic Terminology;22
5.2;Forest Road Classification;23
5.3;Geometric Design Specifications;24
5.4;Cut and Fill Slope Design;35
5.5;Cross Slope;36
5.6;Terrain Truck Roads;36
6;Economic Basis for Forest Road Construction;37
6.1;Determination of Truck Costs;37
6.2;Truck Travel Times;39
6.3;Determination of Road Construction and Maintenance Costs;39
6.4;Selection of Road Spacing;46
6.5;Selection of Most Economical Road Standard;51
6.6;Seasonal Timing of Transport;55
6.7;Variable Tire Inflation;55
7;Route Selection;58
7.1;Examination of Documents;58
7.2;Preliminary Alignment;61
7.3;Special Reconnaissance on the Ground;70
7.4;Selection of the Final Alignment;72
7.5;Staking out the Alignment on the Ground;73
8;Road Building Materials;84
8.1;General Road Structure;84
8.2;Aggregate Surface Design;88
8.3;Locating Road Building Materials;90
8.4;Improving Local Materials;91
8.5;Gravel Recycling;92
9;Forest Road Construction;94
9.1;Clearing and Grubbing;94
9.2;Earthwork;96
9.3;Surfacing;102
9.4;Drainage;103
10;Crossing Swamps and Wetspots;118
10.1;Buried Corduroy;118
10.2;Surface Corduroy;120
10.3;Plank Roads;120
10.4;Geotextiles;120
11;Stream Crossings;122
11.1;Stream Flow;122
11.2;Culverts;123
11.3;Low Water Crossings;124
11.4;Permanent Bridges;127
11.5;Portable Bridges;134
12;Forest Road Maintenance;135
12.1;Ditch and Culvert Maintenance;136
12.2;Restoring Camber;137
12.3;Washboarding;138
12.4;Wheel Ruts;139
12.5;Mudholes;139
12.6;Dust Abatement;140
12.7;Cut and Fill Slopes;140
12.8;Gullies;141
12.9;Bridges;142
12.10;Control of Truck Transport;143
12.11;Supervision and Control of Maintenance;143
12.12;Maintenance Frequency;144
13;Road Equipment and Machinery;148
13.1;Considerations in Selection;148
13.2;Types of Equipment;150
14;Environmental Protection;151
14.1;Design;151
14.2;Construction;152
14.3;Bridges and Culverts;153
14.4;Road Maintenance;154
15;Concluding Comments;155
16;Appendix: Forest Road Measurements in the Tropics;156
16.1;A.1 Analog Location Measurement Tools;157
16.2;A.2 Digital Location Measurement Tools;159
16.3;A.3 Soil Measurement Tools;165
17;References;167
18;Further Reading;169
19;Index;171