Schwab / Nusbaum Pattern Recognition by Humans and Machines

Speech Perception
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2010-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten, Web PDF

Pattern Recognition by Humans and Machines, Volume 1: Speech Perception covers perception from the perspectives of cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, and brain theory. The book discusses on the research, theory, and the principal issues of speech perception; the auditory and phonetic coding of speech; and the role of the lexicon in speech perception. The text also describes the role of attention and active processing in speech perception; the suprasegmental in very large vocabulary word recognition; and the adaptive self-organization of serial order in behavior. The cognitive science and the study of cognition and language are also considered. Psychologists will find the book invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schwab, Eileen C.

Nusbaum, Howard C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Speech Perception;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Contents of Volume 2;14
7;CHAPTER 1. SPEECH PERCEPTION: RESEARCH, THEORY, AND THE PRINCIPAL ISSUES;16
7.1;I. Introduction;16
7.2;II. The Principal Issues;18
7.3;III. Interaction of Knowledge Sources;38
7.4;IV. Models of Speech Sound Perception;44
7.5;V. Approaches to Auditory Word Recognition;48
7.6;VI. Summary and Conclusions;57
7.7;References;57
8;CHAPTER 2. AUDITORY AND PHONETIC CODING OF SPEECH;66
8.1;I. Introduction;66
8.2;II. The Problem of Perceptual Constancy;66
8.3;III. A Framework for a Model of Speech Perception;71
8.4;IV. A Process Model;86
8.5;References;97
9;CHAPTER 3. THE ROLE OF THE LEXICON IN SPEECH PERCEPTION;104
9.1;I. The Musing;104
9.2;II. The Facts;110
9.3;III. The Answer;121
9.4;References;124
10;CHAPTER 4. THE ROLE OF ATTENTION AND ACTIVE PROCESSING IN SPEECH PERCEPTION;128
10.1;I. Introduction;128
10.2;II. Control Structures in Perception;130
10.3;III. Capacity Limitations in Speech Perception;138
10.4;IV. Toward an Active Theory of Speech Perception;154
10.5;V. Conclusions;164
10.6;References;165
11;CHAPTER 5. SUPRASEGMENTALS IN VERY LARGE VOCABULARY WORD RECOGNITION;174
11.1;I. Introduction;174
11.2;II. Analysis of Large Vocabularies;179
11.3;III. Suprasegmental Knowledge Sources in Recognition;191
11.4;IV. Conclusions;198
11.5;References;199
12;CHAPTER 6. THE ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF SERIAL ORDER IN BEHAVIOR: SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND MOTOR CONTROL;202
12.1;I. Introduction: Principles of Self-organization in Models of Serial Order: Performance Models versus Self-organizing Models;202
12.2;II. Models of Lateral Inhibition, Temporal Order, Letter Recognition, Spreading Activation, Associative Learning, Categorical Perception, and Memory Search: Some Problem Areas;203
12.3;III. Associative Learning by Neural Networks: Interactions between STM and LTM;213
12.4;IV. LTM Unit Is a Spatial Pattern: Sampling and Factorization;218
12.5;V. Outstar Learning: Factorizing Coherent Pattern from Chaotic Activity;219
12.6;VI. Sensory Expectancies, Motor Synergies, and Temporal Order Information;223
12.7;VII. Ritualistic Learning of Serial Behavior: Avalanches;225
12.8;VIII. Decoupling Order and Rhythm: Nonspecific Arousal as a Velocity Command;228
12.9;IX. Reaction Time and Performance Speed-Up;229
12.10;X. Hierarchical Chunking and the Learning of Serial Order;231
12.11;XI. Self-organization of Plans: The Goal Paradox;232
12.12;XII. Temporal Order Information in LTM;235
12.13;XIII. Read-out and Self-inhibition of Ordered STM Traces;235
12.14;XIV. The Problem of STM-LTM Order Reversal;237
12.15;XV. Serial Learning;240
12.16;XVI. Rhythm Generators and Rehearsal Waves;242
12.17;XVII. Shunting Competitive Dynamics in Pattern Processing and STM: Automatic Self-tuning by Parallel Interactions;243
12.18;XVIII. Choice, Contrast Enhancement, Limited STM Capacity, and Quenching Threshold;244
12.19;XIX. Limited Capacity without a Buffer: Automaticity versus Competition;247
12.20;XX. Hill Climbing and the Rich Get Richer;249
12.21;XXI. Instar Learning: Adaptive Filtering and Chunking;251
12.22;XXII. Spatial Gradients, Stimulus Generalization, and Categorical Perception;253
12.23;XXIII. The Progressive Sharpening of Memory: Tuning Prewired Perceptual Categories;254
12.24;XXIV. Stabilizing the Coding of Large Vocabularies: Top-Down Expectancies and STM Reset by Unexpected Events;256
12.25;XXV. Expectancy Matching and Adaptive Resonance;260
12.26;XXVI. The Processing of Novel Events: Pattern Completion versus Search of Associative Memory;261
12.27;XXVII. Recognition, Automaticity, Primes, and Capacity;263
12.28;XXVIII. Anchors, Auditory Contrast, and Selective Adaptation;265
12.29;XXIX. Training of Attentional Set and Perceptual Categories;267
12.30;XXX. Circular Reactions, Babbling, and the Development of Auditory-Articulatory Space;268
12.31;XXXI. Analysis-by-Synthesis and the Imitation of Novel Events;270
12.32;XXXII. A Moving Picture of Continuously Interpolated Terminal Motor Maps: Coarticulation and Articulatory Undershoot;272
12.33;XXXIII. A Context-Sensitive STM Code for Event Sequences;272
12.34;XXXIV. Stable Unitization and Temporal Order Information in STM: The LTM Invariance Principle;273
12.35;XXXV. Transient Memory Span, Grouping, and Intensity-Time Tradeoffs;278
12.36;XXXVI. Backward Effects and Effects of Rate on Recall Order;279
12.37;XXXVII. Seeking the Most Predictive Representation: All Letters and Words Are Lists;279
12.38;XXXVIII. Spatial Frequency Analysis of Temporal Patterns by a Masking Field: Word Length and Superiority;281
12.39;XXXIX. The Temporal Chunking Problem;281
12.40;XL. The Masking Field: Joining Temporal Order to Differential Masking via an Adaptive Filter;283
12.41;XLI. The Principle of Self-similarity and the Magic Number 7;284
12.42;XLII. Developmental Equilibration of the Adaptive Filter and Its Target Masking Field;286
12.43;XLIII. The Self-similar Growth Rule and the Opposites Attract Rule;287
12.44;XLIV. Automatic Parsing, Learned Superiority Effects, and Serial Position Effects during Pattern Completion;289
12.45;XLV. Gray Chips or Great Ships?;292
12.46;XLVI. Sensory Recognition versus Motor Recall: Network Lesions and Amnesias;293
12.47;XLVII. Four Types of Rhythm: Their Reaction Times and Arousal Sources;294
12.48;XLVIII. Concluding Remarks;298
12.49;Appendix: Dynamical Equations;298
12.50;References;300
13;CHAPTER 7. COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND THE STUDY OF COGNITION AND LANGUAGE;310
13.1;I. Introduction;310
13.2;II. On What Is Stored: The Concept of a Symbol;313
13.3;III. Requirements on Representations: Atomism Revisited;316
13.4;IV. Structure in Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence;319
13.5;V. Conclusion: Information Processing and Its Acculturation;326
13.6;References;327
14;Index;330