Sathyajith / Mathew / Philip Advances in Wind Energy Conversion Technology

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-540-88258-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 216 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Environmental Science and Engineering / Environmental Science

With an annual growth rate of over 35%, wind is the fastest growing energy source in the world today. As a result of intensive research and developmental efforts, the technology of generating energy from wind has significantly changed during the past five years. The book brings together all the latest aspects of wind energy conversion technology - right from the wind resource analysis to grid integration of the wind generated electricity. The chapters are contributed by academic and industrial experts having vast experience in these areas. Each chapter begins with an introduction explaining the current status of the technology and proceeds further to the advanced lever to cater for the needs of readers from different subject backgrounds. Extensive bibliography/references appended to each chapter give further guidance to the interested readers.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mathew, Sathyajith

Sathyajith, Mathew

Philip, Geeta Susan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Advances in Wind Energy Conversion Technology;3
2;Preface;5
3;Contents;7
4;1 Aerodynamics of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines;8
4.1;1…Basic Aerodynamic Issues;12
4.1.1;1.1 Wind Power Density;14
4.1.2;1.2 Wind Speed Probability and Average Power;15
4.1.3;1.3 Wind Speed with Height off the Ground;17
4.1.4;1.4 Wake Array Effects;18
4.1.5;1.5 Turbulent Wind Effects on Power;19
4.1.6;1.6 Capacity Factor and Specific Yield;21
4.2;2…Momentum Theory Analysis in Unyawed Flow;21
4.2.1;2.1 Flow Model and Analysis;22
4.2.2;2.2 Thrust and Power Coefficients;24
4.2.3;2.3 Wake Expansion;25
4.2.4;2.4 Turbulent Wake and Vortex Ring States;26
4.3;3…Momentum Theory Analysis with Yaw Misalignment;26
4.3.1;3.1 Flow Model and Analysis;27
4.4;4…Maximum Wind Energy Conversion Efficiency;29
4.5;5…Representative Power Curve for a HAWT;30
4.6;6…Blade Element Model for a HAWT;32
4.6.1;6.1 Flow Model and Analysis;33
4.6.2;6.2 Solving for CT and CP;36
4.7;7…Blade Element Momentum Theory for a HAWT;36
4.7.1;7.1 BEM Flow Model and Analysis;37
4.7.2;7.2 The Optimum HAWT: Ideal Blade Twist and Taper;40
4.8;8…Understanding Operational Interdependencies;42
4.9;9…Introducing Non-ideal Effects and Tip Losses;45
4.10;10…Induction Factors in Yawed Flow Operation;48
4.11;11…Airfoils for HAWTS;50
4.12;12…Vortex Wake Models for HAWTS;53
4.12.1;12.1 Governing Equations;55
4.12.2;12.2 Linking to the Blade Solution;56
4.12.3;12.3 Representative Results from the FVM;57
4.13;13…Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects on HAWTS;60
4.13.1;13.1 Reduced Frequency;61
4.13.2;13.2 Unsteady Airfoil Theory;61
4.13.3;13.3 Dynamic Stall;62
4.14;14…Transitory Yaw Effects;65
4.15;15…Tower Interference Effects;67
4.16;16…Advanced Aerodynamic Modeling Requirements;69
4.16.1;16.1 Navier--Stokes Equations;69
4.16.2;16.2 Euler and Hybrid CFD Methods;70
4.17;17…Chapter Review;71
4.18;References;72
5;2 Analysis of Wind Regimes and Performance of Wind Turbines;77
5.1;1…Wind Regime Characteristics;78
5.1.1;1.1 Boundary Layer Effects;78
5.1.2;1.2 Wind Velocity Distribution;79
5.1.3;1.3 Energy Density;82
5.2;2…Velocity--Power Response of the Turbine;82
5.3;3…The Energy Model;84
5.4;4…Conclusion;88
5.5;References;88
6;3 Advances in Offshore Wind Resource Estimation;90
6.1;1…Offshore Observations at High Levels;91
6.1.1;1.1 Results from the Coastal Station at Høvsøre;92
6.1.2;1.2 Results from Offshore at Horns Rev;93
6.1.3;1.3 Results from Offshore at Nysted;96
6.2;2…Offshore Observations with Spatial Detail;97
6.2.1;2.1 Ocean Winds from Synthetic Aperture Radar ;98
6.2.2;2.2 Ocean Winds from Scatterometer;102
6.2.3;2.3 Mesoscale Modeling for Offshore;103
6.3;3…Discussion and Conclusion;107
6.4;Acknowledgments;108
6.5;References;109
7;4 Short Term Forecast of Wind Power;112
7.1;1…Types of Forecasts;113
7.2;2…Point Forecast Models;115
7.2.1;2.1 Models Based on Measurements of Power Production Only;115
7.2.1.1;2.1.1 Simple Forecast Models;116
7.2.1.2;2.1.2 Recursive and Adaptive Estimation;116
7.2.1.3;2.1.3 Other Model Structures;118
7.2.2;2.2 Models Based on Physical Relations;118
7.2.3;2.3 Models Applying Both Measurements and Physical Information;119
7.3;3…Probabilistic Forecast Models;124
7.3.1;3.1 Quantile Regression;124
7.3.2;3.2 Meteorological Ensemble Forecasts;126
7.3.3;3.3 Scenario Generation;128
7.4;4…Upscaling;129
7.5;5…Evaluation;130
7.5.1;5.1 Point Forecasts;131
7.5.2;5.2 Probabilistic Forecasts;132
7.6;6…Bibliographical Notes;134
7.7;References;135
8;5 Analysis of Wind Turbine Loads;138
8.1;1…The Origin of Wind Turbine Loads;139
8.2;2…Influence of the Mean Wind Speed;139
8.3;3…Loads from Wind Shear;141
8.4;4…Loads from Blades Passing the Tower;141
8.5;5…Loads from Wake Operation;144
8.6;6…Loads from Turbulence;147
8.7;7…Loads from Waves;149
8.8;8…Analysis of Loads for Design and Certification;149
8.9;9…Standards Used in Certification;150
8.10;10…Fatigue Load Analysis;152
8.11;11…Ultimate Load Analysis;158
8.12;12…Typical Design Conditions;159
8.13;Acknowledgments;161
8.14;References;161
9;6 Power Regulation Strategies for Wind Turbines;163
9.1;1…Control Strategies;164
9.1.1;1.1 Constant Speed Wind Turbines;164
9.1.2;1.2 Variable Speed Wind Turbines;165
9.1.3;1.3 Passive Stall Control;166
9.1.4;1.4 Variable Pitch Control;167
9.1.5;1.5 Active Stall Control;167
9.2;2…Control System;168
9.2.1;2.1 Sensors;170
9.2.2;2.2 Controller;170
9.2.3;2.3 Actuators;171
9.2.4;2.4 Safety System;171
9.3;3…Main Control Loops;172
9.3.1;3.1 Torque;172
9.3.2;3.2 Pitch;173
9.3.3;3.3 Yaw Angle;173
9.3.4;3.4 External Grid;174
9.3.5;3.5 SCADA;174
9.4;4…Wind Turbine Modelling;175
9.5;5…Conclusions and Future Research;178
9.6;References;179
10;7 Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Farms;181
10.1;1…Connection Requirements;181
10.1.1;1.1 Fault Ride Through;182
10.1.2;1.2 Frequency Range and Frequency Control;182
10.1.3;1.3 Reactive Range Capability and Voltage Control;182
10.2;2…Grid Connection Methods;182
10.2.1;2.1 HVAC Connection;184
10.2.2;2.2 LCC HVDC Connection;185
10.2.2.1;2.2.1 Principles of LCC Converter Operation;186
10.2.2.2;2.2.2 Basic System Control;187
10.2.2.3;2.2.3 System Operation;188
10.2.3;2.3 VSC HVDC Connection;189
10.2.3.1;2.3.1 Principles of VSC HVDC Operation;189
10.2.3.2;2.3.2 Basic System Control;190
10.2.3.3;2.3.3 System Operation;191
10.2.4;2.4 Alternative Solutions;191
10.3;3…Case Studies;192
10.4;4…Comparison of Connection Options;194
10.4.1;4.1 Grid Code Compliance;194
10.4.2;4.2 Power Loss;194
10.4.3;4.3 Overall Cost;195
10.5;5…Conclusions;195
10.6;References;196
11;8 Small Wind Turbines;198
11.1;1…Basic Performance Parameters;201
11.2;2…Starting Performance;203
11.3;3…Yaw Behaviour and Gyroscopic Loads;205
11.4;4…Over-Speed Protection;208
11.5;5…Control System;210
11.6;6…Towers and Installation;211
11.7;Acknowledgments;212
11.8;References;212
12;Index;215

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Sathyajith Mathew has more than 15 years of teaching and reserarch experience on Wind Energy Conversion Systems in diferent parts of the world. Presently, he is working as Assistant Professor, at KCAET, KAU. Dr Mathew has been honored with several prestigious awards and fellowships considering his contribution in wind energy research. He is a freelance Wind Energy consultant and serves as a resource person to several International Training Programmes on Wind Energy. Dr. Mathew has published extensively in this area of research.