Sarikaya Geographic Location in the Internet

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-306-47573-3
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Deutsch, Band 691, 233 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science

"Geographic Location in the Internet" discusses how to find the location of mobile devices in the wireless Internet, specifically those that involve the determination of the geographic location of mobile devices. 2G systems of GSM, GPRS and 3G systems of UMTS and cdma2000, and other link technologies and an extensive description on how numerical location of the mobile can be tracked real-time also are discussed. "Geographic Location in the Internet" covers Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) related geographic location tracking as it relates to multimedia applications. The recent application-layer protocols for communicating the location information from the mobile device to the applications such as multimedia applications are also covered. Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) of the Location Information Forum (LIF) allows access of the geographic location information to the applications using Web protocol of HTTP. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) forum also defined a technical specification for location-based services, which is discussed in detail. A detailed analysis of the location update mechanisms covers various technical issues in location database design, and protocols are compared using simulations and providing provocative conclusions.

Geographic search engines utilizing location data that enable users to make location related queries on the Web are also covered. The book has exclusive coverage of the technical aspects of privacy such as linkability, credentials, pseudonyms, anonymity and identity management. Different scenarios are defined for the targets, owners, location servers and location data sources and the privacy implications are emphasized.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sarikaya, Behcet

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;12
3;Acknowledgements;15
4;Preface;17
5;Chapter 1 Location Based Services;20
5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;20
5.2;2. LOCATION BASED SERVICES;21
5.3;3. LBS PROTOTYPES;22
5.4;4. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES;23
5.4.1;4.1 CDMA2000 LBS Applications;23
5.4.2;4.2 MLP;26
5.5;5. SUMMARY;29
5.6;6. REFERENCES;30
6;Chapter 2 Geolocation on Cellular Networks;32
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;32
6.2;2. EXISTING AND FUTURE CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES;33
6.3;3. GSM AND ITS SUCCESSORS;35
6.4;4. THE GSM LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK;40
6.5;5. MOBILE POSITIONING METHODS;45
6.5.1;5.1 Cell Identity;46
6.5.2;5.2 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival;47
6.5.3;5.3 Enhanced Observed Time Difference;49
6.5.4;5.4 Observed Time Difference of Arrival with Idle Periods in the Downlink;51
6.5.5;5.5 Advanced Forward Link Trilateration;51
6.5.6;5.6 (Assisted) Global Positioning System;52
6.5.7;5.7 Comparison of the Positioning Methods;54
6.6;6. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESCRIPTION;56
6.7;7. POSITIONING PROCEDURES IN THE LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK;58
6.7.1;7.1 Mobile Originating Location Request (MO-LR);59
6.7.2;7.2 Mobile Terminating Location Request (MT-LR);61
6.7.3;7.3 Mobile Terminating Deferred Location Request (Deferred MT-LR);63
6.7.4;7.4 Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR);64
6.8;8. SUMMARY;64
6.9;REFERRED STANDARDS;67
7;Chapter 3 Location Service in CDMA2000 Networks;70
7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;70
7.2;2. LOCATION SERVICE BASED ON IS-41 NETWORK;72
7.2.1;2.1 IS-41 Based Network Reference Model for Location Service;72
7.2.2;2.2 Location Service Control;73
7.2.3;2.3 Position Determination;74
7.2.4;2.4 Location Service Procedure;75
7.2.4.1;2.4.1 Registration Procedure;75
7.2.4.2;2.4.2 Location Information Retrieval Procedure;75
7.2.4.3;2.4.3 MS Assisted Position Determination Procedure;77
7.2.5;2.5 Application Examples;79
7.2.5.1;2.5.1 Find Nearest McDonald Restaurant;79
7.2.5.2;2.5.2 Emergency Service Call;80
7.3;3. LOCATION SERVICE IN ALL-IP NETWORK;81
7.3.1;3.1 All-IP Network Reference Model for Location Service;81
7.3.2;3.2 Position Service Registration in All-IP Network;83
7.3.3;3.3 Location Service Scenario;84
7.4;4. CONCLUSION;85
7.5;References;86
8;Chapter 4 Application of Location Information to SIP;88
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;88
8.2;2. THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL;89
8.2.1;2.1 The SIP Protocol;90
8.2.2;2.2 The SIP Architecture;91
8.2.3;2.3 SIP in Wired Networks;94
8.2.3.1;2.3.1 SIP within ISP;94
8.2.3.2;2.3.2 Providing Location Data in Wired Networks;94
8.2.4;2.4 SIP in Wireless Networks;95
8.2.4.1;2.4.1 UMTS Architecture;95
8.2.4.2;2.4.2 Provisioning Location Data in UMTS networks;98
8.3;3. SIP SERVICE PROVISIONING;98
8.3.1;3.1 SIP Mechanisms for Services Provisioning;99
8.3.2;3.2 SIP Services Provisioning;100
8.3.3;3.3 Architecture and Data Formats for Location Information;100
8.3.3.1;3.3.1 Location Interoperability Forum;101
8.3.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Mobile Location Protocol Specification;104
8.3.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 LIF Service Example;105
8.3.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 LIF Location Structure;106
8.3.3.2;3.3.2 WAP Forum;107
8.3.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 WAP Service Example;109
8.3.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 WAP Location Structure;110
8.3.3.3;3.3.3 Spatial Location Information in Fixed IP Networks;111
8.3.4;3.4 Location Based Services Scenarios;113
8.3.4.1;3.4.1 Emergency Call;114
8.3.4.2;3.4.2 Location Based Supplementary Services;118
8.3.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Push Services;118
8.3.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Pull Services;119
8.3.4.3;3.4.3 Service Discovery;121
8.3.4.4;3.4.4 Security at SIP Layer;121
8.4;4. CONCLUSION;123
8.4.1;4.1 Security;123
8.5;5. REFERENCES;124
9;Chapter 5 Protocols for Updating Highly Accurate Location Information;130
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;130
9.2;2. BACKGROUND;132
9.2.1;2.1 Positioning Sensors;132
9.2.2;2.2 Network Environment;132
9.3;3. UPDATE PROTOCOLS;133
9.3.1;3.1 Classification;134
9.3.1.1;3.1.1 Querying Protocols;134
9.3.1.2;3.1.2 Reporting Protocols;136
9.3.1.3;3.1.3 Combined Protocol;139
9.3.2;3.2 Behavior in Case of Disconnection;140
9.3.2.1;3.2.1 Querying Protocols;141
9.3.2.2;3.2.2 Reporting Protocols;141
9.3.2.3;3.2.3 Combined Protocol;141
9.3.3;3.3 Summary;141
9.4;4. ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF THE PROTOCOLS;142
9.4.1;4.1 Location and Uncertainty Model;144
9.4.2;4.2 Querying Protocols;146
9.4.3;4.3 Reporting Protocols;147
9.4.4;4.4 Combined Protocol;149
9.4.5;4.5 Discussion;150
9.5;5. SIMULATION RESULTS;154
9.6;6. CONCLUSION;158
9.7;Literature;159
10;Chapter 6 Geographic Search Engines;162
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;162
10.2;2. HTML MARKUP;163
10.3;3. WEB TRAVERSAL AND INDEXING;164
10.4;4. SEARCH ALGORITHM;165
10.5;5. PRESENTATION14;166
10.6;6. MAP CACHING;168
10.7;7. MOBILE APPLICATIONS;169
10.8;8. GEOGRAPHIC DATUM;170
10.9;9. ADVANCED GEOGRAPHIC SEARCHING;170
10.9.1;9.1 Keywordless Searching;171
10.9.2;9.2 Keywordless Search Algorithms;172
10.9.3;9.3 Applications of Keywordless Search;173
10.9.4;9.4 Zipcode Searching;176
10.10;10. PROPERTY RIGHTS ISSUES;177
10.11;11. REFERENCES;177
11;Chapter 7 The Elements of Location Tracking and Privacy Protection;182
11.1;1. THE CRITICAL NEED FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION;182
11.2;2. DIVERSITY OF LOCATION SERVICE SCENARIOS;184
11.2.1;2.1 Open or Closed Location Environments;184
11.2.2;2.2 Tracking a Person or a Thing;185
11.2.3;2.3 Fixed or Mobile Locations;185
11.2.4;2.4 Private or Public Raw Location Data;186
11.3;3. THE ELEMENTS OF LOCATION COMPUTATION;187
11.3.1;3.1 A Framework to Describe Location Computation Scenarios;187
11.3.2;3.2 The Basic Location Computation Scenarios;189
11.3.3;3.3 Examples of Scenarios;190
11.4;4. AFTER THE LOCATION COMPUTATION;191
11.5;5. PRIVACY RULES AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT;192
11.5.1;5.1 General Elements of Privacy;192
11.5.2;5.2 Specific Elements of Location Privacy;193
11.5.3;5.3 A Critical Need for Strong Default Privacy Rules;194
11.5.4;5.4 Implications of the Location Computation Scenarios;195
11.5.5;5.5 Possible Technological Considerations;196
11.6;6. CONCLUSION;197
11.7;7. REFERENCES;197
12;Chapter 8 Location Information Privacy;198
12.1;1. OVERVIEW;198
12.2;2. MOTIVATION: THE PROBLEM;200
12.3;3. FRAMEWORK: ENTITIES, FLOWS, SCENARIOS;201
12.3.1;3.1 Entities;201
12.3.2;3.2 Data;204
12.3.2.1;3.2.1 Sighting;204
12.3.2.2;3.2.2 Location;205
12.3.2.3;3.2.3 Identities and Credentials;206
12.3.2.4;3.2.4 Policies;207
12.3.3;3.3 Data Flows;208
12.3.4;3.4 Scenarios;209
12.3.4.1;3.4.1 Scenario 1: The Handset-based Solution;210
12.3.4.2;3.4.2 Scenario 2: A Network-Based Location Data Source;211
12.3.4.3;3.4.3 Scenario 3: External Location Server;212
12.3.4.4;3.4.4 Scenario 4: External Location Server and Location Recipients;213
12.3.4.5;3.4.5 Scenario 5: External Location Data Source and Location Server;214
12.3.4.6;3.4.6 Scenario 6: Untrusted Local Location Server;216
12.4;4. IDENTITY MANAGEMENT;216
12.4.1;4.1 Privacy: Definitions;216
12.4.1.1;4.1.1 Other considerations;218
12.4.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Traffic Analysis;218
12.4.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Related Privacy-Protecting Efforts;218
12.4.2;4.2 Identity of Users, Location Recipients;219
12.4.2.1;4.2.1 Public Identities;219
12.4.2.2;4.2.2 Private Identifiers;222
12.4.2.3;4.2.3 Some Realizations of the Identity/credential Requirements;224
12.5;5. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS;225
12.6;6. REFERENCES;227
13;Index;232
14;More eBooks at www.ciando.com;0

Location Based Services.- Geolocation on Cellular Networks.- Location Service in CDMA2000 Networks.- Application of Location Information to SIP.- Protocols for Updating Highly Accurate Location Information.- Geographic Search Engines.- The Elements of Location Tracking and Privacy Protection.- Location Information Privacy.

Leseproben

Chapter 6 Geographic Search Engines (p.143-144)

Andrew Daviel,
Felix Kaegi
Geotags, Inc



1. INTRODUCTIONMost people now are familiar with the concept of a "Search Engine" on the Internet, such as Google or the original WebCrawler. These search engines perform what is termed "open text" search, where the user enters some keywords or phrases, and the search engine returns a list of pages that contain one or more of them.

Many people are also familiar with the concept of a Metadata search, though they may not realize it. Most public libraries have an index, usually now on computer, and the user can search it for particular items. It is not possible to search for phrases within books, instead one must search for information about a book, such as Author, Subject or Title. These entries are termed Metadata (data about data) and in libraries have historically been compiled manually.

HTML documents have historically contained only one explicit item of metadata - the title - but may optionally contain arbitrary metadata using the HTML META element, most commonly Description and Keywords. Opentext search engines such as Google index some of this metadata, but treat it as part of the text (although some elements such as Title may be preferentially weighted compared to words in the body of the document)

A text search is not the only possible form of search, however, although it is now the most ubiquitous. For instance, a researcher might wish to find places which have less than ten centimetres of rainfall a year, or a motorist may wish to find the nearest service station. This kind of search is usually done with a database where it is known that certain fields have specific properties, such as being numeric.

The Geotags search engine described here is an example of a locationbased search engine - that is, one that can answer the question "Where is the nearest restaurant ?".

2. HTML MARKUP

While a normal search engine ranks pages according to their relevancy and popularity, the Geotags search engine ranks them according to their distance from a particular point. For this to be possible, each page must be identified with a geographic position. Currently, it is required that each page submitted to the search engine to be indexed must include geographic metadata in the form of HTML META elements. The META element is familiar to a majority of document authors since keywords and description identifiers may be used to influence many search engine results.

The format of position data used for the search engine was chosen to be simple, compact and unambiguous, since it is believed that in many cases this data will be transcribed from navigation units, gazetteers or other documents and manually added to web pages. Two elements are used; a (Latitude, Longitude) coordinate pair given in decimal degrees of arc, and a region code taken from either ISO 3166-2 or ISO 3166-1.

These region codes form a restricted vocabulary that is unambiguous and suitable for machine interpretation. These two metadata elements may be easily added to existing HTML or emerging XHTML documents, and are in a standard form understood by many HTML authoring software packages and human authors. The following are examples of the position and region elements: