Sahoo / Tiwari / Nayak Surface Engineering of Graphene

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-30207-8
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 273 Seiten

Reihe: Carbon Nanostructures

This book presents the state of the art in the processing, properties, and applications in various fields of science and technology related to graphene and its derivatives. It also discusses the limitations and drawbacks of graphene due to some of its intrinsic properties. Further, it provides a brief overview of graphene analogs, comparing the properties of graphene with those of other similar 2D materials.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sahoo, Sumanta

Tiwari, Santosh Kumar

Nayak, Ganesh Chandra

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Present Status and Prospect of Graphene Research;10
3.1;1 Introduction;10
3.2;2 Graphene Synthesis;11
3.3;3 Graphene Materials;14
3.3.1;3.1 Common Graphene Materials;14
3.3.2;3.2 Wrinkled, Rippled, and Crumpled Graphene;16
3.3.3;3.3 3D Graphene;17
3.3.4;3.4 Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs);18
3.3.5;3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs);19
3.3.6;3.6 Holey Graphene (HG);19
3.3.7;3.7 Graphene Functionalization;20
3.3.8;3.8 Graphene Derivatives;23
3.3.9;3.9 Rebar Graphene and Rivet Graphene;26
3.4;4 Graphene-Based 2D Heterostructures;28
3.4.1;4.1 2D Heterostructures Based on h-BN and Graphene;29
3.4.2;4.2 2D Heterostructures Based on MoS2 and Graphene;31
3.4.3;4.3 2D Heterostructures Based on MXenes and Graphene;32
3.5;5 Application of Graphene-Based Materials;32
3.6;6 Commercialization of Graphene-Based Materials;34
3.7;7 Conclusion;34
3.8;References;35
4;Graphene-Based Advanced Materials: Properties and Their Key Applications;39
4.1;1 Introduction;40
4.2;2 Recently Developed Graphene-Based Materials and Their Application;41
4.2.1;2.1 GO-Based Polyamide/Polyphenylene Oxide Polymer Blends;42
4.2.2;2.2 Graphene-Polyurethane Nanocomposites;43
4.2.3;2.3 Poly(3,4-Ethyldioxythiophene)/Graphene Nanocomposites;44
4.2.4;2.4 Epoxy/Graphene Nanocomposites;44
4.2.5;2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Graphene Nanocomposites;45
4.2.6;2.6 Highly Conductive Graphene Foam-Based Polymer Composite;47
4.2.7;2.7 Polyurethane/Polypropylene Composites with Selectively Distributed Graphene;49
4.2.8;2.8 Graphene an Ideal Platform Catalytic Sites for Oxygen Reduction;50
4.2.9;2.9 Catalysis for the Oxygen Reduction and Water Splitting;52
4.2.10;2.10 3D Printing-Based CNT-Graphene Hybrid Nanocomposite;54
4.2.11;2.11 Summary and Perspectives;55
4.3;References;56
5;Graphene and Its Derivatives for Secondary Battery Application;60
5.1;1 Introduction;60
5.2;2 Fundamentals of Battery;62
5.3;3 Brief History of Graphene;63
5.4;4 Techniques for Preparation of Graphene;64
5.4.1;4.1 Mechanical Exfoliation;64
5.4.2;4.2 Ultrasonic Cleavage;65
5.4.3;4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition;65
5.4.4;4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition Through Plasma Induction;66
5.4.5;4.5 Unrolling Carbon Nanotube;66
5.4.6;4.6 Thermal Reduction;67
5.4.7;4.7 Chemical Exfoliation;67
5.4.8;4.8 Graphene Material from Other Graphite Derivatives;67
5.5;5 Graphene Derivatives;68
5.5.1;5.1 Graphene Oxide;68
5.5.2;5.2 Graphane;69
5.5.3;5.3 Fluorographene;70
5.5.4;5.4 Graphyne and Graphdiyne;70
5.5.5;5.5 Graphane Nanoribbons;71
5.6;6 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Energy Storage: Battery Application;72
5.6.1;6.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries;73
5.6.2;6.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries;76
5.6.3;6.3 Lithium-Air Batteries;78
5.6.4;6.4 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries;79
5.6.5;6.5 Other Battery Technologies;80
5.7;7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;80
5.8;References;81
6;Recent Progress in Graphene Research for the Solar Cell Application;88
6.1;1 Introduction;89
6.2;2 Fundamentals of a Solar Cell;91
6.3;3 Graphene-Based Materials in Different Solar Cells;94
6.3.1;3.1 Graphene-Based Materials for Organic Solar Cells (OSCs);94
6.3.2;3.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs);99
6.3.3;3.3 Graphene-Based Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs);107
6.3.4;3.4 Graphene Materials in Other Solar Cells;112
6.4;4 Conclusions;113
6.5;References;113
7;Graphene and Its Modifications for Supercapacitor Applications;119
7.1;1 Introduction;119
7.2;2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor;121
7.3;3 Factors Influencing the Performance of Supercapacitors;122
7.4;4 Modification of Graphene for the Preparation of Supercapacitor Electrodes;124
7.5;5 Preparation of Graphene;124
7.6;6 Graphene Modification as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Application;126
7.7;7 Covalent Modification of Graphene;127
7.7.1;7.1 Covalent Attachment with Organic Functionalities;127
7.7.2;7.2 Modifications via Direct Doping of Atoms into the Graphene Lattice;127
7.7.3;7.3 Modification Through the Free Radical Addition;129
7.7.4;7.4 Nucleophilic Addition;132
7.8;8 Non-covalent Modification of Graphene;132
7.8.1;8.1 Nonpolar Gas–? Interaction;133
7.8.2;8.2 H–? Interaction;134
7.8.3;8.3 Hydrogen Bonding;134
7.8.4;8.4 Cation–? Interaction;134
7.8.5;8.5 ? Cation–? Interaction;134
7.8.6;8.6 Anion–? Interaction;135
7.8.7;8.7 Coordination Bonds;135
7.9;9 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors;135
7.10;10 Conclusions and Future Design Concept;137
7.11;References;137
8;Functionalization of Graphene—A Critical Overview of its Improved Physical, Chemical and Electrochemical Properties;145
8.1;1 Introduction;145
8.2;2 Fundamental Aspects of Graphene Functionalization;147
8.3;3 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Physical Properties;148
8.3.1;3.1 Electronic Properties;148
8.3.2;3.2 Optical Properties;150
8.3.3;3.3 Magnetic Properties;151
8.3.4;3.4 Mechanical Properties;153
8.4;4 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Chemical Properties;155
8.4.1;4.1 CO Oxidation;155
8.4.2;4.2 Fischer–Tropsch (F-T) Synthesis;157
8.4.3;4.3 Other Chemical Properties;158
8.5;5 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Electrochemical Properties;159
8.5.1;5.1 Electrochemical Reactions;161
8.6;6 Device Fabrication with Functionalized Graphene;166
8.6.1;6.1 Biosensors;166
8.6.2;6.2 Fuel Cells;168
8.6.3;6.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells;168
8.7;7 Conclusions and Future Outlook;169
8.8;References;170
9;Synthesis and Properties of Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Based Polymer Composites;180
9.1;1 Introduction;181
9.2;2 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites;182
9.2.1;2.1 Solution Mixing;183
9.2.2;2.2 Melt Blending;183
9.2.3;2.3 In Situ Polymerization;184
9.3;3 Surface Modification of Graphene;185
9.4;4 Different Graphene-Based Polymer Composites;187
9.4.1;4.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–Graphene Composites;187
9.4.2;4.2 Epoxy–Graphene Composites;193
9.4.3;4.3 Polyurethane–Graphene Composites;197
9.5;5 Summary;202
9.6;References;202
10;Application of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells;207
10.1;1 Brief Review on Perovskite Solar Cells;207
10.1.1;1.1 Progress in Devising Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells;207
10.1.2;1.2 Components of Perovskite Solar Cells;208
10.1.3;1.3 Problem in Organic p-type Semiconductor;209
10.1.4;1.4 Alternative Approach: Metal Oxides as Charge Transport Layers;209
10.1.5;1.5 Alternative Approach: Graphene-Based Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells;210
10.2;2 Properties of Graphene-Based Materials;210
10.2.1;2.1 Properties of Graphene, GO, and rGO;210
10.3;3 Methods for Synthesis, Exfoliation, and Reduction of GO;213
10.3.1;3.1 Synthesis Methods for Graphite Oxide;213
10.3.2;3.2 Methods for Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide to GO and Thin-Film Preparation;213
10.3.3;3.3 Reduction of GO;214
10.4;4 Characterization Techniques of GO and rGO;214
10.4.1;4.1 Surface Area Analysis of the rGO;214
10.4.2;4.2 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA);215
10.4.3;4.3 Optical Spectroscopy;215
10.4.4;4.4 Raman Spectroscopy;216
10.4.5;4.5 FTIR Analysis;218
10.4.6;4.6 UV-Vis Spectroscopy (For Optical and Electronic Properties);219
10.4.7;4.7 Photoluminescence Measurement;222
10.4.8;4.8 XRD Crystallographic Measurement;223
10.5;5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells;223
10.5.1;5.1 Application of rGO in Perovskite Solar Cells;224
10.5.2;5.2 Application of rGO in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells, OPV;229
10.6;6 Conclusion and Outlook;230
10.7;References;231
11;Graphene and Graphene Oxide as Nanofiller for Polymer Blends;234
11.1;1 Introduction;234
11.2;2 Production of Graphene;236
11.3;3 Properties of Graphene;237
11.4;4 Production of Graphene Oxide (GO);238
11.5;5 Processing of the Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites;239
11.6;6 Characterization of the Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites;240
11.6.1;6.1 Microscopy;241
11.6.2;6.2 X-ray Diffraction;242
11.6.3;6.3 Raman Spectroscopy;242
11.7;7 Properties of Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites;244
11.7.1;7.1 Electrical Conductivity;244
11.7.2;7.2 Mechanical Properties;246
11.7.3;7.3 Thermal Behavior;250
11.7.4;7.4 Barrier Properties;251
11.8;8 Examples of Graphene/Polymer Composites;253
11.8.1;8.1 Graphene/Epoxy Composites;253
11.8.2;8.2 Graphene/Cellulose Composites;254
11.8.3;8.3 PVA/Graphene Nanocomposites;254
11.8.4;8.4 Polyurethane (PU)/Graphene Composites;255
11.8.5;8.5 Graphene/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Nanocomposites;255
11.8.6;8.6 Polycarbonate (PC)/Graphene Nanocomposites;256
11.8.7;8.7 Polystyrene (PS)/Graphene Nanocomposites;256
11.9;9 Conclusions;257
11.10;References;257
12;Facile Room Temperature Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction;261
12.1;1 Introduction;261
12.2;2 Structure of Graphene;262
12.3;3 Making of Graphene Oxide;265
12.4;4 Characterization of Materials;265
12.5;5 Electrocatalytic Activity of GO/RGO;269
12.6;6 Conclusion;272
12.7;References;272