Russell New Horizons

Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-89518-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 402 Seiten

New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt C. T. Russell Originally published in the journal Space Science Reviews, Volume 140, Nos 1-4, 1-2. DOI: 10. 1007/s11214-008-9450-0 © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2008 Exploration is mankind's imperative. Since the beginnings of civilization, men and women have not been content to build a wall around their settlements and stay within its con nes. They explored the land around them, climbed the mountains, and scanned the horizons. The boldest among them pushed exploration to the most distant frontiers of the planet. As a result, much of the Earth was inhabited well before the days of the renowned European - th th plorers of the 15 and 16 centuries. Exploration did not cease, after the circumnavigation of the globe; it continued to the present. Today explorers are going in new directions, not just east and west, north and south. They explore backward in time and upward in space. Arc- ology explores the shorter time scales, and geochemistry the longer time scales of geophy- cal events: asteroidal and cometary collisions, magnetic reversals, continental formation and more. However, on Earth we cannot go back inde nitely, for much of the evidence of the very earliest days has been lost.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Russell, C. T.

Russell, Christopher

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;The New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Mission: An Overview with Historical Context;8
2.1;Abstract;8
2.2;Mission Overview;9
2.3;Pluto Mission Background Studies;10
2.3.1;Voyager Pluto;10
2.3.2;Dedicated Pluto Mission Studies;11
2.4;The Birth of New Horizons;13
2.4.1;PKB Mission AO and Selection Process;13
2.5;Mission Development Overview;16
2.6;Launch and Early Flight;22
2.7;Concluding Remarks;25
2.8;Acknowledgements;25
2.9;References;25
3;The New Horizons Spacecraft;27
3.1;Abstract;27
3.2;Introduction;28
3.3;Spacecraft Configuration;31
3.3.1;Mechanical Configuration;31
3.3.2;System Configuration;32
3.4;Propulsion Subsystem;32
3.5;Guidance and Control;35
3.5.1;Attitude Control Modes;36
3.5.2;Attitude Control Requirements and Performance;37
3.6;Command and Data Handling;38
3.6.1;Command Management;39
3.6.2;Time Management;39
3.6.3;Data Management;39
3.7;Communication System;41
3.7.1;Command Reception and Tracking;41
3.7.2;Ultra-Stable Oscillator Performance;42
3.7.3;Downlink System Performance;42
3.8;Power System;43
3.8.1;Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Performance;43
3.8.2;Shunt Regulator Unit;43
3.8.3;Power Distribution Unit and Propulsion Diode Box;44
3.9;Thermal Management;46
3.10;Autonomy and Fault Protection;47
3.11;Performance and Lifetime;48
3.12;Acknowledgements;50
3.13;References;51
4;New Horizons Mission Design;52
4.1;Abstract;52
4.2;Introduction;53
4.3;Mission Design Requirements;53
4.3.1;Mission Scope and Objectives;53
4.3.2;Science Requirements;54
4.3.3;Program Requirements and Constraints;54
4.4;Mission Design Scenarios;55
4.4.1;Routes to Pluto;55
4.4.2;Launch Opportunities;56
4.4.3;New Horizons Approach;57
4.5;Baseline Mission Design;59
4.5.1;Launch;59
4.5.2;Interplanetary Trajectory;61
4.5.3;Jupiter Gravity-Assist Flyby;62
4.5.4;Pluto-Charon Encounter;65
4.5.4.1;Science Measurement Requirements;66
4.5.4.1.1;Priority Ranking;66
4.5.4.1.2;Requirements for Remote Sensing;67
4.5.4.1.3;Requirements for Atmosphere Investigation;67
4.5.4.2;Selection of Pluto Arrival Time;67
4.5.4.3;Pluto at Approach;68
4.5.4.4;Pluto Flyby Trajectory and Geometry;68
4.5.4.5;Encounter Sequence and Event Timeline;70
4.5.4.6;Deep Space Network Access Profile;70
4.5.5;Extended Mission to the Kuiper Belt and Beyond;71
4.5.5.1;Plans for Kuiper Belt Object Encounter;71
4.5.5.2;Departing the Solar System;73
4.6;Flight Results;73
4.6.1;Launch and Orbit Injection;73
4.6.2;Summary of Trajectory Corrections;74
4.6.3;Flyby of Asteroid 2002 JF56;75
4.6.4;DeltaV Status;75
4.7;Conclusion;76
4.8;Acknowledgements;76
4.9;References;76
5;Overview of the New Horizons Science Payload;78
5.1;Abstract;78
5.2;Introduction;79
5.3;Payload Pointing Control;79
5.4;Science Payload;80
5.4.1;Overview;80
5.4.2;Alice;82
5.4.3;Ralph: MVIC and LEISA;86
5.4.4;REX;88
5.4.5;LORRI;89
5.4.6;SWAP;90
5.4.7;PEPSSI;90
5.4.8;VB-SDC;91
5.5;Science Payload Commissioning Overview;92
5.6;In Flight Hibernation, Annual Checkouts, and Encounter Rehearsals;93
5.7;Current Status of the Science Payload;93
5.8;Acknowledgements;94
5.9;References;94
6;New Horizons: Anticipated Scientific Investigations at the Pluto System;95
6.1;Abstract;96
6.2;Introduction;96
6.3;Mission Science Goals;98
6.3.1;Geology and Morphology (Goals 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.8);98
6.3.2;Surface Composition (Goals 1.2, 2.1, 2.4, 2.9);102
6.3.3;Atmospheric and Particles/Plasma (Goals 1.3, 2.1, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1);102
6.3.4;Interiors, Environment, Origin and Evolution (Goals 3.2, 3.3, 3.4);105
6.3.5;Kuiper Belt Investigation;105
6.4;Observations;105
6.4.1;Instrument Suite;105
6.4.1.1;Ralph: MVIC and LEISA;106
6.4.1.2;Alice;107
6.4.1.3;REX;108
6.4.1.4;LORRI;109
6.4.1.5;PEPSSI;109
6.4.1.6;SWAP;110
6.4.1.7;SDC;111
6.4.2;Mission Design;111
6.4.3;Encounter with Asteroid 2002 JF56;112
6.4.4;Encounter with Jupiter;112
6.4.5;Pluto;113
6.4.5.1;Cruise Phase;113
6.4.5.2;Approach Phase;114
6.4.5.3;Near Encounter Phase;115
6.4.5.4;Departure Phase;117
6.4.6;Kuiper Belt Objects;117
6.5;Meeting the Mission Scientific Objectives at the Pluto System;117
6.5.1;Group 1: Objectives Required for Mission Success;117
6.5.1.1;Characterize the Global Geology and Morphology of Pluto and Charon;117
6.5.1.1.1;Panchromatic Mapping;117
6.5.1.1.2;Color Mapping;118
6.5.1.1.3;Phase Angle Coverage;118
6.5.1.2;Map Surface Composition of Pluto and Charon;119
6.5.1.3;Characterize the Neutral Atmosphere of Pluto and Its Escape Rate;120
6.5.1.3.1;Compositional Measurements;120
6.5.1.3.2;Upper Atmospheric Thermal Structure;120
6.5.1.3.3;Lower Atmospheric Thermal Structure;120
6.5.1.3.4;Evolution and Escape Rate;120
6.5.1.3.5;Aerosols and Haze Detection;121
6.5.2;Group 2 Objectives;121
6.5.2.1;Characterize the Time Variability of Pluto's Surface and Atmosphere;121
6.5.2.2;Image Pluto and Charon in Stereo;122
6.5.2.3;Map the Terminators of Pluto and Charon with High Resolution;122
6.5.2.4;Map the Surface Composition of Selected Areas of Pluto and Charon with High Resolution;122
6.5.2.5;Characterize Pluto's Ionosphere and Solar Wind Interaction;123
6.5.2.6;Search for Neutral Species Including H, H2, HCN, and CxHy, and Other Hydrocarbons and Nitriles in Pluto's Upper Atmosphere, and Obtain Isotopic Discrimination where Possible;123
6.5.2.7;Search for an Atmosphere Around Charon;123
6.5.2.8;Determine Bolometric Bond Albedos for Pluto and Charon;124
6.5.2.9;Map the Surface Temperatures of Pluto and Charon;124
6.5.3;Group 3 Objectives;124
6.5.3.1;Characterize the Energetic Particle Environment of Pluto and Charon;124
6.5.3.2;Refine Bulk Parameters (Radii, Masses, Densities) and Orbits of Pluto and Charon;125
6.5.3.3;Search for Magnetic Fields of Pluto and Charon;125
6.5.3.4;Search for Additional Satellites and Rings;125
6.6;Broader Impact;125
6.7;Acknowledgements;127
6.8;References;127
7;Ralph: A Visible/Infrared Imager for the New Horizons Pluto/Kuiper Belt Mission;130
7.1;Abstract;130
7.2;Introduction;131
7.3;Ralph Science Overview;133
7.4;Opto-Mechanical Design;136
7.4.1;The MVIC Focal Plane;137
7.4.2;The LEISA Focal Plane;139
7.4.3;The Solar Illumination Assembly (SIA);140
7.5;Electronics;141
7.6;Pre-Launch Instrument Characterization;142
7.6.1;Component Level Measurements;143
7.6.1.1;LEISA Spectral Lineshape;143
7.6.1.2;MVIC Spectral Response;144
7.6.2;Full Instrument Level Measurements;145
7.6.2.1;Absolute Radiometry;145
7.6.2.2;Image Quality;146
7.6.2.3;SIA Pointing;146
7.7;Combined Pre-Launch and In-Flight Instrument Calibration Results;146
7.7.1;Image Quality and MTF;147
7.7.2;Optical Distortion;148
7.7.3;Radiometric Calibration;149
7.7.4;Anomalous Solar Light Leak;151
7.8;In-Flight Instrument Operation;152
7.9;Conclusion;153
7.10;Glossary;153
7.11;Acknowledgements;154
7.12;References;154
8;ALICE: The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Aboard the New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission;156
8.1;Abstract;156
8.2;Background;157
8.3;Scientific Objectives;157
8.4;Instrument Description;159
8.4.1;Overview;159
8.4.2;Opto-Mechanical Design Overview;160
8.4.3;Detector and Detector Electronics Overview;162
8.4.4;Instrument Electrical Design Overview;164
8.4.4.1;Low-Voltage Power Supply Electronics;164
8.4.4.2;Command-and-Data-Handling Electronics;165
8.4.4.3;Decontamination Heaters;165
8.4.4.4;High Voltage Power Supplies;167
8.4.5;Data Collection Modes Overview;167
8.5;Ground Calibration Radiometric Performance;168
8.5.1;Ground Dark Count Rate;168
8.5.2;Spatial/Spectral Resolution;169
8.5.2.1;Airglow Channel Point Spread Function;169
8.5.2.2;Airglow Channel Filled Slit Resolution;173
8.5.2.3;Solar Occultation Channel Point Spread Function;174
8.5.3;Ground Wavelength Calibration;174
8.5.4;Scattered Light Characteristics;176
8.5.4.1;Off-axis Light Scatter;176
8.5.4.2;Ly Scatter;176
8.5.5;Absolute Effective Area;179
8.5.5.1;Airglow Channel;179
8.5.5.2;Solar Occultation Channel;179
8.6;In-flight Performance;181
8.6.1;Commissioning Test Overview;181
8.6.2;Dark Count Rate;182
8.6.3;First Light Images;183
8.6.3.1;Image Histogram Exposures;183
8.6.3.2;Pixel List Mode Test Exposures;185
8.7;Conclusion;187
8.8;Acknowledgements;187
8.9;References;187
9;Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager on New Horizons;189
9.1;Abstract;189
9.2;Introduction;189
9.3;LORRI Requirements;192
9.4;LORRI Instrument Description;195
9.4.1;LORRI Overview;195
9.4.1.1;Design Requirements and Trades;197
9.4.1.2;Optical Design;199
9.4.1.3;Thermal Requirements and Design;199
9.4.1.4;Telescope Mechanical Requirements and Design;200
9.4.1.5;Instrument Integration, Focus, and Alignment;201
9.4.1.6;Contamination Control;202
9.4.2;Electronics;202
9.4.2.1;Focal Plane Unit;202
9.4.2.2;Associated Support Electronics;203
9.4.2.3;Flight Software;204
9.4.3;Laboratory Test and Calibration;204
9.4.3.1;Subassembly Test and Calibration;204
9.4.3.2;Instrument-Level Calibration;204
9.4.3.3;Calibration Setup;205
9.4.3.4;Laboratory Calibration Results;207
9.4.3.5;In-Flight Calibration;211
9.5;Summary;214
9.6;Acknowledgements;215
9.7;References;215
10;The New Horizons Radio Science Experiment (REX);216
10.1;Abstract;216
10.2;Introduction;217
10.2.1;Overview;217
10.2.2;Implementation;218
10.2.3;Pluto Encounter;222
10.2.4;Encounter Geometry;222
10.3;Radio Occultation Sounding of Pluto and Charon;224
10.3.1;Introduction;224
10.3.2;Background and Motivation;225
10.3.3;Experiment Objectives, Methods of Analysis, and Predicted Performance;226
10.3.3.1;Pluto's Radius;226
10.3.3.2;Pluto's Neutral Atmosphere;228
10.3.3.3;Pluto's Ionosphere;230
10.3.3.4;Charon's Atmosphere and Ionosphere;230
10.4;Gravity Investigations;230
10.4.1;Approach;230
10.4.2;REX Contributions;232
10.5;Radiometry;236
10.5.1;Thermal Emission Observations;236
10.5.2;Surface Temperatures of Pluto and Charon;237
10.6;REX Implementation;239
10.6.1;Implementation-Overview;239
10.6.2;Extraction of Total Received Signal Power;240
10.6.3;Multiplierless, Anti-aliasing Filter Design ;240
10.7;REX Commissioning;242
10.7.1;Purpose;242
10.7.2;Functional Verification;242
10.7.3;Evaluation of Spurious Responses, no Uplink;243
10.7.4;Uplink Signal Acquisition;243
10.7.5;USO Stability;244
10.7.6;REX Passband;245
10.7.7;HGA Beam Pattern;246
10.7.8;Radiometer Calibration;246
10.8;Summary;248
10.9;Acknowledgements;248
10.10;Appendix: System Function of the SCIC Filter;248
10.11;ATheory of the CIC-SCIC Filter;248
10.11.1;Cascade Integrator Comb (CIC) Filter;248
10.11.2;Sharpened CIC Filter;249
10.11.3;Lowpass, Anti-aliasing Filter Design;250
10.12;References;256
11;The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) Instrument Aboard New Horizons;259
11.1;Abstract;259
11.2;Introduction;259
11.3;Scientific Background and Objectives;260
11.3.1;Atmospheric Escape;262
11.3.2;Solar Wind Interaction at High Atmospheric Escape;263
11.3.3;Solar Wind Interaction at Low Atmospheric Escape;265
11.3.4;Solar Wind Interaction at Aphelion;267
11.3.5;Heliospheric Pickup Protons;268
11.4;Instrument Description;270
11.4.1;Electro-Optic Design;274
11.4.1.1;RPA Design;275
11.4.1.2;Deflector;276
11.4.1.3;ESA;276
11.4.2;Detector Design;277
11.4.3;Mechanical Design;278
11.4.3.1;Optics and Detector Mechanical Design;278
11.4.3.2;Aperture Door Design;282
11.4.3.3;Electronics Packaging and Cabling Design;283
11.4.3.4;Structural Design;284
11.4.3.5;Thermal Design;284
11.4.4;Electronics;284
11.4.4.1;CHAMPs;284
11.4.4.2;HVPS;285
11.4.4.3;Control Board;286
11.4.5;Modes of Operation;288
11.4.6;Flight Software;288
11.4.6.1;Overall Capabilities;288
11.4.6.2;Science-Data Collection;290
11.5;Instrument Performance;294
11.5.1;Laboratory Testing;294
11.5.1.1;RPA;295
11.5.1.2;Deflector System;296
11.5.1.3;ESA;297
11.5.1.4;Detectors;298
11.5.2;Instrument Modeling;298
11.5.2.1;Instrument Model with Ideal RPA;299
11.5.2.2;RPA Model;300
11.6;Science Operations and Data;302
11.6.1;Fluxes and Predicted Rates;303
11.6.2;Instrument Operations;305
11.6.3;Data Pipeline;305
11.6.3.1;Level 1;306
11.6.3.2;Level 2;306
11.6.3.3;Level 3;307
11.7;Early SWAP Observations;308
11.8;Conclusions;309
11.8.1;Acknowledgements;309
11.9;References;310
12;The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission;312
12.1;Abstract;312
12.2;Introduction;314
12.2.1;Previous Similar Instrumentation;314
12.3;Scientific Background and Objectives;315
12.3.1;The Interaction of Pluto with the Solar Wind;315
12.3.2;PEPSSI Science Objectives;316
12.3.2.1;PEPSSI Objectives at Pluto;316
12.3.2.1.1;Group 1 Objective.;316
12.3.2.1.2;Group 2 Objectives.;316
12.3.2.1.3;Group 3 Objectives.;317
12.3.2.2;Science at Jupiter and During Cruise;317
12.3.3;Measurement Requirements;317
12.3.3.1;Measurement Ranges;317
12.3.3.2;Derived Instrument Specifications;317
12.3.3.2.1;Mass Resolution (Mass Uncertainty);317
12.3.3.2.2;Species Mass Range;318
12.3.3.2.3;Sensitivity and Geometric Factor Requirements;318
12.3.3.2.4;Geometric Factor;318
12.3.3.2.5;Integration Interval;318
12.3.3.3;Measurement Resolution Requirements;319
12.3.3.3.1;Energy Resolution;319
12.3.3.3.2;TOF Resolution;319
12.3.3.4;Platform Requirements;319
12.3.3.5;Time Resolution Requirement;320
12.3.3.5.1;Timetagging Requirements;320
12.3.3.5.2;Science Data Synchronization;320
12.3.3.6;Calibration Requirements;320
12.3.3.6.1;Required Ground Calibration;320
12.3.3.6.2;In-flight Calibration Characterization;320
12.3.3.6.3;Energy Board Temperature Monitor;320
12.4;Technical Description;321
12.4.1;Instrument Overview;321
12.4.1.1;Differences from EPS on MESSENGER;324
12.4.2;Mechanical Design;325
12.4.2.1;Dimensions and Mounting ;325
12.4.2.2;Mass Properties;328
12.4.2.3;Deployable Cover;328
12.4.2.4;Instrument Purge;328
12.4.2.5;Handling Requirements;329
12.4.2.6;Transportation and Storage;329
12.4.2.7;Vacuum and Outgassing Requirement;329
12.4.3;Detectors and Electronics;329
12.4.3.1;Energy Measure;330
12.4.3.2;Time-of-Flight Measure;330
12.4.3.3;Electronics;331
12.4.3.4;Operation;331
12.4.3.4.1;Science Mode;331
12.4.3.4.2;HVPS Activation;331
12.4.3.4.3;Cover Door Open;332
12.4.3.4.4;Test Mode;332
12.4.3.4.5;Calibration;332
12.4.3.5;Electrical Interface;332
12.4.3.5.1;PEPSSI Power Interface;332
12.4.3.5.2;PEPSSI Command and Telemetry Interface;332
12.4.3.5.3;Test Port Interface;334
12.4.3.5.4;HVPS Safing;334
12.4.3.5.5;PEPSSI Cover Release;334
12.4.4;Telemetered Data Products;334
12.4.4.1;Proton and Electron Energy Spectra;334
12.4.4.2;Heavy Ion Energy Spectra;335
12.4.4.3;TOF-Only Velocity Spectra;335
12.4.4.4;Singles-Event Data (for Event Validity Check);336
12.4.4.5;PHA (Pulse Height Analysis) Event Data;336
12.4.4.6;Non-Packetized Housekeeping Data;338
12.4.4.7;Quick look Diagnostic Data;338
12.4.4.8;Instrument Data Rate Summary;338
12.4.4.9;Calibration;340
12.4.4.10;Memory Image Dump;341
12.4.5;Commands;341
12.4.5.1;Energy Commands;341
12.4.5.2;HVPS Commands;341
12.4.5.3;TOF Commands;341
12.4.5.4;Process Control Commands;341
12.4.6;Telemetry and Command Format;342
12.4.6.1;Data Rate and Volume;343
12.4.6.2;Telemetry Formatting;343
12.4.6.2.1;Instrument Transfer Frame (ITF);343
12.4.6.2.2;Telemetry Interface;344
12.4.6.2.3;CCSDS Packetization;344
12.4.6.2.4;Memory Dump Packet;344
12.4.6.3;Command Formatting;345
12.4.6.3.1;Command Message;345
12.4.6.3.2;Command Format;346
12.4.6.3.3;Memory Load Command;346
12.4.6.3.4;Memory Dump Command;346
12.4.6.4;MET Time Message;346
12.4.7;Instrument Environmental Design Requirements;350
12.4.7.1;Thermal Interface;350
12.4.7.2;PEPSSI Thermal Design Requirements;350
12.4.7.3;Radiation Shielding Requirements;350
12.4.7.4;Electrostatic Requirements;350
12.4.8;Test Requirements;351
12.4.8.1;Vibration;351
12.4.8.2;Thermal;351
12.4.8.3;Acoustics and Shock;351
12.4.8.4;EMI/EMC;351
12.5;Performance;351
12.5.1;Data Conversion to Physical Units;351
12.5.1.1;Flux, Differential Intensity and Phase Space Density;352
12.5.1.2;Definition of Sensor Transfer Function and Geometric Factor;352
12.5.1.3;Goals of the PEPSSI Characterization and Calibration Efforts;353
12.5.2;Simulations;354
12.5.2.1;Geometric Factor;354
12.5.2.2;Ion Measurements;354
12.5.2.2.1;Electron Optics;354
12.5.2.2.2;Ion Energy Losses;356
12.5.2.2.3;TOF Measurements;356
12.5.2.2.4;Total Energy Measurement;356
12.5.2.2.5;TOF Versus Energy;356
12.5.2.2.6;Efficiencies;356
12.5.2.3;Electron Measurements;357
12.5.3;PEPSSI Flight Unit Calibration;358
12.5.3.1;The JHU/APL Calibration Facility;358
12.5.3.2;Test Set Up;360
12.5.3.3;Ground Calibration;360
12.5.3.3.1;Directionality;360
12.5.3.3.2;Time-of-Flight Resolution;362
12.5.3.3.3;Energy Resolution;364
12.5.3.3.4;Time-of-Flight versus Energy;364
12.5.3.3.5;Pulse Height Analysis;365
12.5.3.3.6;Efficiencies;367
12.5.3.4;Summary of PEPSSI Flight Model Calibrations;367
12.5.4;PEPSSI Engineering Model Calibrations;367
12.5.4.1;Original PEPSSI Foils;369
12.5.4.2;PEPSSI Start and EPS Stop Foil;369
12.5.4.3;Engineering Model Plans;369
12.5.5;In-flight Calibration;370
12.5.5.1;Flight Performance;370
12.5.5.2;Jupiter Flyby ;370
12.6;Operations and Science;370
12.6.1;Instrument Operations;370
12.6.1.1;Cover Release In Space;373
12.6.1.2;Idle State (HVPS Disabled);374
12.6.1.3;HVPS Activation;374
12.6.1.4;Science Mode Operation;374
12.6.1.4.1;Energy Leading Edge Discriminator (LED) Threshold;374
12.6.1.4.2;Stop Anode Light and Heavy Discriminator Thresholds;375
12.6.1.4.3;Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) Thresholds;375
12.6.1.4.4;Start Anode Discriminator Thresholds;375
12.6.1.4.5;Multiple Hit Check Enable/Disable;375
12.6.1.5;Power Down Operation;376
12.6.2;Data and Data Archiving;376
12.6.2.1;Level 1;376
12.6.2.2;Level 2;376
12.6.2.2.1;Summary of the Level 2 Header Data Units (HDUs);377
12.6.2.2.2;PHA HDUs;377
12.6.2.2.3;Rate HDUs;377
12.6.2.2.4;Status HDUs;378
12.6.2.3;Level 3;378
12.6.2.4;MIDL;379
12.7;Conclusion;379
12.8;Acknowledgements;380
12.9;References;380
13;The Student Dust Counter on the New Horizons Mission;383
13.1;Abstract;383
13.2;Introduction;383
13.3;Science Background;384
13.4;Instrument Description;385
13.4.1;Sensor Design;386
13.4.1.1;PVDF Signal Generation;386
13.4.1.2;Sensor Construction;387
13.4.2;Mechanical Design;387
13.4.2.1;Thermal Design;387
13.4.3;Electrical Design;388
13.4.3.1;Analog Signal Chain;388
13.4.3.2;Onboard Stimulus;390
13.4.3.3;Digital Control Electronics;391
13.4.4;Software Design;391
13.4.4.1;Data Management;391
13.4.4.2;Autonomy Rules;391
13.4.4.3;In-Flight Calibration Functions;392
13.4.5;Instrument Calibration ;392
13.4.5.1;PVDF Sensor Characterization;392
13.4.5.2;Electronics Calibration;393
13.5;Data Analysis;394
13.6;Initial Results;394
13.6.1;Initial Turn-on and Checkout;394
13.6.2;In Flight Calibration;395
13.6.2.1;Stimulus Calibration;395
13.6.2.2;Noise Floor Calibration;395
13.6.3;Dust Measurements;396
13.7;Conclusions;397
13.8;Acknowledgements;397
13.9;References;398