Buch, Englisch, Band X, 675 Seiten, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 1600 g
Vol. X: Fruits of Angiosperms
Buch, Englisch, Band X, 675 Seiten, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 1600 g
Reihe: Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy
ISBN: 978-3-443-14010-6
Verlag: Borntraeger
A general review of the anatomy of Angiosperms has long been lacking and, although this was originally planned for the Handbuch series, such a production has never been undertaken. This is all the more surprising, as fruits are of much importance in human life. The bibliography of fruit anatomy is in fact very sparse and mainly covers earlier publications. Even fruits of such economic importance as the cocoa pod and the coffee bean, for example, have been studied very little up to the present. Furthermore, anatomical fruit studies are often «hidden» in monographs, where they are difficult to find. Nearly 800 citations from publications have been used in the compilation of this book. In addition, the work includes studies, especially of «tropical» fruits, made by the author himself, who has also done many of the drawings. The book contains many excellent photographs showing important details. As for the text, general considerations are followed by a discussion of the tissues composing the fruits and accessory fruit parts and by a review of fruit dehiscence. Some special dispersal structures are summarised in part G. The few developmental data available have been included in the respective chapters. To some extent, emphasis has been placed on economic aspects, mainly in the chapters dealing with fruit growth, maturation, senescence, texture and edibility of fruits, fruits of cultivated plants and polyploidy. It is hoped, therefore, that this text, while written specifically for plant anatomists, will also interest plant physiologists, food technologists, pomologists and pharmacologists. Many views expressed in this book may stimulate further discussion. Much research work, especially on tropical fruits, is still required to extend our knowledge of fruit anatomy. Of interest to every botanist, food technologists, pharmacologists, specialists in forestry, paleobotanists, relevant research institutes, institutes for applied botany, institutes for wood research, agricultural colleges, science libraries.
Autoren/Hrsg.
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Contents
A. General part 1
1 The concept "fruit" 1
1.1 Definition of the fruit 1
1.2 Classification of fruits 1
2 The carper 6
3 Fruit symmetry 8
4 The pericarp 9
4.1 Definition of exo-, mesa-, endocarp 9
5 Relation between anatomical structure and functions of the pericarp 11
6 Fruit growth 12
6.1 Growth stimulation 13
6.2 Cell division 14
6.3 Cell enlargement 15
6.4 Periods of growth 16
6.5 Cell size in relation to fruit size 19
7 Meristems and fruit growth 21
Cell and tissue differentiation 26
9 Cell contents 27
10 Maturation 30
11 Senescence 33
12 Texture and edibility of fruits 34
13 Pattern formation 37
Outer epidermis 37, Inner epidermis 37, Interwoven pattern 38, Formation of radial cell rows 38, Starlike arrangement of cells 38, Giant cells 38
B. Tissues composing the pericarp 39
14 Epidermis 39
14.1 Outer epidermis 39
Shape of epidermal cells 41
Cell wall structure 41
Cutine and wax formations 42
Cell contents 42
Multiseriate outer epidermis 42
14.2 Inner epidermis 44
Multiseriate inner epidermis 47
Differentiation of the endocarp 48
14.3 Stomata 49
Occurrence of stomata 51
Stomata distribution and density 52
Stomata development 54
Anomalous stoma formation and reduction of stomata 54
Function of stomata 57
14.4 Trichomes 57
Shape of trichomes (unicellular hairs, pluricellular hairs) 57
Internal or locular hairs 60
Development of hairs 62
Density of hairs 62
Systematic value of hairs 63
Function of hairs 63
14.5 Emergences 65
15 Periderm and lenticel formation 66
16 Hypodermis 69
17 Parenchyma 70
17.1 Special cell arrangements and cell patterns 71
17.2 Aerenchyma 73
17.3 Air containing parenchyma 73
17.4 Cell contents 74
18 Collenchyma 74
19 Sclerenchyma 75
19.1 Sclereids 77
Cell shape 77
Distribution of sclereids 79
Special stone cell patterns in Solanaceae 80
Taxonomic and phylogenetic value of stone cell concretions 80
Transitional forms between sclereids and fibers or parenchyma cells 82
19.2 Fibers 82
Shape of fibers 83
Distribution and arrangement of fibers 83
Origin and differentiation of stone cells and fibers 86
20 Vascular system 87
21 Secretory structures 93
21.1 External secretory structures 93
Nectaries hydathodes, glandular hairs 93
21.2 Internal secretory structures 94
Secretory cells 94, Secretory cavities 95, Secretory canals 96, Laticifers 97
Structures beyond the pericarp 98
22 Placentae and septs 98
22.1 Placentae and septs as sources of pulp formation 98
22.2 False partition walls and seed pockets 100
23 The inferior ovary 100
24 The fruits of cacti 106
25 Accessory fruit parts 118
25.1 Sterile projections of the gymnoecium ("Grannen") 119
25.2 Receptacle 121
25.3 Sepals 122
Pappus 126
25.4 Petals 128
Anthocarps 128
25.5 Stamens 131
25.6 Fruit scales 131
25.7 Prophylls 131
25.8 Pedicel and peduncle of the fruit 132
25.9 Parts of the inflorescence 142
Inflorescence axis 142, Glumes spikelets 142, Subtending bracts 146, Involucral bracts of inflorescences 146
Fruit dehiscence 148
26 Types of dehiscence 148
26.1 General considerations 148
26.2 Ventricidal ("marginicidal") dehiscence 152
26.3 Septicidal dehiscence 153
26.4 Loculicidal dehiscence 153
26.5 Dehiscence of the legume 156
26.6 Pore capsule 163
26.7 Circumscissile dehiscence 166
Pyxidia which develop sclerenchyma and a zone of mechanical weakness 166
Pyxidia which dehisce by formation of meristematic cells in combination with lignified cells 168
27 Mechanisms of dehiscence 171
27.1 Hygroscopic mechanisms 171
Xerochasy 172
Hygrochasy 175
27.2 Turgor mechanisms 181
alte Spluttermechanisms (Spritzmechanismen) 181
Throwing mechanisms of turgescent fleshy fruits (Schleudermechanismen) 182
Lever catapults (Hebelschleudern) 182
Cyclanthera exploders 182, Impatiens 182, Cardamine 184, Corydalis
184, Lathraea 184
Squeezing catapults (Quatschschleudern) 185
Dorstenia 185, Arccuthohium 185
Pushing catapults (Stoßßschleudern) 187
Polyg
