Ropp Luminescence and the Solid State

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9116-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 470 Seiten, Web PDF

Since the discovery of the transistor in 1948, the study of the solid state has been burgeoning. Recently, cold fusion and the ceramic superconductor have given cause for excitement. There are two approaches possible to this area of science, namely, that of solid state physics and solid state chemistry, although both overlap extensively. The former is more concerned with electronic states in solids (including electromagnetics) whereas the latter is more concerned with interactions of atoms in solids. The area of solid state physics is well documented, however, there are very few texts which deal with solid state chemistry. Luminescence and the Solid State has been written to fulfil this need.

The concepts regarding luminescence and phosphors are unique and have been covered extensively providing a useful reference source for anyone requiring such knowledge as a basis for further study. The discussion on the defect state, which is handled in chapter two, can be applied to many other systems, e.g. ceramic superconductors. The book has extensive, useful equations and figures, the derivations of which are simple and easy to follow. This useful, comprehensive text can be used for self-study and should also prove invaluable in a graduate study as an introduction to the solid state and luminescence.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ropp, Richard C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Luminescence and the Solid State;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;Acknowledgement;8
7;Introduction;16
8;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOLID STATE;18
8.1;1. Changes of State;18
8.2;2. Energetics of Changes of State;20
8.3;3. Propagation Models and the Close-Packed Solid;21
8.4;4. The Structure of Solids;24
8.5;5. Determination of Structure of Compounds and Materials;32
8.6;6. The Defect Solid;35
9;CHAPTER 2. THE POINT DEFECT;42
9.1;1. Types of Point Defects;42
9.2;2. The Plane Net;44
9.3;3. Non-Stoichiometric Crystals;47
9.4;4. Defect Equation Symbolism;49
9.5;5. Some Applications for Defect Chemistry;50
9.6;6. Thermodynamics of the Point Defect;52
9.7;7. Defect Equilibria in Various Types of Compounds;57
9.8;8. Brouwer's Approximation Method;68
9.9;9. Analysis of A Real Crystal using Brouwer's Method-Comparison to the Thermodynamic Method;74
9.10;10. The Effects of Purity (and Impurities);83
10;CHAPTER 3. THERMAL ANALYSIS IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY;86
10.1;1. Scanning Methods;86
10.2;2. Differential Thermal Analysis;87
10.3;3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry;98
10.4;4. Uses of DTA and DSC;100
10.5;5. Thermogravimetry;102
10.6;6. Determination of Rate Processes in Solid State Reactions;106
11;CHAPTER 4. SOLID STATE REACTION MECHANISMS;112
11.1;1. Types of Solid State Reactions;112
11.2;2. Defining Reaction Conditions;113
11.3;3. Heterogeneous Nucleation Rate Processes and Models;115
11.4;4. The Tarnishing Reaction;123
11.5;5. Fick's Laws of Diffusion;124
11.6;6. Diffusion Mechanisms;127
11.7;7. Analysis of Diffusion Reactions;130
11.8;8. Diffusion in Silicates;133
11.9;9. Diffusion Mechanisms Where the Cation Changes Valence State;140
11.10;10. Homogeneous Nucleation Processes;142
12;CHAPTER 5. GROWTH OF PARTICLES AND PARTICLE PROPERTIES;146
12.1;1. Sequences in Particle Growth;146
12.2;2 Sintering and Sintering Processes;147
12.3;3. Particle Size;153
12.4;4. Particle Distributions;157
12.5;5. Particle Distributions and the Binomial Theorem;158
12.6;6. Measuring Particle Distributions;161
12.7;7. Analysis of Particle Distribution Parameters;164
12.8;8. Types of Log Normal Particle Distributions;168
12.9;9. A Typical PSD Calculation;173
12.10;10. Methods of Measuring PSD;176
13;CHAPTER 6. GROWTH OF SINGLE CRYSTALS;186
13.1;1. Types of Crystals;186
13.2;2. Furnace Construction;187
13.3;3. Steps in Growing a Single Crystal;190
13.4;4. Czochralski Growth of Single Crystals;192
13.5;5. The Bridgeman-Stockbarger Method for Crystal Growth;204
13.6;6. Zone Melting as a Means for Forming Single Crystals;207
13.7;7. Zone Refining;208
13.8;8. The Impurity Leveling Factor;210
13.9;9. The Verneuil Method of Crystal Growth;214
13.10;10. Molten Flux Growth of Crystals;217
13.11;11. Hydrothermal Growth;219
13.12;12 Vapor Methods Used for Single Crystal Growth;222
13.13;13. Edge Defined Crystal Growth;225
13.14;14. Melting and Stoichiometry;226
13.15;15. Actual Imperfections in Crystals;228
13.16;16. Electronic Properties of Crystals;231
13.17;17. The Calculation of Energy Bands In Crystals;239
13.18;18. Point Defects and the Energy Band Model;242
13.19;Appendix to Chapter 6: Mathematics of the Reciprocal Lattice;245
14;CHAPTER 7. OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND LUMINESCENCE;252
14.1;1. Absorbance, Reflectivity and Transmittance;252
14.2;2. Electronic Aspects of Phosphors;258
14.3;3. Factors Associated with Energy Conversion by Phosphors;267
14.4;4. Prediction of Electronic Transition Intensities;278
14.5;5. Mechanisms of Energy Transfer in Solids;284
14.6;6. Summary of Phonon Processes as Related to Phosphors;294
14.7;APPENDIX to Chapter 7;296
15;CHAPTER 8. DESIGN OF PHOSPHORS;300
15.1;1. The Luminescent Center in Inorganic Phosphors;300
15.2;2. The Ground State Perturbation Factor;304
15.3;3. Design of a Phosphor;306
15.4;4. Factors Affecting Phosphor Efficiencies (Brightness);316
15.5;5. Preparation of Phosphors;324
15.6;6. Commercial Phosphors;339
15.7;7. Measurement of Optical Properties of Phosphors;348
15.8;8. Color Spaces;369
16;CHAPTER 9. LANTHANIDE5 AND LASERS;378
16.1;1. History of the Lanthanides;378
16.2;2. Chemistry and Separation Techniques;379
16.3;3. Rare Earth Energy Levels and Electronic States;383
16.4;4. Methods of Calculation of Rare Earth Energy Levels;389
16.5;5. Mixed States in Intermediate Coupling;394
16.6;6. Experimental Stark States;400
16.7;7. Charge Transfer States and 5d Multiplets;407
16.8;8. Phonon Assisted Relaxation and Anti-Stokes Phosphors;408
16.9;9. Anti-Stokes Phosphors;412
16.10;10. The Solid State Laser;420
17;CHAPTER 10. SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO PHOSPHORS;430
17.1;1 Apatite as a Structure;430
17.2;2 Defect Chemistry of Apatite;436
17.3;3. Preparation and Defect Properties of the Sr5(F,Cl)(PO 4)3: Sb Phosphor System;438
17.4;4. Preparation of the Rare Earth Phosphors;449
17.5;5. Optical Properties of the Hosts;449
17.6;6. Spectroscopic Properties of the Rare Earth Activated Phosphors;452
18;SUBJECT INDEX;466