Ritsema The Upper Mantle

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5726-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 256 Seiten, Web PDF

Developments in Geotectonics, 4: The Upper Mantle focuses on the upper mantle and its influence on the development of the earth's crust, including history of the moon and other planets and volcanology. The selection first offers information on the origin of the earth, including ideas on the formation process of the terrestrial planets, condensation of dust particles, nature of the earth's core, thermal history of the earth, and fractionation of iron in the terrestrial planets. The text then ponders on the beginning of continental evolution, as well as the oldest rocks of the earth's crust, thermal history of the moon, and early history of the other planets. The text elaborates on magmatic activity as the major process in the chemical evolution of the earth's crust and mantle; trends in the evolution of continents; progress and problems in volcanology; and pressure and temperature conditions and tectonic significance of regional and ocean-floor metamorphism. The manuscript also takes a look at the state of mantle minerals, melting temperatures in the earth's mantle, and geomagnetic induction studies and the electrical state of the upper mantle. The publication is a dependable reference for readers interested in the study of the upper mantle.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ritsema, A. R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Upper Mantle;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;6
6;LIST OF AUTHORS;13
7;CHAPTER 1. SIGNIFICANCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UPPER MANTLE PROJECT;14
7.1;SPECIFIC RESULTS;15
7.2;CONCLUSION;17
7.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;17
8;CHAPTER 2. ORIGIN OF THE EARTH;20
8.1;ABSTRACT;20
8.2;INTRODUCTION;20
8.3;MODERN IDEAS ON THE FORMATION PROCESS OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;21
8.4;ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR NEBULA;24
8.5;NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM MATERIAL;24
8.6;CONDENSATION OF DUST PARTICLES;25
8.7;THE RATE OF ACCUMULATION OF THE EARTH;26
8.8;INITIAL TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH;28
8.9;THE EARLY THERMAL HISTORY OF THE UPPER MANTLE AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH-MOON SYSTEM;30
8.10;THE NATURE OF THE EARTH'S CORE;30
8.11;THERMAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH;35
8.12;FRACTIONATION OF IRON IN THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;36
8.13;FRACTIONATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS;37
8.14;SOME URGENT PROBLEMS;38
8.15;REFERENCES;39
9;CHAPTER 3. THE BEGINNING OF CONTINENTAL EVOLUTION;44
9.1;ABSTRACT;44
9.2;INTRODUCTION;44
9.3;THE OLDEST ROCKS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST;45
9.4;THERMAL HISTORY OF THE MOON;48
9.5;IMPLICATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE EARTH;53
9.6;EARLY HISTORY OF OTHER PLANETS;55
9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;56
9.8;REFERENCES;56
10;CHAPTER 4. MAGMATIC ACTIVITY AS THE MAJOR PROCESS IN THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST AND MANTLE;60
10.1;ABSTRACT;60
10.2;INTRODUCTION;60
10.3;CRUST-MANTLE DIFFERENTIATION AS EXEMPLIFIED BY RECENT BASALTIC VOLCANISM;61
10.4;EVOLUTION OF MODERN OCEANIC CRUST;68
10.5;CRUSTAL EVOLUTION IN ISLAND ARCS;72
10.6;CRUSTAL EVOLUTION THROUGHOUT GEOLOGICAL TIME;77
10.7;THE ARCHAEAN CRUST;78
10.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;82
10.9;REFERENCES;82
11;CHAPTER 5. NEW INSIGHTS INTO OLD SHIELDS;86
11.1;ABSTRACT;86
11.2;INTRODUCTION;86
11.3;SUMMARY OF WORK DURING THE U.M.P. (1960-1970) ON SHIELD AREAS (NOT NECESSARILY COMPLETE);87
11.4;THE DIVISION OF PRECAMBRIAN TIME INTO ERAS AND OF PRECAMBRIAN SHIELDSINTO PROVINCES;95
11.5;A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE UPLIFT AND BREAK-UP OF CONTINENTS AND FOR SEA-FLOOR SPREADING;101
11.6;REFERENCES;104
12;CHAPTER 6. BASIC TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTS;108
12.1;ABSTRACT;108
12.2;INTRODUCTION;108
12.3;ENDOGENOUS REGIMES;109
12.4;EVOLUTION OF ENDOGENOUS REGIMES;110
12.5;RECURRENCE OF ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES;115
12.6;THE ORIGIN OF FOLDING;121
12.7;CORRELATION OF ENDOGENOUS REGIMES WITH DEEP PROCESSES AND STRUCTURE;124
12.8;A MODEL OF DEEP PROCESSES;125
12.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;129
12.10;REFERENCES;129
13;CHAPTER 7. MAGMATIC HISTORY OF THE ALPS - A SHORT SUMMARY;132
13.1;SELECTION OF RECENT LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT;133
14;CHAPTER 8. PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS IN VOLCANOLOGY;136
14.1;ABSTRACT;136
14.2;INTRODUCTION;136
14.3;GEOPHYSICAL DATA;137
14.4;THE DEPTH OF MAGMATIC CHAMBERS;138
14.5;PETROCHEMISTRY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS;139
14.6;GEOCHEMICAL DATA;142
14.7;XENOLITHS;142
14.8;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS;143
14.9;STUDY OF ERUPTIONS;144
14.10;PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF VOLCANOLOGY;145
14.11;REFERENCES;150
15;CHAPTER 9. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF REGIONAL AND OCEAN-FLOOR METAMORPHISM;154
15.1;ABSTRACT;154
15.2;INTRODUCTION;155
15.3;PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF METAMORPHISM;155
15.4;NATURE AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF REGIONAL METAMORPHISM;160
15.5;FINDING OF OCEAN-FLOOR METAMORPHISM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE;166
15.6;REFERENCES;168
16;CHAPTER 10. THE SYSTEM MgO-FeO-Si02 AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES - PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES;174
16.1;ABSTRACT;174
16.2;INTRODUCTION;175
16.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;176
16.4;THE SYSTEM MgSi03-FeSi03 AT HIGH PRESSURES AND HIGH TEMPERATURES;189
16.5;HIGH PRESSURE TRANSFORMATIONS IN Si02;192
16.6;EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE CRYSTAL-CHEMICAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF WÜSTITE, Fe1—xO;195
16.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;197
16.8;REFERENCES;197
17;CHAPTER 11. THE STATE OF MANTLE MINERALS;202
17.1;ABSTRACT;202
17.2;INTRODUCTION;202
17.3;CONSTITUTION OF THE MANTLE;203
17.4;EQUATION OF STATE DATA;211
17.5;MANTLE MODELING WITH MORE THAN ONE MINERAL;219
17.6;CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY;225
17.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;227
17.8;REFERENCES;227
18;CHAPTER 12. MELTING TEMPERATURES IN THE EARTHS MANTLE;234
18.1;ABSTRACT;234
18.2;INTRODUCTION;234
18.3;INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON MELTING;236
18.4;MINERALOGY AND DENSITY OF THE MANTLE;238
18.5;MELTING CURVES;239
18.6;LIQUIDUS OF THE MANTLE;241
18.7;SOLIDUS OF THE MANTLE;242
18.8;RESULTS;243
18.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;244
19;CHAPTER 13. GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION STUDIES AND THE ELECTRICAL STATE OF THE UPPER MANTLE;246
19.1;ABSTRACT;246
19.2;INTRODUCTION;246
19.3;PRINCIPLES OF GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION;247
19.4;INDUCTIVE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS;248
19.5;DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO THE UPPER MANTLE PROJECT;249
19.6;PROGRESS DURING THE UPPER MANTLE PROJECT;250
19.7;REFERENCES;265
20;CHAPTER 14. NEW PERSPECTIVES IN TERRESTRIAL HEAT FLOW;270
20.1;ABSTRACT;270
20.2;INTRODUCTION;270
20.3;CONTINENTAL HEAT FLOW;274
20.4;OCEAN HEAT FLOW;279
20.5;THE EXPLANATION OF THE EQUALITY OF HEAT FLOW;283
20.6;EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF THE MODEL;285
20.7;NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CONTINENTAL HEAT FLOW;288
20.8;NEW PERSPECTIVES IN OCEANIC HEAT FLOW;291
20.9;CONSEQUENCES FOR THERMAL MODELS;297
20.10;CONCLUSION;298
20.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;299
20.12;REFERENCES;299
21;CHAPTER 15. INLAND AND MARGINAL SEAS;306
21.1;ABSTRACT;306
21.2;INTRODUCTION;306
21.3;THE ARCTIC;308
21.4;INDIAN OCEAN;308
21.5;THE PACIFIC OCEAN;308
21.6;THE MEDITERRANEAN;314
21.7;THE CARIBBEAN;315
21.8;THE SCOTIA SEA;318
21.9;CONCLUSION;320
21.10;REFERENCES;320
22;CHAPTER 16. EXPLOSION SEISMOLOGY: ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE;322
22.1;ABSTRACT;322
22.2;INTRODUCTION;322
22.3;TECHNIQUE OF EXPERIMENT;323
22.4;THEORY OF METHOD;325
22.5;GLOBAL GENERALIZATION OF D.S.S.-DATA;331
22.6;CONCLUSION;334
22.7;REFERENCES;335
23;CHAPTER 17. PALEOMAGNETISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RESEARCH IN THE U.S.S.R.;338
23.1;ABSTRACT;338
23.2;INTRODUCTION;338
23.3;RELIABILITY OF PALEOMAGNETIC DATA;338
23.4;GEOMAGNETIC FIELD EVOLUTION;339
23.5;PALEOMAGNETISM AND MANTLE HISTORY;346
23.6;REFERENCES;350
24;CHAPTER 18. GLOBAL GRAVITY AND MANTLE CONVECTION;354
24.1;ABSTRACT;354
24.2;INTRODUCTION;354
24.3;MANTLE CONVECTION;355
24.4;INTERPRETATION OF THE GRAVITY FIELD;364
24.5;CONCLUSIONS;370
24.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;370
24.7;REFERENCES;370
25;CHAPTER 19. EARTH TIDES AND POLAR MOTIONS;374
25.1;ABSTRACT;374
25.2;INTRODUCTION;374
25.3;THE POLAR MOTION;374
25.4;THE EARTH TIDES;380
25.5;NOTATION I;384
25.6;REFERENCES;384
26;CHAPTER 20. RECENT CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS: TECHNIQUES AND ACHIEVEMENTS;386
26.1;ABSTRACT;386
26.2;INTRODUCTION;386
26.3;UPLIFT AND DRIFT;390
26.4;DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT;394
26.5;TILT AND YAW;396
26.6;CHANGE IN SHAPE AND SIZE OF SURFACES;402
26.7;CONCLUSIONS;403
26.8;REFERENCES;404
27;CHAPTER 21. SEISMICITY AS A GUIDE TO GLOBAL TECTONICS AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION;406
27.1;ABSTRACT;406
27.2;INTRODUCTION;407
27.3;PLATE TECTONICS;409
27.4;INTRA-PLATE EARTHQUAKES;419
27.5;EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION;422
27.6;CONCLUSION;425
27.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;426
27.8;REFERENCES;426
28;CHAPTER 22. CRITERIA OF HIGH SEISMICITY, DETERMINED BY PATTERN RECOGNITION;428
28.1;ABSTRACT;428
28.2;FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;428
28.3;THE METHOD;431
28.4;A PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE FEATURES OF DANGEROUS KNOTS;432
28.5;WHY DID WE NEED NO MORE DATA?;432
28.6;WHAT DID WE NEED THE COMPUTER FOR?;435
28.7;REFERENCES;435
29;CHAPTER 23. EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM;436
29.1;ABSTRACT;436
29.2;INTRODUCTION;436
29.3;DISLOCATION THEORY;437
29.4;SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DISLOCATION MODELS;438
29.5;ACCURACY OF SEISMOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF SOURCE PROPERTIES;439
29.6;SEISMIC MOMENT;442
29.7;STRESS-DROP;443
29.8;APPARENT STRESS;446
29.9;RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEISMIC MOMENT AND SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE;449
29.10;STRESS-DROP FOR LARGE AND SMALL, DEEP AND SHALLOW EARTHQUAKES;451
29.11;MECHANISM OF DEEP EARTHQUAKES;452
29.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;456
29.13;REFERENCES;456
30;CHAPTER 24. THE TRAVEL TIMES OF P SEISMIC WAVES AND THEIR RELEVANCETO THE UPPER MANTLE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION;460
30.1;ABSTRACT;460
30.2;INTRODUCTION;460
30.3;P AND S STATION ANOMALIES;463
30.4;TRAVEL TIMES FOR OTHER AREAS;479
30.5;THE USE OF AMPLITUDES AND THEORETICAL SEISMOGRAMS;483
30.6;UPPER MANTLE DISCONTINUITY REFLECTIONS;484
30.7;COMPARISON OF UPPER MANTLE MODELS;487
30.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;492
30.9;REFERENCES;492
31;CHAPTER 25. THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF SEISMOLOGY;496
31.1;ABSTRACT;496
31.2;INTRODUCTION;496
31.3;THE COMPUTER EXPERIMENT;497
31.4;CONCLUSIONS;509
31.5;REFERENCES;509
32;CHAPTER 26. OBSERVATION AND INVERSION OF SURFACE-WAVE DISPERSION;510
32.1;ABSTRACT;510
32.2;INTRODUCTION;510
32.3;INTERPRETATION;520
32.4;PLATE TECTONICS;525
32.5;ACCURACY OF OBSERVATIONS;527
32.6;APPENDIX;530
32.7;REFERENCES;530
33;CHAPTER 27. THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS IN GEOPHYSICS;534
33.1;ABSTRACT;534
33.2;INTRODUCTION;534
33.3;BIRCH DIAGRAMS;534
33.4;EXTRAPOLATION OF COMPRESSION TO HIGH PRESSURE;539
33.5;THE ELASTIC CONSTANT AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES;542
33.6;THE STRANGE BEHAVIOR OF SHEAR CONSTANTS WITH PRESSURE;544
33.7;INSTABILITIES IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE;548
33.8;SOME PORTENTS FOR THE FUTURE;549
33.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;550
33.10;REFERENCES;551
34;CHAPTER 28. FRACTURE AND FLOW OF ROCKS ;554
34.1;ABSTRACT;554
34.2;INTRODUCTION;554
34.3;FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS OF DEFORMATION IN ROCKS;555
34.4;STRENGTH OF ROCKS;558
34.5;DUCTILE BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS;570
34.6;EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ON STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY IN RELATION TO THE EARTHQUAKE PROBLEM;575
34.7;CONCLUDING REMARK AND FUTURE WORK;578
34.8;REFERENCES;579
35;CHAPTER 29. CREEP IN THE EARTH AND PLANETS;582
35.1;ABSTRACT;582
35.2;INTRODUCTION;582
35.3;EXPERIMENTAL CREEP DATA;584
35.4;DAMPING OF FREE NUTATIONS AND SEISMIC WAVES;584
35.5;FIGURES OF THE EARTH AND MOON;585
35.6;DAMPING OF SEISMIC WAVES AND FREE VIBRATIONS;587
35.7;IS CONVECTION IN THE EARTH POSSIBLE?;590
35.8;ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED;590
35.9;REFERENCES;592
35.10;DISCUSSION;592
35.11;REFERENCES;593
36;CHAPTER 30. LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE RHEOLOGY OF ROCKS;596
36.1;ABSTRACT;596
36.2;INTRODUCTION;596
36.3;INTRODUCTION;596
36.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AT LARGE STRAINS;597
36.5;MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION;601
36.6;EXTRAPOLATION OF THE FLOW LAW;603
36.7;THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE;606
36.8;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AT SMALL STRAINS;608
36.9;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AT SMALL STRAINS;608
36.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;611
36.11;REFERENCES;612
37;CHAPTER 31. THE ANELASTICITY OF THE MANTLE;614
37.1;ABSTRACT;614
37.2;INTRODUCTION;614
37.3;MECHANISM OF SEISMIC ATTENUATION;616
37.4;TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT;617
37.5;TRAVELLING WAVES;620
37.6;COMBINED TRAVELLING WAVE-STANDING WAVE EXPERIMENT;621
37.7;SURFACE WAVES;625
37.8;FREE OSCILLATIONS;629
37.9;INVERSION;633
37.10;CONCLUSIONS;633
37.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;634
37.12;REFERENCES;634
38;CHAPTER 32. DYNAMICAL PROCESSES IN THE DEEPER MANTLES;636
38.1;ABSTRACT;636
38.2;HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION;636
38.3;LONG TERM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MANTLE;639
38.4;THEORIES OF PLATE MOVEMENTS AS GRAVITY SLIDING;641
38.5;THEORY OF CONVECTION AND THE HYDRODYNAMICAL EQUATION OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE;643
38.6;CONVECTION AS THE KEY TO THE EARTH'S THERMAL HISTORY;645
38.7;A FUNDAMENTAL RELATION BETWEEN THE GEOID AND THE PATTERN OF CONVECTION CURRENTS;646
38.8;CONCLUSION;648
38.9;REFERENCES;649
39;UPPER MANTLE PROJECT - REPORTS;652