Rios Insua / French e-Democracy

A Group Decision and Negotiation Perspective
2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9045-4
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 5, 364 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Group Decision and Negotiation

Internet is starting to permeate politics much as it has previously revolutionised education, business or the arts. Thus, there is a growing interest in areas of e-government and, more recently, e-democracy. However, most attempts in this field have just envisioned standard political approaches facilitated by technology, like e-voting or e-debating. Alternatively, we could devise a more transforming strategy based on deploying web based group decision support tools and promote their use for public policy decision making. This book delineates how this approach could be implemented. It addresses foundations, basic methodologies, potential implementation and applications, together with a thorough discussion of the many challenging issues. This innovative text will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners in the fields of e-government, e-democracy and e-participation and research in decision analysis, negotiation analysis and group decision support.

David Rios Insua is Professor of Statistics and Operation Research and Vicerector at Rey Juan Carlos University. He has previously been resercher or lecturer at Madrikd Techn. University, Purdue, Duke, IIASA and CNR-IMATI. He is the youngest member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences. He has chaired the e-democracy programmes of the European Science Foundation and the Government of Madrid. He has ten books and nearly eighty refereed papers under his name. His current interests are in group decision support over the web, e-participation and Bayesian Analysis of stochastic processes. Simon French is Professor of Information and Decision Sciences at Manchester Business School in the University of Manchester. He was previously Professor of Information Systems and Operational Research at the University of Leeds. He has an international reputation in decision theory, analysis and support systems, risk assessment and Bayesian statistics. He has over 120 publications to his name, including three standard texts on decision theory, and was from 1990 to 2000 founding editor of the Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. In all his work the emphasis is on multi-disciplinary approaches to solving real problems and the innovative use of technology in supporting decision making. Currently he is working on e-democracy and e-participation. He was a member of the European Science Foundation's Towards Electronic Democracy programme and is part of a major research project, funded under the UK Research Councils Rural Economy and Land Use Programme, into public and stakeholder participation into the handling of food chain issues in the rural economy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

French, Simon

Rios Insua, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Acknowledgment;6
3;Contents;8
4;Contributors;10
5;1 e-Democracy: A Group Decision and Negotiation-Oriented Overview;12
5.1;1.1 Introduction;12
5.2;1.2 Deliberative Democracy and Public Participation;13
5.3;1.3 Group Decision Theory and e-Participation;15
5.4;1.4 A Group Decision-Analytic Based Architecture for e-Participation Support;16
5.5;1.5 Book Organisation;21
5.6;References;22
6;Part I Political Bases;24
6.1;2 Concepts in Democratic Theory;25
6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;25
6.1.2;2.2 What Is Democracy;26
6.1.3;2.3 Direct Democracy;30
6.1.4;2.4 Representative Democracy;32
6.1.5;2.5 Democracy and Participation;34
6.1.6;2.6 Challenges for Democracy;36
6.1.7;References;39
6.2;3 Participatory Processes and Instruments;41
6.2.1;3.1 Introduction;41
6.2.2;3.2 Participatory Democracy;42
6.2.3;3.3 Participatory Instruments;45
6.2.4;3.4 Participatory Tasks;50
6.2.5;3.5 Discussion;52
6.2.6;References;54
7;Part II Methodological Bases;56
7.1;4 Problem-Structuring Methods for e-Democracy;57
7.1.1;4.1 Introduction;57
7.1.2;4.2 Problem-Structuring Methods;58
7.1.3;4.3 e-Problem Structuring ;62
7.1.3.1;4.3.1 The Asynchronous and Automation Challenges;62
7.1.3.2;4.3.2 The e-Facilitation Challenge;64
7.1.4;4.4 Conclusions and Directions for Further Research;69
7.1.5;References;70
7.2;5 Decision Support Systems;72
7.2.1;5.1 Introduction;72
7.2.2;5.2 Categorising Decision Support Systems;73
7.2.2.1;5.2.1 The Strategy Pyramid and Cynefin;73
7.2.2.2;5.2.2 Levels of Support;75
7.2.2.3;5.2.3 Categorisation of Decision Support Systems;76
7.2.2.4;5.2.4 The Decision-Making Process;78
7.2.2.5;5.2.5 The Actors in a Decision;79
7.2.3;5.3 Decision Support Systems for the Complex Space;80
7.2.3.1;5.3.1 The Formulation Phase: Support for Divergent Thinking;80
7.2.3.2;5.3.2 The Analysis Phase: Support for Convergent Thinking;82
7.2.3.3;5.3.3 The Decision;83
7.2.4;5.4 Interface Issues in Decision Support;84
7.2.5;5.5 Concluding Remarks;86
7.2.6;References;87
7.3;6 Collaborative Decision Analysis and e-Democracy;90
7.3.1;6.1 Introduction;90
7.3.2;6.2 Collaborative Decision Analysis Approaches;91
7.3.2.1;6.2.1 Preference-Based Voting;91
7.3.2.2;6.2.2 Explicit Preference Aggregation;92
7.3.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Authority-Based Aggregation;94
7.3.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Axiomatic-Based Aggregation;95
7.3.2.3;6.2.3 Decision Conferencing;96
7.3.2.4;6.2.4 Negotiation Analysis;97
7.3.3;6.3 Relaxing the Assumptions;99
7.3.3.1;6.3.1 Goal Programming;99
7.3.3.2;6.3.2 Robust Bayesian Analysis;100
7.3.4;6.4 Arrow's Impossibility Theorem;101
7.3.5;6.5 CDA and e-Democracy ;102
7.3.6;References;105
7.4;7 Voting Theory;107
7.4.1;7.1 Introduction;107
7.4.2;7.2 Motivation;109
7.4.3;7.3 Procedure Desiderata;110
7.4.4;7.4 Some Important Results;115
7.4.5;7.5 Systems Requiring Minimal Information;120
7.4.6;7.6 Systems Based on Richer Information;122
7.4.7;7.7 How to Evaluate Systems?;124
7.4.8;7.8 Searching for Consensus;126
7.4.9;7.9 Conclusion;127
7.4.10;References;128
7.5;8 Real-World Decision Aiding: A Case in Participatory Water Management;130
7.5.1;8.1 Introduction;130
7.5.2;8.2 Participation in the Real World;131
7.5.2.1;8.2.1 Complexities in Water Management;131
7.5.2.2;8.2.2 Aiding Inter-organizational Decision-Making;132
7.5.2.3;8.2.3 Levels of Participation;134
7.5.3;8.3 Theoretical Models and Methods for Decision-Aiding;136
7.5.3.1;8.3.1 Participatory Structure Model;136
7.5.3.2;8.3.2 Decision-Aiding Process Model;138
7.5.3.3;8.3.3 Criticism and Extension;139
7.5.4;8.4 Intervention Case: Regional Estuarine Management in Australia;142
7.5.4.1;8.4.1 Decision-Aiding Case Definition;144
7.5.4.2;8.4.2 Lessons Learnt;148
7.5.4.3;8.4.3 Insights for Theory;149
7.5.5;8.5 Discussion;150
7.5.6;8.6 Conclusions;152
7.5.7;References;152
8;Part III Technological Bases;156
8.1;9 The Internet and the Web;157
8.1.1;9.1 The Early Days of the Internet;157
8.1.2;9.2 The Birth of the World Wide Web;159
8.1.3;9.3 The Development of the Web in the New Millennium;160
8.1.4;9.4 The Future;164
8.1.5;9.5 Further Reading;165
8.1.6;References;166
8.2;10 e-Participation: A Discursive Approach;167
8.2.1;10.1 Introduction;167
8.2.2;10.2 The Characteristics of Public Participation Processes;169
8.2.2.1;10.2.1 The Nature of the Problem or Issue;170
8.2.2.2;10.2.2 The Characteristics of Participants;170
8.2.2.3;10.2.3 The Internal Influence;171
8.2.2.4;10.2.4 The External Influence;172
8.2.3;10.3 The Challenges for Public Participation and the Discursive Approach;172
8.2.4;10.4 Discursive Deliberation in the Public Sphere;174
8.2.5;10.5 Online Deliberative (Discursive) Support Tools;176
8.2.5.1;10.5.1 Pre-Internet Tools/Discursive Support;176
8.2.5.2;10.5.2 The First Wave of Internet Tools -- Pre-web 2.0;177
8.2.5.3;10.5.3 Research Developments to Improve Simple Internet Discursive Tools;178
8.2.5.4;10.5.4 Integration with Tools from Other Research Areas;179
8.2.5.5;10.5.5 The Web 2.0 Revolution;180
8.2.6;10.6 Final Remarks and Challenges Ahead;183
8.2.7;References;184
8.3;11 e-Negotiation Systems for e-Participation;189
8.3.1;11.1 Introduction;189
8.3.2;11.2 Concepts;191
8.3.2.1;11.2.1 Negotiation and Auctions;191
8.3.2.2;11.2.2 Negotiation Cardinality;192
8.3.2.3;11.2.3 e-Negotiation and e-Negotiation Systems;192
8.3.3;11.3 A Review of e-Negotiation Systems;194
8.3.4;11.4 Designing e-Negotiation Systems for e-Participation;195
8.3.4.1;11.4.1 Design Requirements;195
8.3.4.2;11.4.2 Service-Oriented e-Negotiation Systems;197
8.3.5;11.5 Conclusion;201
8.3.6;References;202
8.4;12 Web-Based Decision Support: Creating a Cultureof Applying Multi-criteria Decision Analysisand Web-Supported Participation in Environmental Decision Making;204
8.4.1;12.1 Introduction;204
8.4.2;12.2 Framework for a Participatory Process with MCDA Tools and Web-Based Participation;205
8.4.2.1;12.2.1 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis;207
8.4.2.2;12.2.2 Tools to Communicate Through the Internet;209
8.4.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Opinions-Online;209
8.4.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Web-HIPRE;209
8.4.3;12.3 Evaluation of the Framework;212
8.4.3.1;12.3.1 Lake Regulation Projects;212
8.4.3.2;12.3.2 Applicability of the Framework in Environmental Planning;215
8.4.3.2.1;12.3.2.1 Informing and Educating the Public;215
8.4.3.2.2;12.3.2.2 Incorporating Public Values and Knowledge in the Process;217
8.4.3.2.3;12.3.2.3 Decision Quality and Conflict Reduction;219
8.4.3.2.4;12.3.2.4 Building Trust;219
8.4.3.2.5;12.3.2.5 Cost-Effectiveness;220
8.4.3.3;12.3.3 How to Attract the People?;220
8.4.4;12.4 Conclusions;221
8.4.5;References;222
8.5;13 A Generic System for Remote e-Voting Management;225
8.5.1;13.1 Introduction;225
8.5.2;13.2 e-Voting Experiences;226
8.5.3;13.3 System Context;227
8.5.4;13.4 General Description of the e-Voting System ;229
8.5.5;13.5 Security;230
8.5.6;13.6 Data Structure;232
8.5.7;13.7 Functional Requirements;233
8.5.7.1;13.7.1 Use Cases in the 'Voting Execution' Package;233
8.5.7.1.1;13.7.1.1 Use Case 'To Vote';234
8.5.7.1.2;13.7.1.2 Use Case 'To Delete My Vote';236
8.5.7.1.3;13.7.1.3 Use Case 'To See My Vote';236
8.5.7.2;13.7.2 Use Cases of the Package 'Voting Management';236
8.5.7.3;13.7.3 Use Cases in the Package 'Information Provision';239
8.5.8;13.8 Conclusions;240
8.5.9;References;240
8.6;14 Explanation Systems;242
8.6.1;14.1 Introduction;242
8.6.2;14.2 Multi-attribute Value Theory (MAVT) for Group Decision Support;243
8.6.3;14.3 Explanation Modules;244
8.6.3.1;14.3.1 Explanation of Model Parameters;248
8.6.3.2;14.3.2 Statistical Comparisons;249
8.6.3.3;14.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis Explanations;249
8.6.3.4;14.3.4 Reasoning Explanations;250
8.6.3.5;14.3.5 Knowledge Representation Explanations;250
8.6.4;14.4 Case Study: Decision Support in Emergency Management;251
8.6.4.1;14.4.1 RODOS;251
8.6.4.2;14.4.2 Moderated Decision-Making Workshops;252
8.6.5;14.5 Conclusion and Outlook;257
8.6.6;References;258
9;Part IV Case Studies;261
9.1;15 Transparent Public Decision Making: Discussion and Case Study in Sweden;262
9.1.1;15.1 Introduction;262
9.1.2;15.2 Decision Support in e-Democracy and Public Settings;263
9.1.3;15.3 Analysis Toolbox;265
9.1.4;15.4 Case Background;266
9.1.5;15.5 Problem Structuring and Workshops;268
9.1.6;15.6 Elicitation of Decision Data;270
9.1.7;15.7 The Analysis Layer and Decision Frames;271
9.1.8;15.8 Analysis Results;276
9.1.9;15.9 Conclusions;278
9.1.10;References;279
9.2;16 From Participatory to e-Participatory Budgets;281
9.2.1;16.1 Introduction;281
9.2.2;16.2 A Critical Assessment of Participatory Budgets;282
9.2.2.1;16.2.1 Porto Alegre;282
9.2.2.2;16.2.2 France;284
9.2.2.3;16.2.3 Germany;285
9.2.2.4;16.2.4 Italy;286
9.2.2.5;16.2.5 Spain;287
9.2.2.6;16.2.6 United Kingdom;287
9.2.2.7;16.2.7 Assessment;288
9.2.3;16.3 An Architecture for e-Participatory Budget Formation Support;289
9.2.3.1;16.3.1 Security Module;291
9.2.3.2;16.3.2 Interface;291
9.2.3.3;16.3.3 Problem-Structuring Module;292
9.2.3.4;16.3.4 Debating Module;292
9.2.3.5;16.3.5 Preference Communication Module;293
9.2.3.6;16.3.6 Negotiating Module;294
9.2.3.7;16.3.7 Voting Module;294
9.2.4;16.4 An Experiment;295
9.2.5;16.5 Conclusions;297
9.2.6;References;297
9.3;17 Internet Voting in Estonia;298
9.3.1;17.1 Introduction;298
9.3.2;17.2 Why Internet Voting?;298
9.3.3;17.3 Project Management;299
9.3.4;17.4 Creating the Legal Basis;300
9.3.4.1;17.4.1 Parliamentary Debates About I-voting;300
9.3.4.2;17.4.2 Teleological Interpretation of the Principle of Secrecy;301
9.3.4.3;17.4.3 The Right to Change the I-vote as a Required Guarantee for Free Elections;303
9.3.5;17.5 Technical Solution;305
9.3.5.1;17.5.1 ID Card as a Tool for Secure Interaction in Internet;305
9.3.5.2;17.5.2 Measures Used to Ensure Voting Secrecy;306
9.3.5.3;17.5.3 System Architecture;307
9.3.6;17.6 Users' Perspective;308
9.3.7;17.7 Impact Analysis;311
9.3.8;17.8 Challenges;313
9.3.8.1;17.8.1 Transparent Election Administration;313
9.3.8.2;17.8.2 Observation in Practice;314
9.3.8.3;17.8.3 Validating the Voting Systems;315
9.3.9;17.9 Conclusions;316
9.3.10;References;317
9.4;18 Consensus Building by Blended Participation in a Local Planning Process: The Case of the Public Stadium Swimming Pool in Bremen;319
9.4.1;18.1 Theoretical Background and Practical Approach;319
9.4.2;18.2 Project Context and Main Stakeholders;322
9.4.3;18.3 The Decision-Making Process;324
9.4.3.1;18.3.1 The Formulation Phase;324
9.4.3.1.1;18.3.1.1 The Analysing Phase;330
9.4.3.1.2;18.3.1.2 Decision Phase;331
9.4.4;18.4 Process Requirements and Evaluation;332
9.4.5;18.5 Multi-channel Communication and the Twofold Media Mix;333
9.4.6;18.6 Summary and Lessons Learnt;336
9.4.7;References;336
10;Part V Future Prospects;338
10.1;19 e-Democracy: The Road Ahead;339
10.1.1;19.1 Introduction;339
10.1.2;19.2 A Generic Approach to Participation;340
10.1.3;19.3 The Need for a Design Methodology;342
10.1.4;19.4 From Participation to e-Participation;344
10.1.5;19.5 The Art of e-Participation;346
10.1.5.1;19.5.1 Supporting Large Heterogeneous Groups Through the Web;347
10.1.5.2;19.5.2 Building Communication Through the Web;348
10.1.5.3;19.5.3 The Art of Facilitation Through the Web;349
10.1.5.4;19.5.4 The Issue of Legitimacy and Trust;349
10.1.6;19.6 Conclusions;350
10.1.7;References;351
10.2;Index;353