Riener Sensor-Actuator Supported Implicit Interaction in Driver Assistance Systems

2010
ISBN: 978-3-8348-9777-0
Verlag: Vieweg & Teubner
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 287 Seiten, eBook

Andreas Riener studies the influence of implicit interaction using vibro-tactile actuators as additional sensory channels for car-driver feedback and pressure sensor arrays for implicit information transmission from the driver toward the vehicle. The results of his experiments suggest the use of both vibro-tactile notifications and pressure sensor images to improve vehicle handling performance and to decrease the driver's cognitive workload.



Dr. Andreas Riener is a research and teaching assistant at the Institute for Pervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, and is employed as a researcher at the Research Institute for Pervasive Computing (RIPE) in Hagenberg, Austria.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Riener, Andreas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Foreword;8
3;Preface;10
4;Contents;13
5;List of Figures;16
6;List of Tables;21
7;List of Acronyms;22
8;Part I Research Hypotheses;26
8.1;1 Introduction;27
8.1.1;1.1 User Interfaces;27
8.1.1.1;1.1.1 Interaction in Vehicles;27
8.1.1.2;1.1.2 Driver-Vehicle Interaction;28
8.1.1.3;1.1.3 Single Driver, Single Vehicle;29
8.1.2;1.2 Interface Paradigms;30
8.1.2.1;1.2.1 Surrounding Traffic;32
8.1.2.2;1.2.2 Vehicle Operation;33
8.1.2.3;1.2.3 Conversation and Telecommunications;33
8.1.3;1.3 Distraction Forecast;36
8.2;2 Perception;38
8.2.1;2.1 Vision;39
8.2.2;2.2 Hearing;39
8.2.3;2.3 Touch;40
8.3;3 Driver Expression;42
8.3.1;3.1 Modes of Interaction: Explicit versus Implicit Feedback;43
8.3.1.1;3.1.1 Explicit Interaction;43
8.3.1.2;3.1.2 Implicit Interaction;44
8.3.2;3.2 Modes of Interaction: Cardinality of Sensory Channels;45
8.3.2.1;3.2.1 Unimodal;45
8.3.2.2;3.2.2 Multimodal;45
8.3.2.3;3.2.3 Amodal;48
8.4;4 Perception and Articulation;51
8.4.1;4.1 Application Domains;51
8.4.2;4.2 Participation Demand;52
8.4.3;4.3 Interaction Modalities versus Application Domains;53
8.5;5 Hypotheses and Research Questions;54
8.5.1;5.1 Interaction Modalities;54
8.5.1.1;5.1.1 Articulation;54
8.5.1.2;5.1.2 Perception;55
8.5.2;5.2 Research Questions;55
8.5.2.1;5.2.1 Objective;55
8.5.3;5.3 Experiments;56
8.5.4;5.4 Hypothesis I;58
8.5.5;5.5 Hypothesis II;59
9;Part II Driver-Vehicle Interaction;63
9.1;6 Vibro-Tactile Articulation and Presentation;64
9.1.1;6.1 Excursus: Sensory Modalities;64
9.1.1.1;6.1.1 State of the Art in In-Car Interaction;64
9.1.1.2;6.1.2 Potential of Smell and Taste;66
9.1.1.3;6.1.3 Summary;68
9.1.2;6.2 Motivation for Tactile Displays;69
9.1.2.1;6.2.1 Complex Vehicle Handling;69
9.1.2.2;6.2.2 Haptics as Support for Visual/Auditory Interaction;69
9.1.3;6.3 Definition of Terms;71
9.1.3.1;6.3.1 Force Displays;72
9.1.3.2;6.3.2 Summary;73
9.1.4;6.4 The Skin as a Sensory Organ;73
9.1.4.1;6.4.1 Stimulation Technologies;74
9.1.5;6.5 Research on Vibro-Tactile Stimulation;74
9.1.5.1;6.5.1 Waistbelt (Torso);75
9.1.5.2;6.5.2 Bottom and Back;76
9.1.5.3;6.5.3 Head;78
9.1.5.4;6.5.4 Feet;78
9.1.5.5;6.5.5 Hands;80
9.1.5.6;6.5.6 Buttocks;80
9.1.5.7;6.5.7 Arms;81
9.1.6;6.6 Touch-Based Driver-Vehicle Input;81
9.1.7;6.7 Haptic Interaction in Vehicles;81
9.1.7.1;6.7.1 Driving Dynamics;82
9.1.7.2;6.7.2 Vibro-Tactile Stimulation: State of the Art in the Automotive Domain?;83
9.1.7.3;6.7.3 The Driver Seat: Suitable for Haptic Noti.cations?;84
10;Part III Information Needs of Drivers;87
10.1;7 The Driver as the Weak Point in Interaction;88
10.1.1;7.1 Cognitive Load: A Big Challenge;88
10.1.2;7.2 Empirical Evidence for Cognitive Load;89
10.1.3;7.3 Managing Workload;90
10.1.3.1;7.3.1 Examples;91
10.2;8 Driver Activity and Notification Demands;92
10.2.1;8.1 Notification-Induced Driver Distraction;93
10.2.1.1;8.1.1 Causes of Distraction;94
10.2.2;8.2 What Information?;95
10.2.2.1;8.2.1 Classes of Information;96
10.2.3;8.3 When and How?;97
10.2.3.1;8.3.1 Information Capacity Limits;98
10.2.3.2;8.3.2 Selection of Sensory Modalities;98
10.2.3.3;8.3.3 Airplanes – The Better Cars?;100
10.2.4;8.4 Where?;101
10.2.5;8.5 Visual and Auditory Perception;101
10.2.5.1;8.5.1 Summary;103
10.2.5.2;8.5.2 Research Potential;103
10.3;9 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS);104
10.3.1;9.1 Alternatives Supporting the Driver;105
10.4;10 Vibro-Tactile Interfaces;106
10.4.1;10.1 Motivation;107
10.4.2;10.2 Types of Stimuli;108
10.4.2.1;10.2.1 Electro-Tactile;108
10.4.2.2;10.2.2 Heat (Thermal);109
10.4.2.3;10.2.3 Mechanical Pneumatic;109
10.4.3;10.3 Stimulation via the Skin;110
10.4.3.1;10.3.1 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors;110
10.4.4;10.4 Alphabets and Vibro-Tactile Patterns;114
10.4.4.1;10.4.1 Tactograms – Related Application;115
10.4.4.2;10.4.2 Parameters of Vibro-tactile Stimulation;116
10.4.4.3;10.4.3 General Remarks;119
10.4.5;10.5 Tactograms;119
10.4.5.1;10.5.1 Related Work;120
10.4.5.2;10.5.2 Multi-Tactor Systems;120
10.4.5.3;10.5.3 Level of Attention (LOA);122
11;Part IV Methodology;125
11.1;11 Analytical Methods;126
11.1.1;11.1 Requirements and Technological Conditions;126
11.1.1.1;11.1.1 Force-Sensitive Input;127
11.1.1.2;11.1.2 Vibro-Tactile Output;127
11.1.1.3;11.1.3 Other Sensors;128
11.1.2;11.2 System Design;128
11.1.2.1;11.2.1 Posture Pattern Analysis;128
11.1.2.2;11.2.2 Vibro-Tactile Notifications;129
11.1.3;11.3 Eligible Methods for Pressure Sensing;129
11.1.3.1;11.3.1 Multivariate Data Analysis (MDA);129
11.1.3.2;11.3.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA);130
11.1.3.3;11.3.3 Hidden Markov Models (HMM);130
11.1.3.4;11.3.4 Other Methods;131
11.1.3.5;11.3.5 Summary and Impact;131
11.1.4;11.4 Techniques for Vibro-Tactile Stimulation;132
11.1.4.1;11.4.1 Stimulus Detection;132
11.1.4.2;11.4.2 Discriminating Stimuli;133
11.1.4.3;11.4.3 Stimulus Threshold;135
11.1.4.4;11.4.4 Age and Gender Sensitivity;136
11.1.4.5;11.4.5 Summary and Impact;137
11.2;12 Experiments;138
11.2.1;12.1 Identification and Authorization;140
11.2.1.1;12.1.1 Experimental Design;140
11.2.1.2;12.1.2 Feature Evaluation;142
11.2.1.3;12.1.3 Biometric Identi.cation;144
11.2.1.4;12.1.4 Results;148
11.2.1.5;12.1.5 Improvement Potential;150
11.2.1.6;12.1.6 General Findings;150
11.2.2;12.2 Activity Recognition;151
11.2.2.1;12.2.1 Problem Statement;152
11.2.2.2;12.2.2 Activity Recognition;152
11.2.2.3;12.2.3 General Findings;157
11.2.2.4;12.2.4 Experimental Design;159
11.2.2.5;12.2.5 Evaluation;161
11.2.2.6;12.2.6 Discussion;162
11.2.2.7;12.2.7 General Findings;164
11.2.3;12.3 Dynamic Adaptation of Vibro-Tactile Feedback;167
11.2.3.1;12.3.1 Requirements for a Vibration-Based Seat System;168
11.2.3.2;12.3.2 Touch Sensation;169
11.2.3.3;12.3.3 Requirements Analysis;170
11.2.3.4;12.3.4 Experimental Results;173
11.2.3.5;12.3.5 General Findings;178
11.2.4;12.4 Simulating Real-Driving Performance;180
11.2.4.1;12.4.1 Distraction Classes;181
11.2.4.2;12.4.2 Experimental Design;183
11.2.4.3;12.4.3 Evaluation and Results ;188
11.2.4.4;12.4.4 Conclusions;198
11.2.4.5;12.4.5 General Findings;200
11.2.5;12.5 Further Experiments;201
12;Part V Discussion and Conclusion;202
12.1;13 Predeterminations for Investigation;203
12.1.1;13.1 Domain;203
12.1.2;13.2 Prototype;203
12.2;14 Refiecting on the Hypotheses;204
12.2.1;14.1 On Implicit Driver Articulation;204
12.2.2;14.2 On Vibro-Tactile Driver Notification;207
12.3;15 Experiments: Lessons Learned;210
12.3.1;15.1 Novelty of Haptics;210
12.3.2;15.2 Run-in Experiments;210
12.3.3;15.3 Annoyances;210
12.3.3.1;15.3.1 Surreal Simulation;210
12.3.3.2;15.3.2 Vibration Noise;210
12.3.4;15.4 Varying Stimulation Parameters;211
12.3.5;15.5 Parameter Mapping;211
12.4;16 Conclusion;212
12.4.1;16.1 Applicability;212
12.4.2;16.2 Additional Workload for Touch Sensations?;212
12.4.3;16.3 Limitations;212
12.5;17 Future Prospects;213
12.5.1;17.1 Reconfiguration of Vibro-Tactile Feedback Based on the Driver’s Sitting Posture;213
12.5.2;17.2 Reaction Times in Multimodal Interfaces;213
12.5.3;17.3 Integration of Biochemical Features;213
12.5.4;17.4 Additional Sensory Modalities;214
12.5.5;17.5 Theoretical Studies on Haptics and Tactograms;214
13;Appendices;215
14;Bibliography;250
15;Index;300

Research Hypotheses.- Perception.- Driver Expression.- Perception and Articulation.- Hypotheses and Research Questions.- Driver-Vehicle Interaction.- Vibro-Tactile Articulation and Presentation.- Information Needs of Drivers.- The Driver as the Weak Point in Interaction.- Driver Activity and Notification Demands.- Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS).- Vibro-Tactile Interfaces.- Methodology.- Analytical Methods.- Experiments.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Predeterminations for Investigation.- Reflecting on the Hypotheses.- Experiments: Lessons Learned.- Conclusion.- Future Prospects.

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Andreas Riener is a research and teaching assistant at the Institute for Pervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, and is employed as a researcher at the Research Institute for Pervasive Computing (RIPE) in Hagenberg, Austria.