Patterns, Determinants and Consequences
E-Book, Englisch, 120 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-3-531-92364-2
Verlag: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of figures;10
4;List of tables;11
5;1 Introduction;14
5.1;1.1 Background;14
5.2;1.2 Aims of the study and research questions;17
5.3;1.3 Structure and content of the volume;21
6;2 Conceptual framework;23
6.1;2.1 What is risk behaviour?;23
6.2;2.2 Risk behaviour in adolescence: a general framework;24
6.2.1;2.2.1 Risk behaviour as reaction to developmental tasks;26
6.2.2;2.2.2 Functions of risk behaviour;28
6.2.3;2.2.3 Integrative model of risk behaviour;30
6.3;2.3 Determinants of adolescent risk behaviour;32
6.3.1;2.3.1 Age and gender;33
6.3.2;2.3.2 Socio-economic status;35
6.3.3;2.3.3 Peer and school context;37
6.4;2.4 Consequences of risk behaviour;40
7;3 Material and methods;43
7.1;3.1 Research context;43
7.2;3.2 The “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)” study;44
7.3;3.3 Data collection procedures and samples;45
7.3.1;3.3.1 International data;46
7.3.2;3.3.2 German data;48
7.3.3;3.3.3 Northrhine-Westphalian data;49
7.4;3.4 Instrument and variables;50
7.4.1;3.4.1 Risk behaviour;51
7.4.2;3.4.2 Parental and ‘own’ socio-economic status;51
7.4.2.1;Family affluence;52
7.4.2.2;Parental occupation;53
7.4.2.3;Type of school;54
7.4.2.4;Academic achievement;54
7.4.3;3.4.3 Peer and school factors;55
7.4.3.1;School factors;55
7.4.3.2;Peer factors;55
7.4.4;3.4.4 Health outcomes;56
7.5;3.5 Statistical analyses;58
7.5.1;Age and gender differences and patterns of adolescent risk behaviour;58
7.5.2;Socio-economic determinants and patterns of adolescent risk behaviour;58
7.5.3;The role of social context for adolescent risk behaviour;59
7.5.4;Consequences of adolescent risk behaviour;59
8;4 Results of the empirical studies;61
8.1;4.1 Age and gender differences and patterns of risk behaviour in adolescence;61
8.1.1;Age and gender differences in risk behaviour in Germany;62
8.1.2;Age and gender patterns over time;64
8.1.3;Age and gender patterns across countries;67
8.2;4.2 Socio-economic determinants and patterns of adolescent risk behaviour;71
8.2.1;Socio-economic differences in risk behaviour in Germany;71
8.2.2;Trends in socio-economic differences in risk behaviour;76
8.2.3;Socio-economic differences in risk behaviour across countries;79
8.3;4.3 The role of social contexts for adolescent risk behaviour;83
8.4;4.4 Consequences of risk behaviour;86
8.4.1;Consequences of risk behaviour in Germany;86
8.4.2;Consequences of risk behaviour across countries;89
9;5 Discussion and perspectives;92
9.1;5.1 Summary of the results;92
9.2;5.2 Implications and perspectives for research and practice;96
9.2.1;Implications for research;96
9.2.2;Health promotion implications;99
10;References;104
Conceptual framework.- Material and methods.- Results of the empirical studies.- Discussion and perspectives.
5 Discussion and perspectives (S. 91-92)
The single studies summarised here support and extend the current theoretical and empirical knowledge on risk behaviour in adolescence. The analysis is among the first to systematically examine adolescent risk behaviour from a comparative perspective over time and across countries using the same data. The study further follows a multidimensional model and looks at determinants as well as consequences of risk behaviour. Its methodological strengths lie in the use of a large representative dataset and the availability of various widely used and internationally tested measures. This final chapter will provide a short summary of the study’s main findings and elaborate on their implications for future research and practice.
5.1 Summary of the results
First, the results indicate that all risk behaviours showed remarkable patterns in terms of age and gender. Health-compromising behaviours such as tobacco and alcohol use increase with increasing age, while engagement in positive behaviours declines with age. Moreover, boys and girls showed different patterns of risk behaviour.
The whole range of risk behaviour constitutes different areas of risk. In general, boys showed more externalising and evasive forms of risk behaviour (such as bullying or drunkenness) while girls showed more internalising forms (e.g. skipping breakfast). These age- and gender-specific findings support existing regional studies with representative data from Germany using based on comparable age groups and measures (e.g. Appel & Hahn, 2001, Hüttner et al. 1997, 1998, Roth 2002, Raithel 2003a/b).
They also support recent findings from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Childern and Adolescents (KiGGS) (Lampert & Thamm 2007, Lampert et al. 2007). So far, comparable data on risk behaviour across countries, including Germany, has been rare. The results based on international HBSC data showed that there are large differences in the diffusion of risk behaviours between countries. Compared to other countries, Germany performs rather badly in respect to many risk behaviours.
One-third of 15-year old German students smoked weekly – as many as in no other European or North American country. Germany is also among the five countries that showed the highest regular alcohol use and the highest rates of bullying. Furthermore, the international comparison showed there was a relatively low level of physical activity. Despite the large differences in prevalence across countries, the findings showed that age and gender patterns are largely universal across countries. Age-related trends in risk behaviour were found in almost all HBSC countries and are similar for a variety of different types of behaviour.
It appears that these shifts are a universal phenomenon and demonstrate just how common it is for young people to engage in such behaviours. The general gender patterns in risk behaviour were also supported by international HBSC data. In almost all HBSC countries boys show higher prevalences of externalising and/or evasive forms of inappropriate coping behaviour. Interestingly, gender differences in tobacco smoking were generally lower than for other substance use behaviours. In some countries, mostly western European countries, girls also reported higher rates of smoking than boys. On the other hand, girls were more likely to report that they frequently consume healthy food and are less likely to consume unhealthy food (see also Currie et al. 2008a).
However, in all countries they were more likely to skip breakfast and were physically less active. These findings illustrate that there are different issues of concern for girls and boys. The trend data from Northrhine-Westphalia suggested that these age and gender patterns also show a strong persistence over time (see also Leppin & Richter 2008, Settertobulte & Richter 2007). The findings are similar to the results of other German studies. For example, the German Drug Affinity Study also found that the rates of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among 11-to 15-year olds increased during the 1990s and decreased again after 2002 (BZgA 2004, 2005a/b, 2007a).
