Rauch / Morrison / Monzón Highway and Urban Environment

Proceedings of the 9th Highway and Urban Environment symposium
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3043-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 17, 416 Seiten

Reihe: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries

The 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (9HUES) was held in Madrid, Spain, from 9-11 June 2008. HUES is run by Chalmers University of Technology within the Alliance for Global Sustainability (The AGS). HUES was initiated by Professor Ron Hamilton at Middlesex Polytechnic (now University) in the early 1980s and had the title 'Highway Pollution'. The initial aim was to measure and assess challenges in highway pollution, with a strong emphasis on urban photochemical smog, ozone formation and particle release. After the first symposium, the emphasis on air pollution issues continued through to Munich in 1989 where diesel particulate issues and the relevance to health through measurements of PM10 emerged. The focus on air quality issues was also strengthened. In parallel, the symposium started to receive an increasing number of scientific contributions from the area of urban run off, indeed to the extent that the title of the symposium was changed to 'Highway and Urban Pollution'. Since then the importance of science in support of policy became increasingly important as a key aspect of the symposium. 9HUES was held at TRANSyT- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain to provide a professional and scientific forum on global examples of the science required to support pathways to a positive and sustainable future in the highway and urban environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rauch, S.

Monzón, Andrés

Rauch, Sébastien

Morrison, G. M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;160266_Rauch_FM_O.pdf;1
2;160266_Rauch_Ch01_O.pdf;13
2.1;Planning for Sustainable Mobility with Personal Rapid Transit in Small European Cities;14
2.1.1;Introduction;14
2.1.2;Method;15
2.1.3;Results;15
2.1.3.1;Sustainable Mobility and Car Dependence;15
2.1.3.2;What is Sustainable Mobility ?;17
2.1.3.3;Interaction Between Mobility, Land-Use, Energy and Behavior Change;17
2.1.3.4;Sustainability Principles;17
2.1.3.5;Backcasting × Forecasting;19
2.1.3.6;PRT Systems Technology;19
2.1.3.7;Adapted Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development in Karlskrona Municipality’s Sustainable Mobility System;21
2.1.4;Conclusion and Discussion;23
2.1.5;References;24
3;160266_Rauch_Ch02_O.pdf;26
3.1;Financing Urban Transport Through Value Capture;26
3.1.1;Introduction;26
3.1.2;Case Studies;27
3.1.2.1;Los Angeles, California;27
3.1.2.2;France;27
3.1.2.3;Munich, Germany;28
3.1.2.4;Hong Kong;28
3.1.3;Spanish Situation;28
3.1.3.1;Taxes and Tributes;28
3.1.3.2;Property Tax (IBI);29
3.1.3.3;Urban Land Value Increase Tax;29
3.1.3.4;Special Contributions;29
3.1.4;Spanish Experiences;29
3.1.5;Proposals for Spain;30
3.1.5.1;Developer’s Fee;30
3.1.5.2;A Modification to the Urban Land Increase Value Tax;30
3.1.5.3;Office and Retail Fee;31
3.1.5.4;Private Transport Fee;31
3.1.6;Conclusions;32
3.1.7;References;32
4;160266_Rauch_Ch03_O.pdf;33
4.1;Environmental Costs Account: A Base for Measuring Sustainability in Transport Plans;33
4.1.1;Assessment of Environmental Costs in Urban Areas;33
4.1.2;Social Transport Account: How to Measure;34
4.1.3;Madrid Metropolitan Area Case Study: Structure and Mobility Patterns;35
4.1.4;Transport Costs in Madrid;36
4.1.5;Externalities of Transport Modes in Madrid;38
4.1.6;Recommendations for More Sustainable Transport Policy in Madrid;39
4.1.7;References;39
5;160266_Rauch_Ch04_O.pdf;41
5.1;A GIS Raster Model for Assessing the Environmental Quality of Spain Focused on SEA and Infrastructure Planning Procedures (L;41
5.1.1;Introduction;41
5.1.2;Methods;42
5.1.2.1;Inventory of 12 Environmental Qualities on a National Scale in Spain;42
5.1.2.2;Normalisation of the 12 Variables;43
5.1.2.3;Integration of the 12 Variables into the Model;44
5.1.2.4;Verification of the Model;44
5.1.3;Results and Discussion;45
5.1.4;References;47
6;160266_Rauch_Ch05_O.pdf;49
6.1;Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Areas;49
6.1.1;Introduction;49
6.1.1.1;From PDU to PUM and PMUS, Going Through LTP: The Tongue Twister of Urban Mobility;51
6.1.2;Some Strategies and Measures;53
6.1.3;Results and Discussion;53
6.1.4;References;57
7;160266_Rauch_Ch06_O.pdf;58
7.1;Bases for Building a Sustainability Indicator System for Transport;58
7.1.1;Introduction;58
7.1.1.1;Transport Indicator Systems;59
7.1.2;Methodological Bases for Building a System of Transport Indicators;60
7.1.3;Results;62
7.1.4;Conclusions and Discussion;64
7.1.5;References;65
8;160266_Rauch_Ch07_O.pdf;67
8.1;Part IIAir PollutionBiodiesel from Waste Olive Oil: Transesterification Kinetics, Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption;67
8.1.1;Introduction;68
8.1.2;Experimental;69
8.1.3;Results and Discussion;72
8.1.3.1;Biodiesel Quality;72
8.1.3.2;Kinetic Experiment;72
8.1.3.3;Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption;74
8.1.4;Conclusions;75
8.1.5;References;76
9;160266_Rauch_Ch08_O.pdf;77
9.1;Intake Fraction for Benzene Traffic Emissions in Helsinki;77
9.1.1;Introduction;77
9.1.2;Methodology;78
9.1.3;Results and Discussion;79
9.1.4;Conclusion;82
9.1.5;References;82
10;160266_Rauch_Ch09_O.pdf;84
10.1;Modelling of Air Pollutants of Highway Roads in Hungary;84
10.1.1;Introduction;84
10.1.1.1;Emission;84
10.1.1.2;Diffusion Processes in Road Modeling;86
10.1.2;Description of CALINE4 Model;87
10.1.3;Model Experiments and Results;88
10.1.4;Conclusion;90
10.1.5;References;91
11;160266_Rauch_Ch10_O.pdf;92
11.1;Seasonal Trend of Water-Soluble Ions at One TSP and Five PM.2.5. Sampling Sites in Beijing, China;92
11.1.1;Introduction;92
11.1.2;Sampling and Methods;93
11.1.2.1;Analysis;94
11.1.3;Results and Discussion;94
11.1.3.1;Particle Mass Concentration;94
11.1.3.2;Water-Soluble Ions;97
11.1.4;Conclusion;99
11.1.5;References;100
12;160266_Rauch_Ch11_O.pdf;101
12.1;Utilization of Meandering in a Receptor-Oriented Solution of the Line Source Dispersion Equation;101
12.1.1;Introduction;101
12.1.2;Experimental Method;101
12.1.3;Computational Methods;103
12.1.3.1;Emission Computation;104
12.1.3.2;Receptor-Oriented Mean Wind Direction;104
12.1.4;Results and Discussion;105
12.1.4.1;Dependence of Probability, Expected Wind Direction and Effective Distance on Meteorological Mean Wind Direction;105
12.1.5;Conclusion;107
12.1.6;References;107
13;160266_Rauch_Ch12_O.pdf;109
13.1;Measurements of Heavy Metals in Dry and Wet Deposition in São Paulo City;109
13.1.1;Introduction;109
13.1.1.1;Site Sampling;110
13.1.2;Experimental;110
13.1.2.1;Reagents and Solutions;110
13.1.2.2;Analytical Instrumentation;111
13.1.2.3;Procedure;111
13.1.3;Results and Discussion;111
13.1.3.1;Wet Deposition;111
13.1.3.2;Dry Deposition;113
13.1.3.3;Comparison Between Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes;115
13.1.4;Conclusions;116
13.1.5;References;116
14;160266_Rauch_Ch13_O.pdf;118
14.1;Exposure of Cyclists to Ultra Fine Particles;118
14.1.1;Introduction;118
14.1.2;Experimental Method;119
14.1.3;Results;121
14.1.3.1;Comparison of UFP with PM10 and PM2.5 Measurements;121
14.1.3.2;Exposure of UFP to Cyclists on a Cycling Track;121
14.1.3.3;Discussion;123
14.1.4;Conclusion;124
14.1.5;References;125
15;160266_Rauch_Ch14_O.pdf;126
15.1;Air Pollution Exposure in an Unventilated Tunnel in Leeds, UK;126
15.1.1;Introduction;126
15.1.2;Experimental Method;127
15.1.3;Results and Discussion;129
15.1.4;References;133
16;160266_Rauch_Ch15_O.pdf;135
16.1;Assessment of Aerosol Concentration Sampled at Five Sites in Beijing from 2005 Till 2007;135
16.1.1;Introduction;135
16.1.2;Methods;136
16.1.2.1;Chemical Analyses;136
16.1.3;Results and Discussion;136
16.1.3.1;The Meaning of Selected Metal Loads for Aerosol Origin and Pollution;138
16.1.4;Conclusions;139
16.1.5;References;140
17;160266_Rauch_Ch16_O.pdf;143
17.1;Emissions Pollutant from Diesel, Biodiesel and Natural Gas Refuse Collection Vehicles in Urban Areas;143
17.1.1;Introduction;143
17.1.2;Data Collection;143
17.1.2.1;Vehicles Description;143
17.1.2.2;Measurement Equipment;144
17.1.3;Analysis Methodology;146
17.1.3.1;Driving Cycle;146
17.1.4;Results;147
17.1.5;Conclusions;150
17.1.6;References;150
18;160266_Rauch_Ch17_O.pdf;151
18.1;Platinum-Group Element Distribution in Hathersage, a Small Town Near Sheffield, UK: Evidence for a Single Source from Catalyti;152
18.1.1;Introduction;152
18.1.2;Sampling and Methods;153
18.1.3;Results;157
18.1.4;Discussion;159
18.1.5;Conclusions;160
18.1.6;References;160
19;160266_Rauch_Ch18_O.pdf;162
19.1;Platinum and Lead in South African Road Dust;162
19.1.1;Introduction;162
19.1.2;Methodology;163
19.1.3;Results and Discussion;164
19.1.3.1;Lead Concentrations;164
19.1.3.2;Platinum Concentrations;165
19.1.4;Conclusions;166
19.1.5;References;167
20;160266_Rauch_Ch19_O.pdf;168
20.1;Reduction of Stormwater Runoff Toxicity by Wet Detention Ponds;169
20.1.1;Introduction;169
20.1.2;Method;170
20.1.2.1;Collection and Storage of Samples;170
20.1.2.2;Preparation of Samples Prior to Analysis;170
20.1.2.3;Toxicity Tests;171
20.1.3;Results and Discussion;172
20.1.4;Conclusion;175
20.1.5;References;175
21;160266_Rauch_Ch20_O.pdf;177
21.1;Microbial Contaminants Removal in a Stormwater Pond;177
21.1.1;Introduction;177
21.1.2;Experimental Method;178
21.1.2.1;Laboratory Analyses;179
21.1.2.2;Data Processing;179
21.1.3;Results and Discussion;180
21.1.3.1;Removal Efficiencies;181
21.1.4;Conclusion;184
21.1.5;References;184
22;160266_Rauch_Ch21_O.pdf;186
22.1;Reuse of Solid Waste from the Clearing of Road Basins and Ditches in Civil Engineering: Environmental Characterization, Ways o;186
22.1.1;Introduction;186
22.1.2;Experimental Method;186
22.1.2.1;Classification of Drainage Solid Waste;186
22.1.2.2;Sediment Environmental and Geotechnics Characterization;187
22.1.2.3;Moisture Analysis;187
22.1.2.4;Presentation of the Water Loss Experimental Device;188
22.1.3;Result and Discussion;188
22.1.3.1;Sediment Environmental and Geotechnic Characterization;188
22.1.4;Conclusions and Prospects;193
22.1.5;References;194
23;160266_Rauch_Ch22_O.pdf;195
23.1;Methodology Used for Comparing Two Locations for the New Lisbon Airport Based on the Impacts on Surface Water;195
23.1.1;The Two Airport Alternative Locations;196
23.1.2;Methodology;197
23.1.2.1;Objectives and Constraints;197
23.1.2.2;Selection of Characterization Indicators;197
23.1.2.3;Establishment of Decision Indicators;198
23.1.3;Comparison of the Two Locations;198
23.1.3.1;Comparison of the Costs of Measures for Impact Mitigation;201
23.1.4;Conclusions and Recommendations;201
23.1.5;References;202
24;160266_Rauch_Ch23_O.pdf;204
24.1;Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Waters and Runoff;204
24.1.1;Introduction;204
24.1.2;Materials and Method;205
24.1.2.1;Quality Assurance Studies;205
24.1.2.2;Sampling and Analysis of Water and Sediment Samples;206
24.1.2.3;GC Conditions;207
24.1.3;Results and Discussion;207
24.1.4;Conclusion;210
24.1.5;References;211
25;160266_Rauch_Ch24_O.pdf;213
25.1;Use of Absorptive Media to Monitor Stormwater Contamination in Small Urban Drains;213
25.1.1;Introduction;213
25.1.2;Method;214
25.1.3;Results;215
25.1.4;Discussion;219
25.1.5;Conclusion;220
25.1.6;References;220
26;160266_Rauch_Ch25_O.pdf;221
26.1;Effects of Atmospheric Salt Deposition on Highway Runoff Characteristics – A Pilot Case Study;221
26.1.1;Introduction;221
26.1.2;Methodologies;224
26.1.3;Results and Discussion;225
26.1.4;Final Remarks;227
26.1.5;References;228
27;160266_Rauch_Ch26_O.pdf;230
27.1;Size Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff Waters;230
27.1.1;Introduction;230
27.1.2;Experimental;231
27.1.2.1;Highway Study Site;231
27.1.2.2;Analysis of Runoff Waters;231
27.1.2.3;Size Fractionation of Runoff Waters;232
27.1.3;Results and Discussion;233
27.1.3.1;Physico-Chemical Characteristics;233
27.1.3.2;Total Concentrations of Major and Trace Elements;234
27.1.3.3;Distribution of Metals Among Particulate, Colloidal and Dissolved Fractions;235
27.1.4;Conclusions;237
27.1.5;References;238
28;160266_Rauch_Ch27_O.pdf;240
28.1;Ecotoxicological Impacts on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Exposed to Runoff from a Four Lane Motorway in Norway;240
28.1.1;Introduction;240
28.1.2;Experimental Methods;241
28.1.2.1;Field Experiment Setup;241
28.1.2.2;Water Chemistry;241
28.1.2.3;Fish Physiology;241
28.1.3;Results and Discussion;242
28.1.3.1;Water Quality;242
28.1.3.2;Metal Accumulation in Gill Tissue;242
28.1.3.3;Physiological Responses in Blood;245
28.1.3.4;Superoxide Dismutase-, Catalase- and Metallothionein Response;246
28.1.4;Conclusions;246
28.1.5;References;246
29;160266_Rauch_Ch28_O.pdf;249
29.1;Potential of Road Surface for a Non-point Source of Pollutants – Result of Nationwide Survey in Japan;249
29.1.1;Introduction;249
29.1.2;Method;250
29.1.2.1;Equipment Used for the Survey;250
29.1.2.2;Methods of the Sprinkling Survey;250
29.1.3;Results and Discussion;254
29.1.3.1;Factors of Variation;255
29.1.3.2;Percentage of Runoff Load in Potential Load (Pollutant Runoff Coefficient);257
29.1.3.3;History of Unit Load in Japan;258
29.1.4;Conclusion;258
29.1.5;References;259
30;160266_Rauch_Ch29_O.pdf;260
30.1;Trace Metals in Stockholm Sediments;260
30.1.1;Introduction;260
30.1.2;Methodology;261
30.1.3;Trace Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments;261
30.1.3.1;Copper, Zinc, Lead and Cadmium;261
30.1.3.2;Antimony, Tungsten, Tin and Silver;262
30.1.3.3;Platinum and Rhodium;263
30.1.3.4;Assessment of Potential Risks;264
30.1.4;Source Characterization;265
30.1.5;Conclusions;265
30.1.6;References;266
31;160266_Rauch_Ch30_O.pdf;267
31.1;Environmental Impacts of the A6 Highway in La Silva Stream in the Region of Bierzo. (Leon). Spain;267
31.1.1;Introduction;267
31.1.2;Methodology;268
31.1.3;Results and Discussion;268
31.1.3.1;Variation in Water Physicochemical Characteristics Along La Silva;269
31.1.3.2;Acidity in La Silva Stream;272
31.1.4;Conclusion;275
31.1.5;References;275
32;160266_Rauch_Ch31_O.pdf;276
32.1;Arsenic Contamination After Wood Impregnation: Speciation, Sorption and Leaching;277
32.1.1;Introduction;277
32.1.2;Experimental and Methods;279
32.1.2.1;Samples;279
32.1.3;Results and Discussion;281
32.1.3.1;Batch Tests – Leaching Aerobic/Anaerobic Conditions;282
32.1.3.2;Groundwater;283
32.1.4;Conclusions;285
32.1.5;References;286
33;160266_Rauch_Ch32_O.pdf;288
33.1;Effect of Heavy Metal on Complex Permittivity Characteristics of Saturated Sand;288
33.1.1;Introduction;288
33.1.1.1;Complex Permittivity and Polarization;289
33.1.2;Experimental Method;290
33.1.2.1;Materials and Sample Preparation;290
33.1.2.2;Electromagnetic Measurements and Test Cells;291
33.1.3;Results and Discussion;292
33.1.4;Conclusion;293
33.1.5;Nomenclature;293
33.1.6;References;293
34;160266_Rauch_Ch33_O.pdf;295
34.1;Blast-Furnace Sludge as Sorbent Material for Multi-metal Contaminated Water;295
34.1.1;Introduction;295
34.1.2;Experimental and Methods;296
34.1.2.1;Characterization of the Blast-Furnace Sludge;296
34.1.2.2;Sorption Beaker Tests;296
34.1.2.3;Simulation of Species in the Multi-metal Solutions;298
34.1.3;Result and Discussion;298
34.1.3.1;Blast-Furnace Sludge – Removal Capacities;299
34.1.3.2;Old Furnace Sludge – Removal Capacities;299
34.1.3.3;Blast-Furnace Slag – Sorption Capacities;299
34.1.3.4;Simulation of Species;302
34.1.4;Conclusions;304
34.1.5;References;304
35;160266_Rauch_Ch34_O.pdf;306
35.1;Evaluation of Zn, Cu and Pb Sorption-Desorption Phenomena in Kaolinite-Sand Media Filtration Pilot Scale Installation;306
35.1.1;Introduction;306
35.1.2;Experimental Details;307
35.1.2.1;Operational Procedures;309
35.1.2.2;Desorption Procedures;309
35.1.2.2.1;Column C1;310
35.1.2.2.2;Column C2;311
35.1.2.2.3;Column C3;312
35.1.3;Conclusion;313
35.1.4;References;314
36;160266_Rauch_Ch35_O.pdf;315
36.1;Diagnosing the Impact of Traffic on Roadside Soils Through Chemometric Analysis on the Concentrations of More Than 60 Metals M;315
36.1.1;Introduction;315
36.1.2;Experimental – Method;316
36.1.3;Results and Discussion;318
36.1.4;Conclusions;321
36.1.5;References;322
37;160266_Rauch_Ch36_O.pdf;323
37.1;Influence of De-Icing Salt on K Supply and Street Trees Ecological Status in Riga, Latvia;323
37.1.1;Introduction;323
37.1.2;Materials and Methods;324
37.1.2.1;Sampling;324
37.1.2.2;Laboratory Analysis;325
37.1.3;Results and Discussion;326
37.1.4;Conclusions;330
37.1.5;References;330
38;160266_Rauch_Ch37_O.pdf;332
38.1;Heavy Metals Soil Pollution in Some Urban Location from Romania;332
38.1.1;Introduction;332
38.1.2;Experimental Method;333
38.1.3;Results and Discussion;333
38.1.3.1;The Nature of Urban Soils from Bucharest, Iassy and Baia Mare;333
38.1.3.2;Abundance of Heavy Metals;334
38.1.3.3;Cd, Pb and Zn Total Content Fractions;337
38.1.3.4;Heavy Metals Contamination/Pollution Level;338
38.1.3.5;Heavy Metals Correlations;339
38.1.4;Conclusion;340
38.1.5;References;340
39;160266_Rauch_Ch38_O.pdf;341
39.1;Effects of Transport Infrastructure Plans on Climate Change. Application to the Spanish Strategic Transport and Infrastructure;342
39.1.1;Introduction;342
39.1.2;Methodology;343
39.1.3;Results and Discussion;344
39.1.3.1;Case Study Description;344
39.1.3.2;Implementation of the Methodology;345
39.1.4;Conclusions;347
39.1.5;References;348
40;160266_Rauch_Ch39_O.pdf;349
40.1;Designing High Traffic Volume Urban Motorway Pavements to Maximize Sustainability;349
40.1.1;Introduction;349
40.1.2;Road Transportation and Sustainability;350
40.1.2.1;Maximizing Sustainability in Urban Pavement Design;351
40.1.2.2;Perpetual Pavement Design Strategy;352
40.1.3;Case Study;352
40.1.3.1;Reduced Environmental Impacts;354
40.1.4;Conclusions;357
40.1.5;References;358
41;160266_Rauch_Ch40_O.pdf;359
41.1;Fuel Tax Levels Necessary to Achieve the Agreed Reduction Targets of CO.2. Emissions. The Case of Madrid;359
41.1.1;Introduction;359
41.1.2;Methodology;360
41.1.2.1;System Dynamics;360
41.1.2.2;Land Use and Transport Model. MARS Model;360
41.1.2.3;Problem Statement – Scenarios;361
41.1.2.4;CO.2. Emissions Target Adopted;362
41.1.3;Results and Discussion for Madrid Case Study;365
41.1.3.1;Impacts on CO.2. Emissions and Mobility Behavior;365
41.1.4;Conclusion;366
41.1.5;References;366
42;160266_Rauch_Ch41_O.pdf;368
42.1;Emission Inventory for the Road Transport Sector in the Urban Area of Naples: Methodology and Results;368
42.1.1;Introduction;368
42.1.2;COPERT IV Methodology;369
42.1.2.1;Overview;369
42.1.2.2;Uncertainties and Calculation Procedure;370
42.1.2.3;The Emission Inventory;370
42.1.3;Results;371
42.1.4;Conclusion;375
42.1.5;References;376
43;160266_Rauch_Ch42_O.pdf;377
43.1;Transport Energy Use and Emission Trends in Spain;377
43.1.1;Introduction;377
43.1.2;Transport and Greenhouse Gases;378
43.1.2.1;Inefficient Modal Share and Energy Intensity;379
43.1.2.2;Dominant Position of Road Transport;381
43.1.2.3;CO.2. Emissions Trend Scenarios and Potential Mitigation Strategies in the Transport Sector;382
43.1.3;Discussion and Conclusions;383
43.1.4;References;383
44;160266_Rauch_Index_O.pdf;385