Ranta Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1988

Selected Papers from the Third IFAC/IFIP/IEA/IFORS Conference, Oulu, Finland, 14-16 June 1988
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9904-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 449 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: IFAC Symposia Series

This volume provides a state-of-the-art review of the development and future use of man-machine systems in all aspects of business and industry. The papers cover such topics as human-computer interaction, system design, and the impact of automation in general, and also by the use of case studies describe a wide range of applications in such areas as office automation, transportation, power plants, machinery and manufacturing processes and defence systems. Contains 73 papers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ranta, J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine Systems 1988;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PART I: PLENUM PAPERS;14
5.1;Chapter 1. Factors Governing the Evolution and Diffusion of CIM;14
5.1.1;INTRODUCTION: TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS VS. DIFFUSION;14
5.1.2;MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY;14
5.1.3;ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM);15
5.1.4;MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN CIM TECHNOLOGIES;15
5.1.5;THE FLEXIBILITY PROBLEM;16
5.1.6;THE DIFFUSION OF CIM;18
5.1.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;19
5.1.8;REFERENCES;20
5.2;Chapter 2. New Generations of Human–computer Interaction;22
5.2.1;INTRODUCTION;22
5.2.2;FIFTH AND SIXTH GENERATION OBJECTIVES;23
5.2.3;GENERATIONS—THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY;24
5.2.4;EMBEDDED HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS;26
5.2.5;HIGHER LEVEL PROTOCOLS IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS;26
5.2.6;SYSTEMIC FOUNDATIONS FOR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS;27
5.2.7;SYSTEM ORIGINS AND ACTIVITY;29
5.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;31
5.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;31
5.2.10;REFERENCES;31
5.3;Chapter 3. Man–machine Systems and Plant Performance;32
5.3.1;INTRODUCTION;32
5.3.2;PROBLEMS OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS;32
5.3.3;EXPERIENCE FROM INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS;33
5.3.4;THE FINNISH EXPERIENCE;34
5.3.5;BRINGING THEORIES INTO PRACTICE;34
5.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;35
5.4;Chapter 4. Internal Representation, Internal Model, Human Performance Model and Mental Workload;36
5.4.1;INTRODUCTION;36
5.4.2;REVIEW OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODELS;37
5.4.3;MENTAL LOAD MEASUREMENTS;40
5.4.4;DISCUSSION;41
5.4.5;REFERENCES;43
5.5;Chapter 5. Process Supervision and Control: Design of Technical Systems and Organization. Training of Operators;46
5.5.1;1. STUDY OF XHE COURSE OF ACTION;46
5.5.2;2. STUDY OF THE FUTURE ACTIVITY IN THE DESIGN PROCESS;48
5.5.3;3. EXAMPLE OF STUDY OF THE COURSE OF ACTION: IMPROVEMENT OF AUTOMATED SEQUENTIAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (S.A.P.S.);50
5.5.4;4. USE FOR FORECASTING THE FUTURE ACTIVITY;52
5.5.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;53
5.5.6;References;53
6;PART II: PROCESS CONTROL APPLICATIONS;54
6.1;Chapter 6. Impacts of Industrial Automation: Importance of the Design Process;54
6.1.1;1. INTRODUCTIOH;54
6.1.2;2. THE DESIGN PROCESS: PHASES AND IHPACTS;55
6.1.3;3. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIOIS;56
6.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;58
6.1.5;5. REFERENCES;58
6.2;Chapter 7. Identification of Potential Operator Burden through Systematic Assessment of Actual Plant Transients;60
6.2.1;INTRODUOTON;60
6.2.2;DEHNITION OF BURDEN;61
6.2.3;SIGNAL PROCESSOR ANALOG;61
6.2.4;EXPECTED AREAS AND SOURCES OF BURDEN;62
6.2.5;APPLICATION OF EVENT ANALYSIS;62
6.2.6;STUDY HNDINGS;64
6.2.7;STUDY CONCLUSIONS;65
6.2.8;STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS;65
6.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;65
6.2.10;REFERENCES;65
6.3;Chapter 8. User Modelling: A New Technique to Support Designers of Graphical Support Systems in Conventional Power Plants;66
6.3.1;INTRODUCTION;66
6.3.2;CLASSIFICATION OF USER MODELS;66
6.3.3;GENERAL FRAMEWORK;66
6.3.4;GOALS OF KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION;67
6.3.5;METHODS USED FOR KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION;67
6.3.6;RESULTS;68
6.3.7;CONCLUSION;68
6.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;69
6.3.9;REFERENCES;69
6.4;Chapter 9. Do Design Procedures Fit Designers' Behaviour?;72
6.4.1;INTRODUCTION;72
6.4.2;FRAMEWORK;72
6.4.3;DESIGN PROCEDURES;73
6.4.4;RESULTS;74
6.4.5;DESIGN PROCEDURES IN PRACTICE;74
6.4.6;CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION;76
6.4.7;Acknowledgements;76
6.4.8;REFERENCES;76
6.5;Chapter 10. TIME: The Cinderella of Man–machine Interaction;78
6.5.1;INTRODUCTION;78
6.5.2;TIME : A THORNY PROBLEM FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE;78
6.5.3;BACKGROUND : THE CASE STUDY;79
6.5.4;DATA ACQUISITION METHODOLOGY;79
6.5.5;THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURES;79
6.5.6;MECHANISMS OF TEMPORAL PERCEPTION;80
6.5.7;TEMPORAL STRATEGIES AND OPERATOR DIFFICULTIES;81
6.5.8;CONCLUSIONS;83
6.5.9;REFERENCES;83
6.6;Chapter 11. The Evaluation of VDU-based Man–machine Interfaces in Process Industry;84
6.6.1;INTRODUCTION;84
6.6.2;EVALUATION METHOD;85
6.6.3;DESCRIPTION OF TWO EVALUATED SYSTEMS;85
6.6.4;RESULTS;86
6.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;88
6.6.6;REFERENCES;88
6.7;Chapter 12. An Implicit Method for Dynamic Task Allocation Between Man and Computer in Supervision Posts of Automated Processes;90
6.7.1;INTRODUCTION;90
6.7.2;DYNAMIC TASK ALLOCATION PRINCIPLES;90
6.7.3;METHOD FOR WORKLOAD ESTIMATION IN MULTITASKS SITUATIONS;91
6.7.4;FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DYNAMIC ALLOCATION METHOD AND FOR THE WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLE;93
6.7.5;CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES;95
6.7.6;REFERENCES;95
6.8;Chapter 13. Improvement of Work and Workers' Qualifications in a Highly Automated Paper Mill;96
6.8.1;INTRODUCTION;96
6.8.2;REALIZATION OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM;97
6.8.3;RESULTS;97
6.8.4;CHANGES IN WORK CHARACTERISTICS;97
6.8.5;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;98
6.8.6;REFERENCES;98
6.9;Chapter 14. Developing a Realtime Expert System for Monitoring Main Flow Processes in the Secondary Circuit of Power Plants;100
6.9.1;INTRODUCTION;100
6.9.2;CONCEPTS IN PROCESS MONITORING;100
6.9.3;KNOWLEDGE;101
6.9.4;INFERENCE ENGINE;102
6.9.5;IMPLEMENTATION;103
6.9.6;SUMMARY;103
6.9.7;REFERENCES;104
6.10;Chapter 15. Development of an Early Fault Detection System for Nuclear Power Plants;106
6.10.1;INTRODUCTION;106
6.10.2;EARLY FAULT DETECTION (EFD) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;107
6.10.3;FAULT PRESENTATION;107
6.10.4;REFERENCE MODELS;107
6.10.5;EVALUATION WITH PLANT DATA;109
6.10.6;CONCLUSIONS;111
6.10.7;REFERENCES;111
6.11;Chapter 16. The Safety Design of Process Automation, Experiences and Methods;112
6.11.1;INTRODUCTION;112
6.11.2;A COMPLEX BATCH PROCESS - NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATOR INTERFACES;112
6.11.3;CONTROL ROOM IMPLEMENTATION;113
6.11.4;METHODS AND EXPERIENCES;114
6.11.5;DESIGNING SAFETY INTO CONTROL SYSTEMS;115
6.11.6;CONCLUSION;115
6.11.7;REFERENCES;115
6.12;Chapter 17. Development of an Advanced Man-machine System for BWR Nuclear Power Plants;118
6.12.1;INTRODUCTION;118
6.12.2;OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ADVANCED MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM;118
6.12.3;INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (INCAMS);119
6.12.4;INTELLIGENT MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE;122
6.12.5;CONCLUSIONS;123
6.12.6;REFERENCES;123
7;PART III: PROCESS CONTROL - CASE STUDIES;124
7.1;Chapter 18. Integration of Incident Information into Computer Aided Production Management;124
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;124
7.1.2;ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT REPORTS;126
7.1.3;INTEGRATION OF INCIDENT INFORMATION INTO THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM;126
7.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;128
7.1.5;REFERENCES;129
7.2;Chapter 19. Arrangement of Monitors in Control Rooms;130
7.2.1;IMPACT and OBJECTIVE;130
7.2.2;METHODOLOGY;130
7.2.3;ALLOCATION OF WORK and TASK ANALYSIS;130
7.2.4;EQUIPMENT at the WORK PLACES;131
7.2.5;CONFIGURATION;131
7.2.6;HUMAN FACTORS;131
7.2.7;RULES & GUIDELINES;132
7.2.8;CONCLUSION;133
7.2.9;REFERENCES;133
7.3;Chapter 20. Handling Process Disturbances in Petroleum Production;140
7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;140
7.3.2;METHOD;141
7.3.3;RESULTS;142
7.3.4;DISCUSSION;142
7.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;143
7.3.6;REFERENCES;144
7.3.7;APPENDIX;144
7.3.8;QUESTIONNAIRE ISSUES;144
7.4;Chapter 21. Graphical Dialogue System Applied to Turbine Vibration Monitoring System;146
7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;146
7.4.2;DESIGN CONCEPT;146
7.4.3;GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;147
7.4.4;EVALUATION;148
7.4.5;CONCLUSION;148
7.4.6;REFERENCES;148
8;PART IV: ADVANCED CONTROL ROOMS;152
8.1;Chapter 22. New Possibilities for the Presentation of Process Information in Industrial;152
8.1.1;SUMMARY OF HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT WORK;152
8.1.2;OPERATOR DIALOGUE USING 'MARGRET';153
8.1.3;THE INTELLIGENT GRAPHICAL EDITOR;156
8.1.4;CONCLUSION;156
8.1.5;REFERENCES;156
8.2;Chapter 23. Principles for Dialogue Design in Man–machine Systems;158
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;158
8.2.2;COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS;158
8.2.3;THE DIALOGUE APPROACH;160
8.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;161
8.2.5;REFERENCES;162
8.3;Chapter 24.Statistical Aids in Man–machine Interaction Problems;164
8.3.1;PROBLEM STATEMENT;164
8.3.2;SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION;165
8.3.3;SOME STATISTICAL SUPPORT;166
8.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;168
8.3.5;REFERENCES;168
8.3.6;AKNOWLEDGMENTS;169
9;PART V: TRANSPORTATION;170
9.1;Chapter 25. Modelling the Helmsman in a Ship Steering System using Fuzzy Sets;170
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;170
9.1.2;MODELLING THE HELMSMAN;170
9.1.3;NATURE OF THE HELMSMAN'S RESPONSE;172
9.1.4;SIMULATION STUDIES;172
9.1.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;172
9.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;173
9.1.7;REFERENCES;173
9.2;Chapter 26. Model of the Human Observer and Controller of a Dynamic System – Theory and Model Application to Ship Handling;176
9.2.1;ABSTRACT;176
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;176
9.2.3;TASK ENVIRONMENT;176
9.2.4;PERFORMANCE AND WORKLOAD MEASURES;179
9.2.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;181
9.2.6;7. REFERENCES;181
9.3;Chapter 27. Man–machine Information Management System for Container Transportation Junction;182
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;182
9.3.2;SYSTEM'S ORGANISATION AND BASIC FUNCTIONS;182
9.3.3;DATA DICTIONARY ORGANIZATION;183
9.3.4;MAN-B4ACHINE PROCEDURES OP DATA UPDATING AND SELECTION;184
9.3.5;MAN-MACHINE PROCEDURES OP CARGO HANDLING;185
9.3.6;CONCLUSION;186
10;PART VI: AUTOMATED VEHICLES;188
10.1;Chapter 28. Supervisory Control, Mental Models and Decision Aids;188
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;188
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION;188
10.1.3;CONCLUSION;193
10.1.4;REFERENCES;193
10.2;Chapter 29. Computer Simulation and Analysis of Pilots' Scanning - Behavior during Complex Vehicle-guidance and Control Tasks;196
10.2.1;The Theoretical Background of the Scanning- Model;196
10.2.2;described as the matrixproduct of two sets of vectors;196
10.2.3;The Construction of the Computer Simulation;197
10.2.4;The Stages of Development of the Scanningmodel;197
10.2.5;These considerations lead to the following priority equation;198
10.2.6;Results;199
10.2.7;Discussion;199
10.2.8;Literature;200
10.3;Chapter 30. Man-machine Interface in a Submarine Command and Weapon Control System: Features and Design Experiences;202
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;202
10.3.2;SUBMARINE CWCS OVERVIEW;202
10.3.3;MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CWCS MMI;203
10.3.4;PROTOTYPING;204
10.3.5;CWCS USER INTERACTION CONCEPTS;205
10.3.6;EXAMPLE OF RESULTING DESIGN;205
10.3.7;DESIGN EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;206
10.3.8;CONCLUSION;207
10.3.9;REFERENCES;207
10.4;Chapter 31. Evaluation of Decision Aiding In Submarine Emergency Decision Making;208
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;208
10.4.2;ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR EVALUATING DECISION AIDS;209
10.4.3;...LICATI..: SUBMARINE EMERGENCY

DECISIONMAKING;210
10.4.4;AN OVERVIEW OF SUBMARINE EMERGENCY DECISIONMAKING;210
10.4.5;THE TASK MODEL;210
10.4.6;THE ORGANIZATION MODEL;211
10.4.7;SELECTING THE AID;211
10.4.8;IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING OF META-DECISIONS;212
10.4.9;ON COMPUTATIONAL IMPLEMENTATON AND ANALYSIS;212
10.4.10;CONCLUSIONS;213
10.4.11;REFERENCES;214
11;PART VII: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND MACHINE CONTROL;216
11.1;Chapter 32. CAM Operator Functions and Pictorial Representation of Information;216
11.1.1;Comparison of time for classifying the alphanumeric tables and two-dimensionalm atrices ;218
11.1.2;Neoecaity of selecting the information representation methods edequate to a concrete task of an operator;218
11.1.3;REFERENCES;219
11.2;Chapter 33. An Easy to Operate, Window Based Man-machine Interface for Manufacturing Cells;220
11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;220
11.2.2;2. BASIC PRINCIPLES;220
11.2.3;3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;221
11.2.4;4. METHOD;223
11.2.5;5. CONCLUSION;223
11.2.6;REFERENCES;223
11.3;Chapter 34. Laser Pointer Based Task–level Control for Heavy Duty Machines;224
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;224
11.3.2;INTERACTIVE TASK-LEVEL CONTROL;224
11.3.3;LASER POINTER BASED MAN-MACHINE INTERACTION;225
11.3.4;CASE EXAMPLE: A CRANE CONTROL APPLICATION;226
11.3.5;REFERENCES;226
11.4;Chapter 35. Disturbances in Flexible Manufacturing;230
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;230
11.4.2;RESEARCH METHODS AND OBJECTS.;230
11.4.3;OVERVIEW OF THE CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES;230
11.4.4;HUMAN ERRORS AND MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE;232
11.4.5;HOW TO PREVENT DISTURBANCES WITH FM-SYSTQ!S;232
11.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;233
11.4.7;REFERENCES;233
11.5;Chapter 36. A Solution for the Man/machine–interface In Robotics: A High Level Control Language with Enhanced Interaction Equipment;234
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;234
11.5.2;TASK ALLOCATION IN INTERACTIVE ROBOTICS;235
11.5.3;INTERACTION STYLE;235
11.5.4;LANGUAGE INTERACTION;236
11.5.5;PHYSICAL INTERACTION;236
11.5.6;MODELS AND MODELLING;237
11.5.7;TASKS;237
11.5.8;GRAPHIC INTERACTION;237
11.5.9;CONCLUSIONS;238
11.5.10;REFERENCES;238
11.6;Chapter 37. Mediatized Interaction Between Experts in the Maintenance of Automated Machine;240
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;240
11.6.2;WORK SITUATION AND THE COOPERATING TASK;240
11.6.3;AIMS AND METHODS;240
11.6.4;ANALYSIS AND RESULTS;240
11.6.5;CONCLUSION;241
11.6.6;REFERENCE;241
12;PART VIII: OFFICE AUTOMATION;242
12.1;Chapter 38. Design of Working Tasks in the Office: The Use of Skill Based Requirements Analysis;242
12.1.1;INTODDUCTION;242
12.1.2;SKILL BASED REQUIRMENTS ANALYSIS;242
12.1.3;A CONCEPT OF PROSOSPECTIVE TASK EVALUATION AND DESIGN;243
12.1.4;CASE STUDY;245
12.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;246
12.1.6;REFERENCES;246
12.2;Chapter 39. Information Technology and Changes in Job Content of Customer Service Employees in Financial Firms;248
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;248
12.2.2;SUBJECTS AND METHODS;248
12.2.3;FINDINGS;249
12.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;250
12.2.5;REFERENCES;250
12.3;Chapter 40. Expert System Development for an Office Environment: Users, Evaluation and the Design Process;252
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;252
12.3.2;THE INHIAL DESIGN PROCESS;252
12.3.3;EVALUATON OF THE PROTOTYPES;253
12.3.4;EVALUA.ON OF THE USER INTERFACE;253
12.3.5;EVALUATON OF PROTOTYPE SYSTEM;254
12.3.6;DISCUSSION;254
12.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;255
12.3.8;REFERENCES;255
13;PART IX: MODELLING OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS;256
13.1;Chapter 41. A Model of Operator Behaviour for Man–machine System Simulation;256
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;256
13.1.2;THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODEL;256
13.1.3;FORMALISATION OF THE TWO COGNITIVE LEVELS;257
13.1.4;ERROR MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS;259
13.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;260
13.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;260
13.1.7;REFERENCES;260
13.2;Chapter 42. Towards Modelling the Activity of Design: An Observational Study on a Specification Stage;262
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;262
13.2.2;METHOD;263
13.2.3;CONCLUSION;267
13.2.4;REFERENCES;267
13.3;Chapter 43. Modeling Human Performance in Complex Tracking Tasks with a Two-level Control Model;268
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;268
13.3.2;MODEL DEVELOPMENT;268
13.3.3;AN APPLICATION;271
13.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;272
13.3.5;REFERENCES;272
13.4;Chapter 44. Model-based On-site Description of Robotized Processings;274
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;274
13.4.2;ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE;274
13.4.3;DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSINGS;275
13.4.4;CASE PROCESSING: GRINDING;276
13.4.5;CONCLUSION;278
13.4.6;REFERENCES;278
14;PART X: HUMAN RELIABILITY;280
14.1;Chapter 45. Detection of System Failure by Human Operator - Mathematical Model and Experiments;280
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;280
14.1.2;DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR MODEL;280
14.1.3;EXPERIMENTS;282
14.1.4;MODELING OF THE CONTROL BEHAVIOR OF THE CONTROLLER;284
14.1.5;COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY THE MODEL WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;284
14.1.6;CONCLUSION;285
14.1.7;REFERENCES;285
14.2;Chapter 46. Dealing with Uncertainty in a Multi-source Interrogation System;286
14.2.1;Introduction;286
14.2.2;1. Estlmation of rellability Parameters from various sources;286
14.2.3;2. Estlmation of a plausible attribute value from a table and a set of rules;287
14.2.4;3. Further problems to Investigate and concluding remarks;290
14.2.5;References;291
14.3;Chapter 47. The Effects of Participatory Mode on the Detection of Dynamic System Failure;292
14.3.1;INTRODUCTION;292
14.3.2;EXPERIMENTS;293
14.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;294
14.3.4;CONCLUSION;296
14.3.5;REFERENCE;296
15;PART XI: TRAINING AND WORK DESIGN – CASE STUDIES;298
15.1;Chapter 48. FMS-design from the Point of View of Implementation - Results of a Case Study;298
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;298
15.1.2;BOTTOM-UP DESIGN BY USERS;299
15.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING AND DESIGN;300
15.1.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;302
15.1.5;REFERENCES;302
15.2;Chapter 49. Designing a Decision Support System: How can the Designer Fit the User's Needs?;304
15.2.1;INTRODUCTION;304
15.2.2;STARTING POINT AND TASK;304
15.2.3;PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT;305
15.2.4;EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION;307
15.2.5;A FOLLOW-UP STUDY: IS OUR DESIGN OPTIMAL?;308
15.2.6;CONCLUSION;309
15.2.7;REFERENCES;309
15.3;Chapter 50. A Training and Consultancy Program on Human-centred Development of Technology;310
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;310
15.3.2;AIMS OF THE PROGRAM;310
15.3.3;1. SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS;311
15.3.4;2. COOPERATION AND SUPPORT;311
15.3.5;3. WORKING GROUPS;311
15.3.6;REFERENCES;312
16;PART XII: SYSTEM DESIGN;314
16.1;Chapter 51. The Manipulation of Graphical and Symbolic Models of Dynamic Systems;314
16.1.1;INTRODUCTION;314
16.1.2;THE GRAPHICAL INTERFACE;314
16.1.3;INPUT, DISPLAY AND EDITING OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS;315
16.1.4;GRAPHICAL AND SYMBOLIC MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS;316
16.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;318
16.1.6;REFERENCES;318
16.2;Chapter 52. Writing a Tutorial Manual of a Flexible Software: The GENERAL Case;320
16.2.1;INTRODUCTION;320
16.2.2;FLEXIBLE FEATURES OF THE GENERA;321
16.2.3;THE STRUCTURE OF THE TUTORIAL;322
16.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;324
16.2.5;REFERENCES;325
16.3;Chapter 53. Job Design in Complex Man-machine Systems;326
16.3.1;INTRODUCriON;326
16.3.2;TECHNOLOGIES EFFECTING THE HUMAN OPERATOR'S WORK;326
16.3.3;MAN'S ROLE IN AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS;327
16.3.4;HUMAN RELIABILITY ASPECTS;328
16.3.5;OPERATORS' STRESS AND MENTAL LOAD;328
16.3.6;JOB SATISFACTION;329
16.3.7;WORK REORGANIZATION - A TENTATIVE APPROACH;329
16.3.8;REFERENCES;331
16.4;Chapter 54. Development of Software Under Regard of Learning by the Users;332
16.4.1;INTRODUCTION;332
16.4.2;PROBLEM;333
16.4.3;CHANGING OF BEHAVIOUR OF THE USER AND ITS REASONS;333
16.4.4;CONCLUSIONS FOR MMS-SOFTWARE;333
16.4.5;REFERENCES;334
16.5;Chapter 55. Integration of Hardware and Software in New Generation Workstations;336
16.5.1;INTRODUCTION;336
16.5.2;KNOWLEDGE HANDLING IN NEW GENERATION WORKSTATIONS;336
16.5.3;SOME SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEMS;338
16.5.4;AN OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AND WORKSTATION;339
16.5.5;CONCLUSION;341
16.5.6;REFERENCES;341
17;PART XIII: INTERACTION AND INTERFACES;342
17.1;Chapter 56. Hypermedia and Human–computer Interaction;342
17.1.1;1. BACKGROUND;342
17.1.2;2. INTRODUCTION;342
17.1.3;3. THE HYPERMEDIA PARADIGM AND ITS APPLICABILITY;343
17.1.4;4. HYPERMEDIA AND HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION;343
17.1.5;5. CONCLUSION & SUMMARY;345
17.1.6;REFERENCES;346
17.2;Chapter 57. Empirical Investigation of Tufte's "Lie Factor" with Computer-generated Graphics;348
17.2.1;INTRODUCTION;348
17.2.2;BACKGROUND;348
17.2.3;EXPERIMENT 1;350
17.2.4;EXPERIMENT 2;350
17.2.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;350
17.3;Chapter 58. A User–friendly Editor for Schematic Diagrams;352
17.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;352
17.3.2;2. INTERACTIVE DESIGN ENVIRONMENT;353
17.3.3;3. WORKING MODEL;353
17.3.4;4. FUNCTIONS;354
17.3.5;5. DESIGN OF THE EDDIE SCREEN;356
17.3.6;6. GENERAL OPERATION SCHEME;356
17.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;357
17.3.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;357
17.4;Chapter 59. Directing the User Interface: How People Use Command-based Computer Systems;362
17.4.1;1 Introduction;362
17.4.2;2 Data collection;362
17.4.3;3 Distribution of command usage;363
17.4.4;4 Relations in command sequences;364
17.4.5;5 Command lines;366
17.4.6;6 Discussion;367
17.4.7;Acknowledgement;368
17.4.8;References;368
17.5;Chapter 60. Detecting Inconsistencies in User Interfaces;370
17.5.1;INTRODUCTION;370
17.5.2;EXPERIMENT;373
17.5.3;RESULTS;374
17.5.4;CONCLUSION;375
17.5.5;REFERENCES;375
17.6;Chapter 61. The Process of Intention Communication in Advisory Interaction;378
17.6.1;INTRODUCTION;378
17.6.2;THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: A MODEL OF ADVISORY INTERACTION;378
17.6.3;EMPIRICAL STUDY;380
17.6.4;CONCLUSION: DESIGN IMPLICATIONS;383
17.6.5;REFERENCES;383
18;PART XIV: INTERACTION AND INTERFACES - CASE STUDIES;384
18.1;Chapter 62. Problems in Developing Advanced Man-machine Interfaces;384
18.1.1;INTRODUCTION;384
18.1.2;THE DESCRIPTION OF USERS AND APPLICATION AREA;385
18.1.3;CASE BANK A;385
18.1.4;CASE BANK .;386
18.1.5;CONCLUSION;386
18.1.6;REFERENCES;387
18.2;Chapter 63. High Performance Work Design; The Digital Experience;388
18.2.1;New Pressures, New Approaches;388
18.2.2;The Roots of "High Performance";388
18.2.3;The Ayr Experience;389
18.2.4;Assessment;390
18.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;392
18.2.6;References;392
18.3;Chapter 64. SIEMCAD A User Interface Management System for Integrating Electronical and Mechanical CAD;394
18.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;394
18.3.2;2. REASONS FOR SIEMCAD;394
18.3.3;3. THE SIEMCAD APPROACH;395
18.3.4;4. ARCHITECTURE OF SIEMCAD;396
18.3.5;5. IMPLEMENTATION;399
18.3.6;6. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS;399
18.3.7;7. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS;399
18.3.8;8. REFERENCES;399
18.4;Chapter 65. Man–machine Voice Dialogue: the Role of Interlocutor Models;400
18.4.1;Introduction;400
18.4.2;Nature and role of the expert's user model;401
18.4.3;Human vs machine: the effects of the variation of the interlocutor;402
18.4.4;Conclusion;405
18.4.5;References;405
19;PART XV: KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND EXPERT SYSTEMS;406
19.1;Chapter 66. AIDE: Towards Human Based Models for Rapid Process Control;406
19.1.1;INTRODUCTION;406
19.1.2;COGNITIVE MODEL;407
19.1.3;THE EXPERTISE;407
19.1.4;COGNITIVE MODELING;407
19.1.5;COMPUTERING STRUCTURE;407
19.1.6;GENERALIZATION OF THE EXPERTISE;410
19.1.7;CONCLUSION;411
19.1.8;REFERENCES;411
19.2;Chapter 67. Modeling Individual Users in the IR-NLI-II System for Intelligent Information Retrieval;412
19.2.1;INTRODUCTION;412
19.2.2;AN ARCHITECTURE FOR EXPERT INTERFACES;413
19.2.3;STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE USER MODELING SYSTEM IN IR-NLI-II;414
19.2.4;MODELING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION;414
19.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;416
19.2.6;REFERENCES;417
19.3;Chapter 68. Analyzing Human–computer Dialogues in Natural Language;418
19.3.1;INTRODUCTION;418
19.3.2;DIALOGUES WITH A COMPUTER DIFFER FROM HUMAN DIALOGUES;418
19.3.3;DIALOGUE SIMULATION;419
19.3.4;SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS;420
19.3.5;RESULTS;420
19.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;421
19.3.7;REFERENCES;421
19.4;Chapter 69. Conceptual Clustering: Discovering Patterns from Chaotic Reality and Pattern-directed Decisionmaking;422
19.4.1;INTRODUCTION;422
19.4.2;CONVENTIONAL CLUSTERING VS CONCEPTUAL CLUSTERING;422
19.4.3;CONCEPTUAL CLUSTERING BASED ON PROTOTYPE THEORY;423
19.4.4;A SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION AND AN EVALUATION OF THE METHOD;425
19.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;427
19.4.6;REFERENCES;427
19.5;Chapter 70. Functional-semantic Nets . The Universal Formalism for Defining, Designing and Estimating the Quality of Functioning of Man-machine Systems;428
19.5.1;INTRODUCTION;428
19.5.2;MAIN PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL NETS;429
19.5.3;ESTIMATING THE QUAlITY OF MMS FUNCTIONING;429
19.5.4;DEPUTING AND ANALYSING OF MMS ON THE BASIS OF CONTROLLABLE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC NETWORKS;430
19.5.5;DESIGUING MMS ON THE BASIS OP PTJNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC NETWORKS;431
19.5.6;EXAMPLES OP PRACTICAL USB;432
19.5.7;CONCLUSION;433
19.5.8;REFERENCES;433
19.6;Chapter 71. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in Simulation of Human Operator Safety Monitoring;434
19.6.1;ABSTRACT;434
19.6.2;INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY SETS;434
19.6.3;INTRODUCnON TO DISAGGREGATED ON-LINE COMPARATIVE SIMULATION (DOCS);435
19.6.4;PROPOSED APPROACH COMBINING FUZZY LOGIC WITH DOCS;436
19.6.5;CONCLUSION;438
19.6.6;REFERENCES;438
19.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;439
20;PART XVI: IMPACT ANALYSIS;440
20.1;Chapter 72. Trustworthiness of Command and Control Systems;440
20.1.1;ABSTRACT;440
20.1.2;INTRODUCTION;440
20.1.3;DEFINITIONS OF TRUST;440
20.1.4;MEASURING AND MODELING TRUST;442
20.1.5;ARE WE OVERTRUSTING OUR TECHNOLOGY ?;444
20.1.6;REFERENCES;444
20.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;444
20.2;Chapter 73. Impact Assessment of Automation Technology: Comments and Methodological Views;446
20.2.1;INTRODUCTION;446
20.2.2;BASIC PROBLEMS OF ASSESSMENT;446
20.2.3;TOWARDS A CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH;448
20.2.4;HOW TO CONDUCT A CONSTRUCTIVE ASSESSMENT;448
20.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;449
20.2.6;REFERENCES;449
21;Author Index;452
22;Keyword Index;454