Ramkumar Chemostratigraphy

Concepts, Techniques, and Applications
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-419982-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 538 Seiten

Chemostratigraphy: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications is the first collection of contributed articles that introduces young geoscientists to the discipline while providing seasoned practitioners with a standard reference that showcases the topic's most recent research and application developments. This multi-contributed reference on one of the youngest and most dynamic branches of the geosciences includes articles from some of the world's leading researchers. This book is a one-stop source of chemostratigraphy theory and application, helping geoscientists navigate through the wealth of new research that has emerged in recent years. - Edited by one of the world's foremost chemostratigraphy experts - Features contributed articles from a broad base of topics including stratigraphic correlation, hydrocarbon exploration, reservoir characterization, and paleo-climatic interpretation - Includes a range of application-based case studies addressing spatio-temporal scales for practical, field-specific concepts

Dr. Mu. Ramkumar obtained his B.Sc. and Ph.D. from National College, Bharathidasan University, masters in geology from Annamalai University. His research interests range from Recent-Paleozoic depositional systems and integrated sequence-chemostratigraphy, and basin evolution. He has published about 100 articles author of 5 books (Cretaceous Sea Level Cycles, Marine Paleobiodiversity, Habitat Heterogeneity, Chemostratigraphy, River Basin etc.) and editor of 6 books published/in press by Elsevier, Springer, Wiley etc. He is a member of National Working Group on IGCP-609 Cretaceous Sea Level Cycles. He worked as research team leader and member in national international labs in India, Germany, Malaysia, France. He was the recipient of the prestigious Alexander Von Humboldt Fellowship, Visiting Scientist (thrice), Germany, Visiting Professor (France), Young Scientist (twice), Government of India, and was included in the Marquee's Who's Who directory (USA) for 5 consecutive years. He was nominated for the prestigious Merh Award (Geological Society of India) for his work on Geomorphology. He serves as a member in review and editorial panels of about two dozen international geological journals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ramkumar, Mu

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;16
4;Foreword;20
5;Acknowledgments;22
6;CHAPTER 1 - TOWARD STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGIES AND RECOGNITION OF CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY AS A FORMAL STRATIGRAPHIC METHOD;24
6.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;24
6.2;1.2 BASIS OF CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;25
6.3;1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;26
6.4;1.4 PREVAILING TERMINOLOGIES, THEIR INTENDED MEANINGS AND DEFINITIONS;27
6.5;1.5 TERMINOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS OF CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY: A FIT CASE FOR FORMALIZATION;34
6.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;34
7;CHAPTER 2 - ISOTOPE AND ELEMENTAL CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;46
7.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;46
7.2;2.2 ISOTOPE AND ELEMENTAL CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY: USE AND LIMITATIONS;47
7.3;2.3 TEMPORAL TRENDS AND SIGNATURES;56
7.4;2.4 CONCLUSIONS;70
7.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;71
7.6;REFERENCES;71
8;CHAPTER 3 - STABLE ISOTOPES: TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;88
8.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;88
8.2;3.2 STABLE ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS;90
8.3;3.3 STABLES ISOTOPES OF A FEW ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS;95
8.4;3.4 CONCLUSION;109
8.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;109
8.6;REFERENCES;109
9;CHAPTER 4 - TIME AVERAGING AND COMPOSITIONAL AVERAGING IN BIOGENIC CARBONATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;116
9.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;116
9.2;4.2 BIOGENIC CARBONATE CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;117
9.3;4.3 IMPLICATIONS OF TIME AVERAGING AND COMPOSITIONAL AVERAGING;118
9.4;4.4 CONCLUSIONS;122
9.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;122
9.6;REFERENCES;123
10;CHAPTER 5 - SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE LATE MIOCENE–PLIOCENE SUCCESSION IN THE FARS INTERIOR (SW IRAN): IMPLICATIONS ON DEPOSITIONAL AND TECTONIC SETTING, PROVENANCE AND PALEOWEATHERING IN THE ZAGROS BASIN;126
10.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;126
10.2;5.2 REGIONAL SETTING;127
10.3;5.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS;130
10.4;5.4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS;131
10.5;5.5 CONCLUSIONS;148
10.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;149
10.7;REFERENCES;149
11;CHAPTER 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS DURING THE K–T TRANSITION IN THE CAUVERY BASIN, INDIA: CURRENT UNDERSTANDING BASED ON CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY AND IMPLICATIONS ON THE KTB SCENARIOS;154
11.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;154
11.2;6.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;155
11.3;6.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;157
11.4;6.4 RESULTS;158
11.5;6.5 DISCUSSION;173
11.6;6.6 CONCLUSIONS;181
11.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;182
11.8;REFERENCES;182
11.9;APPENDIX I NANNOFOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE RECORDED FROM THE OTTAKOIL FORMATION (AFTER RAI ET AL. (2013));192
11.10;APPENDIX II NANNOFOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE RECORDED FROM THE LAGOONAL FACIES OF THE KALLAMEDU FORMATION IN THE NINIYUR SECTION (AFTER RA...;194
12;CHAPTER 7 - CRETACEOUS CARBON ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE SEDIMENTARY PATTERNS OF THE TURONIAN FOREARC SUCCESSIONS IN HOKKAIDO, NORTHERN JAPAN;196
12.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;196
12.2;7.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;198
12.3;7.3 DIAGENESIS AND LOCAL EFFECTS ON .13C PROFILES OF TERRESTRIAL ORGANIC CARBON;200
12.4;7.4 CARBON ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY;200
12.5;7.5 CONCLUSIONS;203
12.6;REFERENCES;204
13;CHAPTER 8 - GEOCHEMISTRY OF LATE CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF THE CAUVERY BASIN, SOUTH INDIA: CONSTRAINTS ON PALEOWEATHERING, PROVENANCE, AND END CRETACEOUS ENVIRONMENTS;208
13.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;208
13.2;8.2 GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY;209
13.3;8.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;211
13.4;8.4 RESULTS;211
13.5;8.5 DISCUSSION;219
13.6;8.6 CONCLUSIONS;232
13.7;REFERENCES;234
14;CHAPTER 9 - A CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARASEQUENCES AND ITS APPLICATION TO SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, CRETACEOUS WESTERN INTERIOR BASIN, USA;238
14.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;238
14.2;9.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;239
14.3;9.3 METHODOLOGY;242
14.4;9.4 DISCUSSION;245
14.5;9.5 CONCLUSION;263
14.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;263
14.7;REFERENCES;263
15;CHAPTER 10 - PALEO-REDOX CONDITIONS OF THE ALBIAN-DANIAN CARBONATE ROCKS OF THE CAUVERY BASIN, SOUTH INDIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;270
15.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;270
15.2;10.2 GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY;271
15.3;10.3 METHODOLOGY;276
15.4;10.4 RESULTS;278
15.5;10.5 REDOX-SENSITIVE TRACE ELEMENTS FOR APPLICATION IN CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;285
15.6;10.6 CONCLUSIONS;289
15.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;289
15.8;REFERENCES;289
16;CHAPTER 11 - TEMPORAL TRENDS OF GEOCHEMISTRY, RELATIVE SEA LEVEL, AND SOURCE AREA WEATHERING IN THE CAUVERY BASIN, SOUTH INDIA;296
16.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;296
16.2;11.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;298
16.3;11.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS;304
16.4;11.4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS;305
16.5;11.5 DISCUSSION ON PALEOCLIMATIC TRENDS AND CYCLES;319
16.6;11.6 CONCLUSIONS;322
16.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;323
16.8;REFERENCES;324
17;CHAPTER 12 - CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE DHOSA OOLITE MEMBER (OXFORDIAN), KACHCHH BASIN, WESTERN INDIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMPLETENESS OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD AND CORRELATION WITH GLOBAL OOLITE PEAK;332
17.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;332
17.2;12.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;335
17.3;12.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;337
17.4;12.4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS;337
17.5;12.5 DISCUSSION;347
17.6;12.6 CONCLUSIONS;358
17.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;358
17.8;REFERENCES;359
18;CHAPTER 13 - FACIES AND CARBON ISOTOPE CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER JURASSIC CARBONATE DEPOSITS, LUSITANIAN BASIN (PORTUGAL): IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS TO THE APPLICATION IN SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC STUDIES;364
18.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;364
18.2;13.2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND;366
18.3;13.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;367
18.4;13.4 RESULTS: STUDIED SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHIC IMPROVEMENTS, AND ISOTOPE DATA;369
18.5;13.5 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT;376
18.6;13.6 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY: THIRD-ORDER SEQUENCES AND CARBON ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY;377
18.7;13.7 CONCLUSIONS;384
18.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;385
18.9;REFERENCES;385
19;CHAPTER 14 - CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE PERMIAN–TRIASSIC STRATA OF THE OFFSHORE PERSIAN GULF, IRAN;396
19.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;396
19.2;14.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND STRATIGRAPHY;397
19.3;14.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS;398
19.4;14.4 RESULTS;399
19.5;14.5 DISCUSSION;404
19.6;14.6 CONCLUSIONS;409
19.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;410
19.8;REFERENCES;411
20;CHAPTER 15 - THE POSITION OF THE ORDOVICIAN–SILURIAN BOUNDARY IN ESTONIA TESTED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION .13C CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION;418
20.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;418
20.2;15.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND STRATIGRAPHY;420
20.3;15.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS;423
20.4;15.4 .13C CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY;423
20.5;15.5 DISCUSSION;425
20.6;15.6 CONCLUSIONS;430
20.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;431
20.8;REFERENCES;431
21;CHAPTER 16 - STABLE ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY: CORRELATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON MICROSEEPAGE AND PROSPECTING;436
21.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;436
21.2;16.2 CARBON ISOTOPE EVENT STRATIGRAPHY;438
21.3;16.3 CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS FOR PETROLEUM PROSPECTING;440
21.4;16.4 METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS;442
21.5;16.5 C AND O ISOTOPE ANOMALIES AND NEAR SURFACE HYDROCARBON MANIFESTATIONS;443
21.6;16.6 CONCLUSION;450
21.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;450
21.8;REFERENCES;450
22;CHAPTER 17 - CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NEOPROTEROZOIC BANDED IRON FORMATION (BIF): TYPES, AGE AND ORIGIN;456
22.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;456
22.2;17.2 AGE OF NEOPROTEROZOIC BIFS;457
22.3;17.3 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF NEOPROTEROZOIC BIFS;461
22.4;17.4 DISCUSSION;467
22.5;17.5 CONCLUSIONS;468
22.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;468
22.7;REFERENCES;468
23;CHAPTER 18 - CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF NEOPROTEROZOIC CARBONATE DEPOSITS OF THE TUVA–MONGOLIAN AND DZABKHAN CONTINENTAL BLOCKS: CONSTRAINTS ON THE AGE, GLACIATION AND SEDIMENTATION;474
23.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;474
23.2;18.2 GEOLOGIC SETTING;474
23.3;18.3 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION;482
23.4;18.4 RESULTS;483
23.5;18.5 SR AND C ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION;502
23.6;18.6 DISCUSSION;504
23.7;18.7 CONCLUSION;507
23.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;507
23.9;REFERENCES;507
24;CHAPTER 19 - CORRELATION OF PHOSPHORITE AND NONPHOSPHORITE CARBONATE SEQUENCES OF THE LOWER ARAVALLI GROUP, NORTHWEST INDIA: IMPLICATIONS ON THE PALEOPROTEROZOIC PALEOENVIRONMENT;512
24.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;512
24.2;19.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING;513
24.3;19.3 PROBLEM OF CORRELATION;517
24.4;19.4 GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PBS AND NPBS;518
24.5;19.5 REDOX STATE VARIATIONS IN PBS AND NPBS;522
24.6;19.6 DISCUSSION;522
24.7;19.7 SUMMARY;524
24.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;526
24.9;REFERENCES;526
25;Index;532

Leseproben

Chapter 1

Toward Standardization of Terminologies and Recognition of Chemostratigraphy as a Formal Stratigraphic Method

Mu. Ramkumar1,*     1Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India     *South East Asia Carbonate Research Laboratory (Seacarl), Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Tronoh, Malaysia

Abstract

Sediments are reliable records of changes in physical, chemical, and biological conditions that take place before, during, and after their deposition and express the changes through constituent mineralogical and thus geochemical compositions. Individual sedimentary events create more or less homogeneous bulk chemistry of sediments at varying temporal and spatial scales. Distinguishing these homogeneities and for classification of stratigraphic records and correlation of the strata at varying spatiotemporal scales is emerging to be a reliable method of stratigraphy and is termed as chemostratigraphy a la chemical stratigraphy. This method helps stratigraphic correlation with ease where other formal stratigraphic methods have limitations or fail to achieve required spatiotemporal resolution.

The study of geochemical variations in stratigraphic context has gained importance since the 1980s. Chemostratigraphy is, thus relatively a younger branch of geosciences. Attempts on distinguishing depositional units at varying spatiotemporal scales (from local to global and from tidal cycles to few tens of millions of years) have been influenced to a larger extent by the sequence stratigraphic concepts. Contemporaneous developments in sophisticated instrumentation for fast, accurate, and less expensive geochemical analyses have also contributed to the popularity and applications of chemostratigraphy. From a humble beginning of identification of similar geochemical values and similar pattern of geochemical profile, chemostratigraphy has traveled a long way. Currently, a wide variety of techniques and data from other subdisciplines of geosciences are used for distinction/recognition and correlation chemozones/geochemically distinguishable depositional units.

Yet, chemostratigraphy consists of vaguely defined and often misleading and/or overlapping terminologies. Through an extensive review of published literature, this chapter attempts to enlist these terminologies namely, chemostratigraphy, chemical stratigraphy, geochemical fingerprinting, geochemical signature, geochemical fingerprint, geochemical marker, geochemical proxy, excursion, shift, fluctuation, perturbation, anomaly, trend, chemostratigraphic index, chemozone, chemochron, resolution, and scale of correlation and provides definitions/explanations. This attempt is made for initiating discussion among the practitioners that may lead to consensus on definitions and standardized usage.

Despite, fulfilling the criteria required for any standard stratigraphic method and finding its applications in many different fields, this method/tool remains to be formally given its due. Elucidation of the traits and enlisting the terminologies of chemostratigraphy with the criteria for formal recognition prescribed by International Stratigraphic Commission suggests that chemostratigraphy deserves to be formalized as an independent stratigraphic method.

Keywords

Chemostratigraphy; Definition; Formalization; Scale of correlation; Terminology

1.1. Introduction

For a long time, sedimentary geochemistry has been in use to understand the conditions of deposition, climatic variations, tectonic setting, provenance, reservoir characteristics, etc. However, characterization of depositional units for distinction and correlation based on stratigraphic variation of geochemical traits and usage of the term “chemostratigraphy” have been more frequent only from the 1980s. A search for this term in popular scientific databases such as www.Sciencedirect.com, www.GeoscienceWorld.org, and www.Springerlink.com, etc., also returns articles only from 1980s. Thenceforth, the number of articles published every year shows a steady increase. For example, www.Sciencedirect.com returns a total of 2151 journal articles, 125 books, and 32 reference works published by Elsevier; out of which only 142 were published prior to the year 1995. Oldest article was published in the year 1986 (Renard, 1986). However, there are other previous and contemporaneous publications that used stratigraphic geochemical variation to infer paleoclimate and paleoenvironments and to define specific geochronological or lithostratigraphic boundaries (for example, Keith and Weber, 1964; Scholle and Arthur, 1980; Berger and Vincent, 1981; Romein and Smit, 1981; Odin et al., 1982; Williams et al., 1983; Renard et al., 1984; Shackleton and Hall, 1984; Jorgensen, 1986; and many others and references cited therein). Already 266 articles were published in the year 2014, 254 articles were published in the year 2013, and the year 2012 ranks third with publication of 218 articles. Similar trends are observable in other scientific databases too. These statistics indicate the growing popularity and expanding applications of this subdiscipline of geoscience.

During the initial years, the publications documented stratigraphic variation of selective elemental concentrations and isotopic compositions for relating the observed changes with known geological events, and/or chrono, litho, and biostratigraphic boundaries (for example, Kaminski and Malmgren, 1989; Nandy et al., 1995). It means, chemostratigraphy was utilized only as a supplement to other lines of geological evidence for analyzing and/or documenting geological phenomena. Currently, chemostratigraphy finds its place in every conceivable geoscientific problem (Weissert et al., 2008) as could be observed in the published literature (for example: Brasier and Shields, 2000; Hurst and Morton, 2001; Jenkyns et al., 2002; Saltzman, 2002a; Mutti and Bernoulli, 2003; Korte et al., 2004; Schroeder et al., 2004; Ramkumar et al., 2005; Zachos et al., 2005; Bergström et al., 2006; Jarvis et al., 2006; Mutti et al., 2006; Nedelec et al., 2007; Kouchinsky et al., 2007; Marquillas et al., 2007; Schroeder and Grotzinger, 2007; Alvaro et al., 2008; Cramer et al., 2008; Racki et al., 2008; Elrick et al., 2009; Kakizaki and Kano, 2009; Robinson et al., 2009; Ruhl et al., 2009; Gouldey et al., 2010; Kiipli et al., 2010; Cui et al., 2011; Grotzinger et al., 2011; Salzman and Thomas, 2012; Aehnelt et al., 2013; Saltzman and Sedlacek, 2013; Uramoto et al., 2013).

Thus, chemostratigraphy a la chemical stratigraphy has evolved to current stage from a humble beginning of identification of “patterns in geochemical profile” of sedimentary records of event beds, barren sequences, and rocks deposited across specific chronostratigraphic and/or litho-biostratigraphic boundaries. While it would be beyond the scope of this chapter to review all the published literature on this subject, an attempt is made to present basic concepts involved in the chemostratigraphy of sedimentary deposits. They are then examined in the light of major criteria suggested by the International Stratigraphic Commission (ISC) for formal stratigraphy; based on which, a plea to formalize the chemostratigraphy as an independent stratigraphic classification method is made.

1.2. Basis of Chemostratigraphy

It is an established fact that the sediments are faithful recorders of the changes in provenance, environment of deposition, and postdepositional history. Such changes mean that apparently uniform successions may show primary differences in the chemistry of their constituent minerals and also in the proportions of accessory phases such as heavy minerals and clays, many of which have distinct chemical compositions (Das, 1997). In a stratigraphic context, these traits led to the proposition that, stratigraphic record is a product of a geochemical system consisting of geological setting, climate, and processes of sediment production (Berger and Vincent, 1981) and preservation. The sedimentary record also shows changes of certain elements with time (Morante et al., 1994). An ability to infer the spatiotemporal distinctness of chemical compositions of sedimentary record enables apparently uniform thick successions to be subdivided and correlated with coeval strata located elsewhere (Ramkumar, 1999). It helps to recognize completeness of the stratigraphic record (for example, Saltzman and Sedlacek, 2013; Ramkumar et al. this volume) and found its usefulness to discern distinct lava flows, interlayers with volcanoclastic or even with “true” sedimentary deposits (Zsolt Berner, personal communication). Thus, chemostratigraphy is not restricted to sedimentary sequences alone, but also found its usefulness in other lithologies too. Realization of the potential of this ability and the developments in sophisticated equipment for precise and rapid determination of chemical and isotopic compositions of earth materials have contributed towards the birth of chemostratigraphy (Ramkumar, 2014).

As each sedimentary environment is characterized by unique physical, chemical, and biological milieu in a geomorphic setup (Reineck and Singh, 1980), the resultant sediments are subjected to varying spatiotemporal scales and intensities...