Rahman Wood Polymer Nanocomposites

Chemical Modifications, Properties and Sustainable Applications
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-65735-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 322 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering Materials

This book shows how chemical modifications influence some properties of wood nanocomposites. It describes suitable and effective chemical modifications that strengthen the physico-mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of wood. The authors provide intuitive explanation of the various types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood. They emphasize the reaction changes in wood cell walls due to the chemical modifications. Increased mechanical strength, improved thermal stability as well as the efficient retardancy against fungi attack are described. This book concludes summarizing the potential applications of wood-based nanocomposites taking into account sustainability and economic aspects.

Md Rezaur Rahman is a Senior Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at the Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia and also Visiting research fellow at Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Japan since June 2012. His research interests include, among others, conducting polymers, Polymer Nanocomposites, Nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrillar), and Polymer blends.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rahman, Md Rezaur

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;1 Introduction to Reinforcing Potential of Various Clay and Monomers Dispersed Wood Nanocomposites’;16
3.1;Abstract;16
3.2;1 Introduction;16
3.3;2 Problem Statement;18
3.4;3 Literature Review;19
3.4.1;3.1 Enhancement of Wood Quality;19
3.4.2;3.2 Modern Policies to Growth Wood Quality;20
3.4.3;3.3 Chemical Modification of Wood;21
3.4.3.1;3.3.1 Reaction with Acid Chlorides;22
3.4.3.2;3.3.2 Esterification of Wood by Carboxylic Acids;22
3.4.3.3;3.3.3 Wood Modification by Ketene;23
3.4.3.4;3.3.4 Wood Modification by Aldehydes;23
3.4.3.5;3.3.5 Wood Modification by Isocyanates;24
3.4.3.6;3.3.6 Wood Modification by Epoxides;24
3.4.3.7;3.3.7 Wood Modification by Cyanoethylation;25
3.4.3.8;3.3.8 Wood Modification with Alkyl Halide;25
3.4.3.9;3.3.9 Wood Modification by ?-Propiolactone;25
3.4.3.10;3.3.10 Wood Modification by Cyclic Anhydride;26
3.4.3.11;3.3.11 Wood Modification by Acrylic Anhydride;26
3.4.3.12;3.3.12 Oxidation of Wood;27
3.4.4;3.4 Wood Modifications by Impregnation Technique;27
3.4.4.1;3.4.1 Wood Impregnated by Monomer and Prepolymer;28
3.4.4.2;3.4.2 Enhancement of Wood Properties by Polymers Impregnation;28
3.4.4.3;3.4.3 Wood Impregnated by Vinyl Monomers;29
3.4.4.4;3.4.4 Wood Impregnated by Methyl Methacrylate (MMA);29
3.4.4.5;3.4.5 Wood Impregnated by Styrene;31
3.4.4.6;3.4.6 Wood Impregnated by Vinyl Chloride;32
3.4.4.7;3.4.7 Wood Impregnated by Hydroxymethylacrylate and Ethyl-{{\varvec \upalpha}}-Hydroxymethylacrylate;32
3.4.4.8;3.4.8 Wood Impregnated by Phenolic Resin;33
3.4.4.9;3.4.9 Wood Impregnated by Polyurethane;33
3.4.4.10;3.4.10 Wood Impregnated by Melamine Formaldehyde;33
3.4.5;3.5 Wood Impregnated by Inorganic Substance;34
3.4.5.1;3.5.1 Wood Impregnated by Combination of Different Monomers System;35
3.4.5.2;3.5.2 Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) Based Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);36
3.4.5.3;3.5.3 Alkali Pretreated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);38
3.4.5.4;3.5.4 Benzene Diazonium Salt Modified Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);39
3.4.5.5;3.5.5 Nanotechnology for Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;41
3.5;4 Summary;44
3.6;References;45
4;2 Preparation and Characterizations of Various Clay- and Monomers-Dispersed Wood Nanocomposites;52
4.1;Abstract;52
4.2;1 Overview;52
4.3;2 Methods Related for Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC);53
4.3.1;2.1 Curing Methods for Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC) Preparation;53
4.3.2;2.2 Wood-Hardening Process;54
4.3.3;2.3 Monomer and Polymer Treatments;55
4.3.4;2.4 Other Treatments;58
4.3.5;2.5 Combination of Two or Three Monomers;58
4.3.6;2.6 Chemical Impregnation and Compression of Wood;58
4.3.7;2.7 Summary of Wood Quality Improvement Methods and Technologies;59
4.4;3 Methods;60
4.4.1;3.1 Flowchart of Project;62
4.4.2;3.2 Preparation of WPNCs;62
4.4.3;3.3 Characterization of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC);63
4.4.3.1;3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);63
4.4.3.2;3.3.2 Compression Test;66
4.4.3.3;3.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);68
4.4.3.4;3.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);75
4.5;4 Summary;79
4.6;References;80
5;3 Combined Styrene/MMA/Nanoclay Crosslinker Effect on Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);84
5.1;Abstract;84
5.2;1 Introduction;84
5.3;2 Experimental;85
5.3.1;2.1 Materials;85
5.3.2;2.2 Preparation of Monomers;86
5.3.3;2.3 Impregnation of Wood Specimens/Co-polymerization Reaction with Cellulose in Wood Cell;86
5.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;87
5.3.4.1;2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);87
5.3.4.2;2.4.2 Compression Test;87
5.3.4.3;2.4.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);88
5.3.4.4;2.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);88
5.4;3 Results and Discussion;88
5.4.1;3.1 Weight Percent Gain (WPG %);88
5.4.2;3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);89
5.4.3;3.3 Mechanical Properties Test;89
5.4.4;3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);91
5.4.5;3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;92
5.5;4 Conclusion;93
5.6;Acknowledgements;94
5.7;References;94
6;4 Oxidation of Wood Species by Sodium Metaperiodate and Impregnation with Phenyl Hydrazine;96
6.1;Abstract;96
6.2;1 Introduction;96
6.3;2 Experimental;98
6.3.1;2.1 Materials;98
6.3.2;2.2 Specimen Preparation;98
6.3.3;2.3 Microstructural Characterizations;98
6.3.3.1;2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);98
6.3.3.2;2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);98
6.3.3.3;2.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);99
6.3.3.4;2.3.4 Free-Free Flexural Vibration Testing;99
6.3.3.5;2.3.5 Determination of MOE and MOR Using Three Point Bending Test;100
6.3.3.6;2.3.6 Determination of Static Young’s Modulus (Es) Using Compression Parallel to Grain Test;101
6.3.3.7;2.3.7 Laboratory Fungal Decay Resistance Test;101
6.3.3.8;2.3.8 Water Uptake;102
6.4;3 Results and Discussion;102
6.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);102
6.4.2;3.2 Storage Modulus (log E?) and Loss Tangent (tan ?) of Raw Wood, WPNC, and PTWPNC;103
6.4.3;3.3 Dynamic Young’s Modulus of Raw Wood, WPNC, and PTWPNC;105
6.4.4;3.4 MOE and MOR Measurement;107
6.4.5;3.5 Static Young’s Modulus (E) Measurement;110
6.4.6;3.6 Fungal Decay Resistance Test;110
6.4.7;3.7 Water Uptake;112
6.4.8;3.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;113
6.5;4 Conclusion;114
6.6;References;116
7;5 Characterization of N,N-Dimethylacetamide Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);117
7.1;Abstract;117
7.2;1 Introduction;117
7.3;2 Materials and Methods;118
7.3.1;2.1 Materials;118
7.3.2;2.2 Manufacturing of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;118
7.3.3;2.3 Microstructural Characterizations;119
7.3.3.1;2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);119
7.3.3.2;2.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD);119
7.3.3.3;2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);119
7.3.3.4;2.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC);119
7.3.3.5;2.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);120
7.3.3.6;2.3.6 Free-Free Flexural Vibration Testing;120
7.3.3.7;2.3.7 Three-Point Bending Test for MOE and MOR;121
7.3.3.8;2.3.8 Compression Parallel to Grain Test for Static Young’s Modulus (Es);121
7.4;3 Results and Discussion;122
7.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);122
7.4.2;3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);123
7.4.3;3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);125
7.4.4;3.4 Dynamic Young’s Modulus;128
7.4.5;3.5 MOE and MOR Measurement;129
7.4.6;3.6 Static Young’s Modulus (E);131
7.4.7;3.7 X-ray Diffraction (XRD);131
7.4.8;3.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);133
7.5;4 Conclusion;134
7.6;Acknowledgements;134
7.7;References;134
8;6 Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Urea-Formaldehyde Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);136
8.1;Abstract;136
8.2;1 Introduction;136
8.3;2 Materials and Methods;137
8.3.1;2.1 Materials;137
8.3.2;2.2 Manufacturing of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;138
8.3.3;2.3 Microstructural Characterizations;138
8.4;3 Result and Discussion;138
8.4.1;3.1 FT-IR;138
8.4.2;3.2 TGA;139
8.4.3;3.3 DSC;140
8.4.4;3.4 Dynamic Young’s Modulus Measurement;143
8.4.5;3.5 MOE and MOR Measurement;143
8.4.6;3.6 Static Young’s Modulus (E) Measurement;146
8.4.7;3.7 XRD Analysis;147
8.4.8;3.8 SEM;147
8.5;4 Conclusion;148
8.6;Acknowledgements;148
8.7;References;149
9;7 Characterization of Epoxy/Nanoclay Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);150
9.1;Abstract;150
9.2;1 Introduction;150
9.3;2 Materials and Methods;151
9.3.1;2.1 Materials;151
9.3.2;2.2 Preparation of Solution Through Impregnation;152
9.3.3;2.3 Manufacturing of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;152
9.4;3 Result and Discussion;152
9.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis;152
9.4.2;3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);154
9.4.3;3.3 Dynamic Young’s Modulus Measurement;154
9.4.4;3.4 Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) Measurement;156
9.4.5;3.5 Static Young’s Modulus (E) Measurement;159
9.4.6;3.6 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;159
9.4.7;3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;160
9.5;4 Conclusion;161
9.6;Acknowledgements;162
9.7;References;162
10;8 Influence of Nanoclay/Phenol Formaldehyde Resin on Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;163
10.1;Abstract;163
10.2;1 Introduction;163
10.3;2 Materials and Methods;164
10.3.1;2.1 Materials;164
10.3.2;2.2 Impregnation Solutions Preparation;164
10.3.3;2.3 Fabrication of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);165
10.4;3 Result and Discussion;165
10.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis;165
10.4.2;3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis;167
10.4.3;3.3 Dynamic Young’s Modulus Measurement;168
10.4.4;3.4 Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture Measurement;169
10.4.5;3.5 Static Young’s Modulus Measurement;171
10.4.6;3.6 X-ray Diffraction Analysis;172
10.4.7;3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis;174
10.5;4 Conclusion;174
10.6;Acknowledgements;175
10.7;References;175
11;9 Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-glycidyl Methacrylate Impregnated Kumpang Wood Polymer Nanocomposites: Impact on Mechanical and Morphological Properties;177
11.1;Abstract;177
11.2;1 Introduction;177
11.3;2 Experimental;180
11.3.1;2.1 Materials;180
11.3.2;2.2 Specimen Preparation;180
11.3.3;2.3 Preparation of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);180
11.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;181
11.3.4.1;2.4.1 Determination of Water Uptake;181
11.3.4.2;2.4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);181
11.3.4.3;2.4.3 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;181
11.3.4.4;2.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);182
11.4;3 Results and Discussion;182
11.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);182
11.4.2;3.2 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;184
11.4.3;3.3 Weight Percentage Gain (WPG) and Water Uptake (WU);185
11.4.4;3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);186
11.5;4 Conclusion;187
11.6;Acknowledgements;187
11.7;References;188
12;10 Physico-mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Properties of Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-Maleic Acid Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;190
12.1;Abstract;190
12.2;1 Introduction;190
12.3;2 Experimental;192
12.3.1;2.1 Materials;192
12.3.2;2.2 Specimen Preparation;192
12.3.3;2.3 Preparation of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);193
12.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;193
12.3.4.1;2.4.1 Determination of Weight Percentage Gain (WPG);193
12.3.4.2;2.4.2 Determination of Water Uptake (WU);193
12.3.4.3;2.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);194
12.3.4.4;2.4.4 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;194
12.3.4.5;2.4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);194
12.3.4.6;2.4.6 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;194
12.3.4.7;2.4.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);195
12.3.4.8;2.4.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetric Testing (DSC);195
12.4;3 Results and Discussion;196
12.4.1;3.1 FT-IR;196
12.4.1.1;3.1.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;197
12.4.2;3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);198
12.4.3;3.3 MOR, MOE, and Ed;199
12.4.4;3.4 Weight Percentage Gain (WPG) and Water Uptake (WU);201
12.4.5;3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);202
12.4.6;3.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);204
12.5;4 Conclusion;205
12.6;Acknowledgements;205
12.7;References;205
13;11 Preparation and Characterizations of Clay-Dispersed Styrene-co-Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate-Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;209
13.1;Abstract;209
13.2;1 Introduction;210
13.3;2 Experimental;211
13.3.1;2.1 Materials;211
13.3.2;2.2 Specimen Preparation;212
13.3.3;2.3 Preparation of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs);212
13.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;212
13.3.4.1;2.4.1 Determination of Weight Percentage Gain (WPG);212
13.3.4.2;2.4.2 Determination of Water Uptake (WU);213
13.3.4.3;2.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);213
13.3.4.4;2.4.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;213
13.3.4.5;2.4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);213
13.3.4.6;2.4.6 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;214
13.3.4.7;2.4.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);214
13.3.4.8;2.4.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetric Testing (DSC);215
13.4;3 Results and Discussion;215
13.4.1;3.1 FT-IR;215
13.4.2;3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;216
13.4.3;3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);217
13.4.4;3.4 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;219
13.4.5;3.5 Weight Percentage Gain (WPG) and Water Uptake (WU);220
13.4.6;3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);221
13.4.7;3.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);223
13.5;4 Conclusion;224
13.6;Acknowledgements;225
13.7;References;225
14;12 Physico-Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Styrene-co-3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propyl Methacrylate with Clay Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;228
14.1;Abstract;228
14.2;1 Introduction;228
14.3;2 Experimental;230
14.3.1;2.1 Materials;230
14.3.2;2.2 Specimen Preparation;230
14.3.3;2.3 Preparation of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;231
14.3.4;2.4 Characterizations;231
14.3.4.1;2.4.1 Determination of Weight Percentage Gain (WPG);231
14.3.4.2;2.4.2 Determination of Water Uptake (WU);231
14.3.4.3;2.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);232
14.3.4.4;2.4.4 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;232
14.3.4.5;2.4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);232
14.3.4.6;2.4.6 Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Dynamic Young’s Modulus (Ed) Measurements;232
14.3.4.7;2.4.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);233
14.4;3 Results and Discussion;234
14.4.1;3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis;234
14.4.2;3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis;234
14.4.3;3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);237
14.4.4;3.4 MOR, MOE, and Ed;238
14.4.5;3.5 Weight Percentage Gain (WPG) and Water Uptake (WU);239
14.4.6;3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);239
14.5;4 Conclusion;242
14.6;Acknowledgments;242
14.7;References;243
15;13 Acrylonitrile/Butyl Methacrylate/Halloysite Nanoclay Impregnated Sindora Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNCs): Physico-mechanical, Morphological and Thermal Properties;246
15.1;Abstract;246
15.2;1 Introduction;247
15.3;2 Experimental;248
15.3.1;2.1 Materials;248
15.3.2;2.2 Preparation of Acrylonitrile/Butyl Methacrylate/Halloysite Nanoclay Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (AN-co-BMA-HNC WPNCs);248
15.3.3;2.3 Impregnation of AN-co-BMA-HNC WPNCs;249
15.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;249
15.3.4.1;2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);249
15.3.4.2;2.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);250
15.3.4.3;2.4.3 Three-Point Flexural Test;250
15.3.4.4;2.4.4 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);251
15.3.4.5;2.4.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);251
15.3.4.6;2.4.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;251
15.3.4.7;2.4.7 Moisture Absorption Test;251
15.4;3 Results and Discussion;252
15.4.1;3.1 Weight Percent Gain (WPG %);252
15.4.2;3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);252
15.4.3;3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;254
15.4.4;3.4 Three-Point Flexural Test;255
15.4.5;3.5 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);255
15.4.6;3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);258
15.4.7;3.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;261
15.4.8;3.8 Moisture Absorption Analysis;261
15.5;4 Conclusion;262
15.6;Acknowledgements;263
15.7;References;263
16;14 Studies on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Impregnated Furfuryl Alcohol-co-Glycidyl Methacrylate/Nanoclay Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;266
16.1;Abstract;266
16.2;1 Introduction;267
16.3;2 Experimental;268
16.3.1;2.1 Materials;268
16.3.2;2.2 Preparation of Furfuryl Alcohol/Glycidyl Methacrylate/Halloysite Nanoclay Wood Nanocomposites (WPNCs) (FA-co-GMA-HNC WPNCs);268
16.3.3;2.3 Impregnation of FA-co-GMA-HNC WPNCs;269
16.3.4;2.4 Microstructural Characterizations;269
16.3.4.1;2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);269
16.3.4.2;2.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);269
16.3.4.3;2.4.3 Three-Point Flexural Test;270
16.3.4.4;2.4.4 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);270
16.3.4.5;2.4.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);270
16.3.4.6;2.4.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;271
16.3.4.7;2.4.7 Moisture Absorption Test;271
16.4;3 Results and Discussion;271
16.4.1;3.1 Weight Percent Gain (WPG %);271
16.4.2;3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);272
16.4.3;3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;272
16.4.4;3.4 Three-Point Flexural Test;273
16.4.5;3.5 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);276
16.4.6;3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);278
16.4.7;3.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;279
16.4.8;3.8 Moisture Absorption Analysis;281
16.5;4 Conclusion;282
16.6;Acknowledgements;282
16.7;References;282
17;15 Nanoclay Dispersed Furfuryl Alcohol-co-Ethyl Methacrylate Wood Polymer Nanocomposites: The Enhancement on Physico-mechanical and Thermal Properties;284
17.1;Abstract;284
17.2;1 Introduction;285
17.3;2 Experimental;286
17.3.1;2.1 Materials;286
17.3.2;2.2 Methods;286
17.3.2.1;2.2.1 Preparation of Furfuryl Alcohol/2-Ethylhexyl Methacrylate/Halloysite Nanoclay Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (FA-co-EHMA-HNC WPNCs);286
17.3.2.2;2.2.2 Impregnation of Wood Specimens with FA-co-EHMA-HNC;286
17.3.3;2.3 Microstructural Characterizations;287
17.3.3.1;2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);287
17.3.3.2;2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);287
17.3.3.3;2.3.3 Three-Point Flexural Test;287
17.3.3.4;2.3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);288
17.3.3.5;2.3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);288
17.3.3.6;2.3.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;289
17.3.3.7;2.3.7 Moisture Absorption Test;289
17.4;3 Results and Discussion;289
17.4.1;3.1 Weight Percent Gain (WPG %);289
17.4.2;3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR);289
17.4.3;3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis;291
17.4.4;3.4 Three-Point Flexural Test;293
17.4.5;3.5 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA);294
17.4.6;3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA);296
17.4.7;3.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis;297
17.4.8;3.8 Moisture Absorption Analysis;299
17.5;4 Conclusion;300
17.6;Acknowledgements;300
17.7;References;300
18;16 Sustainable Application of Various Monomer/Clay Dispersed Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;303
18.1;Abstract;303
18.2;1 Introduction;303
18.3;2 Experimental;306
18.3.1;2.1 Materials;306
18.3.2;2.2 Preparation of ST-co-MMM-Nanoclay;307
18.3.3;2.3 Impregnation of Wood Specimens with ST-co-MMM-Nanoclay;308
18.3.4;2.4 Specimen Preparation;308
18.3.5;2.5 Preparation of Different WPNCs and WPCs;309
18.3.6;2.6 Decay Tests for Wood Specimens with ST-co-MMM-Nanoclay;309
18.3.7;2.7 Laboratory Fungal Decay Resistance Test for WPCs and WPNC;309
18.4;3 Results and Discussion;311
18.4.1;3.1 Decay Test for Wood Specimens with ST-co-MMM-Nanoclay;311
18.4.2;3.2 Decay Resistance of Styrene-co-3-(Trimethoxysilyl) Propyl Methacrylate with Clay Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;313
18.4.3;3.3 Investigation of Decay Resistance Properties of Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites;315
18.4.4;3.4 Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-Maleic Acid Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites: Impact on Decay Resistance Properties;316
18.4.5;3.5 Clay Dispersed Styrene-co-Glycidyl Ethacrylate Impregnated Wood Polymer Nanocomposites: Impact on Decay Resistance Properties;317
18.4.6;3.6 Decay Resistance Characterization of Wood Polymer Composites Impregnated by 4-Methyl Catechol at Various pH Levels;318
18.5;4 Conclusion;319
18.6;Acknowledgements;319
18.7;References;319