Rabinovich Evaluating Measurement Accuracy

A Practical Approach
3rd Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-60125-0
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 329 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology

This book presents a systematic and comprehensive exposition of the theory of measurement accuracy and provides solutions that fill significant and long-standing gaps in the classical theory. It eliminates the shortcomings of the classical theory by including methods for estimating accuracy of single measurements, the most common type of measurement. The book also develops methods of reduction and enumeration for indirect measurements, which do not require Taylor series and produce a precise solution to this problem. It produces grounded methods and recommendations for summation of errors. The monograph also analyzes and critiques two foundation metrological documents, the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) and the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), and discusses directions for their revision.
This new edition adds a step-by-step guide on how to evaluate measurement accuracy and recommendations on how to calculate systematic error of multiple measurements. There is also an extended section on the method of reduction, which provides an alternative to the least-square method and the method of enumeration. Many sections are also rewritten to improve the structure and usability of the material. The 3rd edition reflects the latest developments in metrology and offers new results, and it is designed to be accessible to readers at various levels and positions, including scientists, engineers, and undergraduate and graduate students. By presenting material from a practical perspective and offering solutions and recommendations for problems that arise in conducting real-life measurements, author Semyon Rabinovich offers an invaluable resource for scientists in any field.


The first 16 years of Dr. Semyon Rabinovich's career were spent in industry, where he created a number of electrical measuring instruments, including those that were mass-produced, as well as unique direct-voltage measuring instruments reaching the theoretical sensitivity limits. Following this, Dr. Rabinovich organized the Laboratory of Theoretical Metrology at the All-Union State Research Institute of Metrology (VNIIM) in the former USSR and was the head of this lab for the next 16 years. After a period in the aftermath of his decision to emigrate from the USSR when any reference to his name was a taboo, VNIIM now lists Dr. Rabinovich among their 'renown scientists' in the theoretical metrology area. After moving to the USA, he took part in the work of two ISA Subcommittees in preparing ISA-RP67.04 'Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation' and 'Methodologies for the Determination of Setpoints in Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation.' He has published six books and more than 100 other publications including 21 patents. Previously this book was published by American Institute of Physics. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rabinovich, Semyon G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface to the Third Edition;6
2;Contents;9
3;Abbreviations of Names of Organizations and Institutions;14
4;Chapter 1: General Concepts in the Theory of Measurements;15
4.1;1.1 Basic Concepts and Terms;15
4.2;1.2 The Basic Metrological Problems;18
4.3;1.3 New Forms of International Cooperation in Metrology;24
4.4;1.4 Postulates of the Theory of Measurements;26
4.5;1.5 Classification of Measurements;32
4.6;1.6 Classification of Measurement Errors;37
4.7;1.7 General Approach to Evaluation of Measurement Inaccuracy;39
4.8;1.8 Presentation of Measurement Results;41
5;Chapter 2: Measuring Instruments and Their Properties;44
5.1;2.1 Types of Measuring Instruments;44
5.2;2.2 Metrological Characteristics of Measuring Instruments;46
5.3;2.3 Rating of the Errors of Measuring Instruments;49
5.4;2.4 Dynamic Characteristics of Measuring Instruments;62
5.5;2.5 Calibration and Verification of Measuring Instruments;67
5.6;2.6 Designing a Calibration Scheme;72
5.7;2.7 Statistical Analysis of Measuring Instrument Errors;79
6;Chapter 3: Statistical Methods for Experimental Data Processing;84
6.1;3.1 Methods for Describing Random Quantities;84
6.2;3.2 Requirements for Statistical Estimates;88
6.3;3.3 Evaluation of the Parameters of the Normal Distribution;90
6.4;3.4 Elimination of Outlying Data;94
6.5;3.5 Construction of Confidence Intervals;96
6.6;3.6 Reliability of Estimation of the Variance of a Sample from a Normal Distribution;101
6.7;3.7 Reliability of Estimation of the Standard Deviation of the Mean of a Sample from a Normal Distribution;102
6.8;3.8 Testing Hypotheses About the Form of the Distribution Function;104
6.9;3.9 Testing for Homogeneity of Samples;106
6.10;3.10 Robust Estimates;113
6.11;3.11 Bootstrap Construction of Confidence Intervals;116
6.12;3.12 Application of the Bayes´ Theorem;117
7;Chapter 4: Direct Measurements;119
7.1;4.1 Relation Between Single and Multiple Measurements;119
7.2;4.2 Classification of Elementary Errors;122
7.3;4.3 Modeling of Elementary Errors;127
7.3.1;4.3.1 Absolutely Constant Errors;127
7.3.2;4.3.2 Conditionally Constant Errors;129
7.3.3;4.3.3 Purely Random Errors;130
7.3.4;4.3.4 Quasirandom Errors;130
7.4;4.4 Composition of Uniform Distributions;131
7.5;4.5 Methods for Precise Measurements;137
7.6;4.6 Accuracy of Single Measurements Using a Measuring Instrument Under Reference Conditions;139
7.7;4.7 Accuracy of Single Measurements Using a Measuring Instrument Under Rated Conditions;142
7.8;4.8 Comparison of Standard Deviation and Confidence Interval as Measurement Accuracy Indicators;148
7.9;4.9 Accuracy of Multiple Direct Measurements;151
7.10;4.10 Universal Method for Summation of Random and Systematic Errors;155
7.11;4.11 Analysis of the Accuracy of the Universal Method for Summation of Systematic and Random Errors;158
7.12;4.12 Comparison of Different Methods for Combining Systematic and Random Errors;161
8;Chapter 5: Indirect Measurements;166
8.1;5.1 Terminology and Classification;166
8.2;5.2 Correlation Coefficient and Its Calculation;168
8.3;5.3 Constructing the Composition of Histograms;170
8.4;5.4 Traditional Method of Measurement Data Processing;179
8.5;5.5 Shortcomings of the Traditional Method;184
8.6;5.6 Method of Reduction;187
8.7;5.7 Method of Enumeration;190
8.8;5.8 Accuracy of Single Indirect Measurements Under Reference Conditions for Instruments Involved;194
8.9;5.9 Accuracy of Single Indirect Measurements Under Rated Conditions for Instruments Involved;196
8.10;5.10 Accuracy of a Single Measurement with a Chain of Instruments;197
8.11;5.11 The Monte Carlo Method;199
9;Chapter 6: Combined and Simultaneous Measurements;201
9.1;6.1 General Remarks About the Method of Least Squares;201
9.2;6.2 Measurements with Linear Equally Accurate Conditional Equations;203
9.3;6.3 Measurements with Linear Unequally Accurate Conditional Equations;206
9.4;6.4 Linearization of Nonlinear Conditional Equations;208
9.5;6.5 Examples of the Application of the Method of Least Squares;210
9.6;6.6 General Remarks on Determination of the Parameters in Formulas From Empirical Data;215
9.7;6.7 Construction of Transfer Functions of Measuring Transducers;217
10;Chapter 7: Combining the Results of Measurements;222
10.1;7.1 Introductory Remarks;222
10.2;7.2 Theoretical Principles;223
10.3;7.3 Effect of the Error of the Weights on the Error of the Weighted Mean;227
10.4;7.4 Combining the Results of Measurements with Predominately Random Errors;229
10.5;7.5 Combining the Results of Measurements Containing Both Systematic and Random Errors;231
11;Chapter 8: Examples of Measurements and Measurement Data Processing;235
11.1;8.1 Voltage Measurement with a Pointer-Type Voltmeter;235
11.1.1;8.1.1 Single Measurement Under Reference Condition of the Voltmeter;236
11.1.2;8.1.2 Single Measurement Under Rated Condition of the Voltmeter;238
11.2;8.2 Voltage Measurement with a Potentiometer and a Voltage Divider;239
11.3;8.3 Comparison of Mass Measures;244
11.4;8.4 Measurement of Electric Power at High Frequency;246
11.5;8.5 An Indirect Measurement of the Electrical Resistance of a Resistor;247
11.5.1;8.5.1 Application of the Traditional Method;247
11.5.2;8.5.2 Application of the Method of Reduction;250
11.6;8.6 Measurement of the Density of a Solid Body;252
11.6.1;8.6.1 Application of the Traditional Method;252
11.6.2;8.6.2 Application of Method of Enumeration;255
11.7;8.7 Measurement of Ionization Current;258
11.8;8.8 Measurement of the Activity of a Radioactive Source;261
12;Chapter 9: The International Vocabulary of Metrology and the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement: Analysis, ...;264
12.1;9.1 Introduction;264
12.2;9.2 Critique of the ``International Vocabulary of Metrology´´;266
12.3;9.3 Critique of the ``Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement´´;270
12.3.1;9.3.1 Scope of GUM;270
12.3.2;9.3.2 Philosophy of GUM;271
12.3.3;9.3.3 Terminology of the GUM;271
12.3.4;9.3.4 Evaluation of the Uncertainty in the GUM;273
12.4;9.4 Roots of the Drawbacks of GUM and VIM;274
12.5;9.5 Perspectives on Fixing GUM and VIM;276
13;Chapter 10: Step-by-Step Guide to the Evaluating of Measurement Accuracy;277
13.1;10.1 Introduction;277
13.2;10.2 Conventions for Expressing Accuracy of Measuring Instruments;277
13.2.1;10.2.1 Analog Instruments;278
13.2.2;10.2.2 Digital Instruments;278
13.3;10.3 Single Measurements;280
13.3.1;10.3.1 Direct Single Measurements Under Reference Conditions;280
13.3.2;10.3.2 Direct Single Measurements Under Rated Conditions;283
13.3.3;10.3.3 Indirect Single Measurements Under Reference Conditions;285
13.3.4;10.3.4 Indirect Single Measurements Under Rated Conditions;288
13.4;10.4 Multiple Measurements;290
13.4.1;10.4.1 Universal Method of Summation of Systematic and Random Errors;290
13.4.2;10.4.2 Direct Multiple Measurements;293
13.4.3;10.4.3 Linear Independent Indirect Multiple Measurements;294
13.4.4;10.4.4 Nonlinear Independent Indirect Multiple Measurements: Method of Linearization;296
13.4.5;10.4.5 Dependent Multiple Indirect Measurements: Method of Reduction;299
13.4.6;10.4.6 Independent Indirect Multiple Measurements: Method of Enumeration;301
14;Errata to: Evaluating Measurement Accuracy;305
15;Conclusion;306
15.1;Measurement Data Processing: Past, Present, and Next Steps;306
16;Appendix;310
17;Glossary;316
18;References;320
18.1;Standards and Recommendations;320
18.2;Books and Articles;321
19;Index;323