Solar Thermal Energy Systems

Fundamentals, Technology, Applications
1. Auflage 2024
ISBN: 978-3-031-43172-2
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 1507 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 2917 g

This textbook is intended for master's level engineering students in the field of their studies. It begins with an analysis of the growing world population's energy demand (heat and electricity) and its connection to the undeniable climate change, necessitating the expansion of climate-friendly technologies. The book is divided into two sections. The first section (Chapters 2 to 7) presents the physical fundamentals of solar thermal energy usage, along with the necessary processes, methods, and models. The second section (Chapters 8-12) covers the synthesis of the developed fundamentals applied to various functional solar thermal systems. It not only provides the logic and methods for transferring the physical fundamentals into an operative technical system but also includes aspects of concept development, selection, economic evaluation, and performance. Additionally, measurement and control technology are presented, underpinned by real projects that have already been successfully implemented.

Zielgruppe

Upper undergraduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Platzer, Werner

Stieglitz, Robert

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Energie- & Versorgungswirtschaft Energiewirtschaft: Alternative & Erneuerbare Energien
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Energietechnik & Elektrotechnik
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Alternative und erneuerbare Energien
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Energieumwandlung, Energiespeicherung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction 1.1 Worldwide development of energy demand, energy carriers1.2 Impact of greenhouse gas emissions- Ecological footprint of energy production1.3 Energy forms carriers and conversion options, exergy-anergy  definition1.4 Energy demands & economic considerations1.5 Sector coupling option (Exergie- Heat- Power to heat (P2H) -Heat to power (H2P)1.6 Renewable energy development in Europe and worldwide (perspective, options and business cases)
PART I SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE 2 The sun 2.1 Introduction to the Sun2.2 The Sun as Energy Source2.2.1 Composition of the sun2.2.2 Fusion reaction in the sun2.3 Extraterrestral Solar Radiation 2.3.1 View angle of the sun, luminous distribution over solar disc2.3.2 Solar constant, global irradiation, direct and diffuse irradiation2.3.3 Spectrum of extraterrestric irradiation2.3.4 atmospheric irradiation attenuation 2.3.5 Local and temporal variation of solar irradiation2.3.6 Direct irradiation on horizontal or inclined surfaces2.3.7 Daily, monthly and yearly sums of extraterrestrial irradiation on arbitrarily inclined surfaces2.3.8 Irradiation direction on tracked surfaces2.4 Terrestrial Solar Radiation, Radiation Balance of the Earth2.4.1 Global, direct and diffuse irradiation2.4.2 Attenuation mechanisms in the atmosphere2.4.3 Technical calculation of attenuation in the atmosphere2.4.4 Directionality of diffuse irradiation2.4.5 Typical data for global irradiation2.4.6 Irradiation with cloud cover – statistical methods2.4.7 Calculation of irradiation on arbitrarily inclined surfaces2.5 Quantitative Measurement of Solar Radiation2.5.1 Terrestrial measurements2.5.2 Satellite data evaluation2.5.3 Composition of representative time series of solar irradiation3 Optical conversion 3.1 Radiation transport in transparent media 3.1.1 Reflection, Snellius law and total reflection3.1.2 Polarization, Fresnel formula and Brewster angle3.1.3 Transmission and reflection in transparent media3.1.4 Origin of absorption and reflection in transparent media3.1.5 Technical options to manipulate irradiation transport in transparent bodies3.2 Concentration 3.2.1 Collector efficiency of concentrating systems3.2.2 Significance and limits of the concentration ratio3.2.3 Maximum absorber temperature3.2.4 Geometric tracking aspects3.2.5 Non-imaging concentrators3.2.6 Linear-imaging concentrators - parabolic troughs and parabolic dish3.2.7 Reflector-related limits of the concentration ratio3.2.8 Concentration-related technical fields of use3.3 Selective Absorbers3.3.1 Requirements for a selective absorber3.3.2 Design of selective absorbers3.3.3 Methods for producing thin, selective layers3.3.4 Absorber layers for vacuum application3.3.5 Low and medium temperature absorber layers in air/ vacuum3.3.6 Absorber layers for high temperature applications3.3.7 Degradation mechanisms of selective absorber layers4 Heat transfer mechanisms 4.1 Heat transport processes and application in solar thermal energy4.2 Types of heat transfer4.3 Heat conduction in fluids and solids4.3.1 Stationary heat conduction in fluids and solids4.3.2 Instationary heat conduction in a continuum4.3.3 Application of heat conduction in building services engineering4.3.4 Molecular heat conduction
4.4 Radiation heat transport4.4.1 Emission, Absorption and Reflection4.4.2 Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation4.4.3 Radiation exchange between bodies4.4.4 Radiation exchange between grey diffuse radiating infinite surfaces4.4.5 Radiation exchange between black radiating finite large areas4.4.6 Radiation exchange between grey radiating finite large areas4.4.7 Radiation in the presence of the sun5 Momentum and Energy Transport, heat transfer fluids 5.1 Single phase convective momentum and heat transport5.1.1 Conservation equations5.1.2 Similarity laws in fluid mechanics5.1.3 Laminar momentum exchange5.1.4 Boundary  layer approximation5.1.5 Laminar energy exchange5.1.6 Flow and heat transfer parameters5.1.7 Thermal boundary conditions5.1.8 Laminar heat transfer in tubes5.1.9 Turbulent momentum exchange5.1.10 Turbulent energy exchange5.1.11 Analogy of heat and momentum transport parameters5.1.12 Models and approaches for numerical transport calculations5.1.13 Local fluid dynamic collector calculations- engineering correlations 5.1.14 Transitions between forced, mixed and buoyant convection5.2 Multiphase momentum and energy exchange5.2.1 Flow patterns in two-phase flows5.2.2 Characteristic numbers in two-phase flows5.2.3 Homogeneous  model of two-phase flow5.2.4 Drift model5.2.5 Pressure loss calculations in single and multi-phase flows5.2.6 Flow pattern charts5.2.7 Phase change heat transfer5.2.8 Condensation in tubes and pipes5.3 Practical heat transfer fluids5.3.1 Water / Water glycol5.3.2 Thermooils5.3.3 Molten salts5.3.4 Liquid metals5.3.5 Water / steam6 Solar Thermal Collectors6.1 Distinction between active and passive solar thermal energy 6.2 Collectors 6.2.1 Collector types and typical operating temperatures6.2.2 Passive and active collectors6.2.3 Collector classification6.3 Basic structure and operation of a collector6.4 Non-concentrating collectors6.4.1 Flat-plate collectors6.4.2 Vacuum tube collectors6.4.3 Other collector types6.5 Concentrating collectors6.5.1 Parabolic Trough collectors6.5.2 Linear Fresnel collectors6.5.3 Dish collectors6.5.4 Solar towers with Heliostat fields6.6 Efficiency of solar collectors6.6.1 Collector balance equations 6.6.2 Conversion of efficiency equations6.6.3 Standardization (ISO, ASME)6.7 Collector stagnation 7 Thermal energy Storage 7.1 Energy content and storage requirements7.1.1 Storage capacity7.1.2 Storage charging and decharging7.2 Sensible Storage7.2.1 Liquid storage media7.2.2 Solid storage media7.2.3 Sensible storage systems7.3 Latent heat Storage7.3.1 Principles7.3.2 Liquid-solid phase change7.3.3 Gas-Liquid phase change7.3.4 Latent storage systems7.4 Chemical storage7.4.1 Catalytic reactions7.4.2 Thermal dissociation reactions7.4.3 Adsorption processes7.4.4 Storage systems7.5 Low temperature storage tank7.5.1 Water tank storage types7.5.2 Requirements for storage tanks7.5.3 Temperature stratification within the storage tank7.6 High temperature storage tank 7.6.1 Indirect 2-Tank Storage7.6.2 Direct 2-tank storage7.6.3 Stratified storage tanks and filling materials7.6.4 Particle storage

Über Autor(innen)

Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Werner Platzer is Physicist and received his Ph.D. from the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg in 1988. He has been working for more than 35 years for the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Germany, performing research and development of solar thermal energy material, components and systems, facade technology, and energy efficiency in buildings. His focus in research and teaching is on concentrating solar thermal technology for process heat and power. Until 2015, he served as Director of the Division Solar Thermal and Optics. He cofounded the Fraunhofer Centre for Solar Energy Technology in Santiago de Chile and was Executive Director there in the years 2016 and 2017. Since 2018, he coordinated the international business development of Fraunhofer ISE. He is teaching as Honorary Professor at the Faculty for Environment and Sustainability, University of Freiburg.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Stieglitz obtained a doctoral degree in Engineering in 1994 at the University of Karlsruhe. In his professional career, he spent some time in power industry and joined the research center Karlsruhe (today Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-KIT) in 1995 in leading functions in several science fields associated with heat and mass transfer, instrumentation, material qualification, and nuclear as well as accelerator technologies. In 2009, he was appointed as Director of the Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology (INR), and he simultaneously holds a chair at the university campus as Professor in Applied Thermo-Fluidics. Since 2009, he is Director of the CEA KIT Frederic Joliot-Otto Hahn School and served too many associations as Advisor and Expert such as German Nuclear Reactor Safety Commission, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and others. His scientific record is characterized by more than 240 scientific articles/conference papers and 2 books and some book contributions in several science fields.