Pitkin Biomechanics of Lower Limb Prosthetics

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-03016-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 141 Seiten

Foreword from a Clinical Biomechanist, Applied Physiologist and Prosthetist teaching graduate students in Prosthetics & Orthotics. While there are many books on Biomechanics, arguably the quintessential science of limb prosthetics, none addresses the fundamental principles in sufficient detail and depth to be practically useful to the prosthetist, rehabilitation specialist or researcher. Dr. Pitkin’s monograph is an exemplary collection of theoretical principles from his research and o- ers, presented in its clinical and applied biomechanics form. The textbook provides an excellent overview of the many facets of lower limb prosthetic design and engineering for the ardent clinician researcher and student. The book delves into many of the basic concepts that are required knowledge for the clinician and the scientist to have as the foundation for their work. Dr. Pitkin has an e- quent manner in which he reflects on the history and literature to tell the storied evolution of prosthetic design . He takes the reader on a journey to consider his theories, which have substantive foundations to contemplate. By the end of chapter one, we have the basic h- tory and an appreciation for the rationale behind the “rolling joint ankle” with evidence to support his theoretical views.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pitkin, Mark R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Biomechanics of Lower Limb Prosthetics;1
1.1;Lower Limb Prosthesis;15
1.1.1;1.1 A Need for Better Functionality of Lower Limb Prostheses;15
1.1.2;1.2 Normalization of Prosthetic Gait Parameters as a Way for Increasing the Prosthesis’ Functionality;18
1.1.2.1;1.2.1 Biomechanics and Prosthetics;18
1.1.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Why is Self-Analysis of Gait Difficult to Conduct?;18
1.1.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 A Sound Leg Does not Feel the Body’s Weight;18
1.1.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 How Does the Anatomical Leg Flex and Extend During Gait?;21
1.1.2.2;1.2.2 Anthropomorphicity of Lower Limb Prostheses;21
1.1.2.3;1.2.3 Influence of Moment in Prosthetic Ankle Joint on the User’s Comfort;26
1.1.2.4;1.2.4 Influence of a Moment in Prosthetic Ankle Joint on the Existing Knee Joint of the Involved Leg;32
1.1.2.5;1.2.5 Measurements of the Pressures on the Residuum from the Socket;34
1.1.3;1.3 Structure of Study Design for Development of Lower Limb Prosthesis;38
1.2;References;39
1.3;Biomechanical Investigations of Sound and Prosthetic Gait;42
1.3.1;2.1 Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of Motion;42
1.3.2;2.2 Modeling the Human Body for Motion Analysis;45
1.3.3;2.3 Equipment for Motion Analysis;45
1.3.4;2.4 Architecture of Computerized Gait Analysis;47
1.3.5;2.5 Interpretation of Gait Analysis Results;49
1.4;References;50
1.5;Theory of Ballistic Gait in Prosthetics;52
1.5.1;3.1 .Ballistic Synergy in Normal Gait;52
1.5.1.1;3.1.1 .Generation of the Propulsive “Push-Off”;53
1.5.1.2;3.1.2 .Regular and Intentional Push-Off;54
1.5.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 .Regular Push-Off;55
1.5.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 .Intentional Push-Off;56
1.5.1.3;3.1.3 .Computer Simulation of Regular and Intentional Gait;57
1.5.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 .Simulation of the Propulsion in Regular Gait;58
1.5.1.3.1.1;Simulation of the Propulsion in Static Stage;59
1.5.1.3.1.2;Simulation of the Intentional Propulsion;59
1.5.1.4;3.1.4 .“Angle–Moment” Dependency in Ankle During Normal Gait;60
1.5.1.5;3.1.5 .Contribution of the Knee to Ballistic Synergy;61
1.5.1.6;3.1.6 .Implications for Prosthetics;65
1.5.2;3.2 .Active and Passive Moments in Joints;65
1.5.3;3.3 .Model of a One-Step Cycle: Passive Phase;66
1.5.3.1;3.3.1 .Phase “A” of a Step Cycle;67
1.5.3.2;3.3.2 .Phase “M” of a Step Cycle;68
1.5.3.3;3.3.3 .Working Model Simulation of the Balancing;69
1.5.4;3.4 .A Model of a One-Step Cycle;71
1.5.4.1;3.4.1 .Active Phase “MAHA.2.”;71
1.5.5;3.5 .Generation of Propulsion in Norm and Disruption of Ballistic Synergy in Prosthetic Gait;73
1.5.6;3.6 .Modeling of One-Leg Standing;77
1.5.7;3.7 .Implication for Prosthetic Design;79
1.6;References;80
1.7;Theory of Designing the Anthropomorphic Lower Limb Prostheses;84
1.7.1;4.1 Synthesis of a Mechanism for Prosthetic Joint;84
1.7.1.1;4.1.1 Anatomical Prototype for Modeling a Moment;84
1.7.1.2;4.1.2 Trochoidal Model of the Spring Function of the Anatomical Foot;85
1.7.1.3;4.1.3 Synthesis of a Mechanism for Prosthetic Ankle;92
1.7.2;4.2 Development and Testing of the Rolling Joint Foot and Ankle;97
1.7.2.1;4.2.1 Development of the Rolling Joint Foot and Ankle;97
1.7.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Tuning Features;99
1.7.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Self-Tuning to Walking Speed;100
1.7.2.2;4.2.2 Mechanics Tests of the Rolling Joint Foot and Ankle;100
1.7.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Additional Components of Safety of the Prosthesis’s Use;101
1.7.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Flexural Tests;101
1.7.2.2.2.1;Calculation of the Moment of Resistance Using Raw Data;103
1.7.2.2.2.2;Inversion/Eversion;103
1.7.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Rotational Stiffness;104
1.7.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Mechanical Tests of Rolling Joint Foot and Ankle: Conclusion;105
1.7.3;4.3 Development and Evaluation of the Rolling Joint Knee;106
1.7.3.1;4.3.1 Design Approach;106
1.7.3.2;4.3.2 RJ Knee Mechanism;108
1.7.3.2.1;Stance Phase;108
1.7.3.2.2;Swing Phase;109
1.7.3.3;4.3.3 Mechanical Testing of the Rolling Joint Knee Unit;110
1.7.3.4;4.3.4 Moment of Resistance to Knee Flexion;111
1.7.3.5;4.3.5 Moment of Resistance to the Knee Adduction/Abduction;112
1.7.3.6;4.3.6 Mechanical Tests of RJ Knee: Conclusion;113
1.8;References;113
1.9;Biomechanical Evaluation of Experimental Prostheses;116
1.9.1;5.1 Purpose of Biomechanical Evaluation;116
1.9.2;5.2 Biomechanical Testing of RJFA;117
1.9.2.1;5.2.1 Knee Performance;117
1.9.2.2;5.2.2 Forces and Pressures on Residuum;118
1.9.2.3;5.2.3 Moment of Dorsiflexion;121
1.9.2.4;5.2.4 Biomechanical Testing of RJFA with Adjustable Stiffness;122
1.9.2.5;5.2.5 Biomechanical Testing of RJFA: Conclusion;126
1.9.3;5.3 Biomechanical Testing of the Rolling Joint Leg;126
1.9.3.1;5.3.1 Symmetry of Distant-Time Characteristics Between Involved and Uninvolved Sides;128
1.9.3.2;5.3.2 Moment of Resistance to Knee Flexion–Extension Moment;128
1.9.3.3;5.3.3 Forces and Pressures on Residuum and Their Link with Ankle Moment;130
1.9.3.4;5.3.4 Contribution of the RJ Knee vs. RJ Foot;131
1.9.3.5;5.3.5 Biomechanical Testing of Rolling Joint Knee: Conclusion;132
1.9.4;5.4 Long-Term Outcomes of Rehabilitation with RJFA;132
1.10;References;134
1.11;Principle of Spectral Reciprocity in Biomechanics of Locomotion;136
1.11.1;6.1 Tuning Out of Resonance in Biomechanics of Locomotion;136
1.11.2;6.2 When Resonance is Unwanted;136
1.11.3;6.3 Model of Spectral Optimization;137
1.11.4;6.4 Implication for Prosthetics and Orthotics;140
1.12;References;141
1.13;Biomechanical Aspects of Direct Skeletal Attachment of Lower Limb Prostheses;143
1.13.1;7.1 Methodology of Direct Skeletal Attachment;143
1.13.2;7.2 The Challenge of Longevity for Direct Skeletal Attachment;143
1.13.2.1;7.2.1 Longevity of Skin–Implant Seal;144
1.13.2.2;7.2.2 Longevity of the Bone–Implant Bond;145
1.13.2.2.1;Lessons from Arthroplasty;145
1.13.2.2.1.1;7.2.2.1.1 Strength Requirements for the Implant;147
1.13.3;Recommendations for Implant’s Design;148
1.13.4;Recommendations for Prosthesis’s Design;149
1.13.5;Biomechanical Aspects of DSA: Conclusions;149
1.13.6;Conclusion;149
1.14;References;150
1.15;Index;152