Pineda Mirror Neuron Systems

The Role of Mirroring Processes in Social Cognition
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-59745-479-7
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 376 Seiten

Reihe: Contemporary Neuroscience

The aim of this book is to bring together social scientists, cognitive scientists, psychologists, neuroscientists, neuropsychologists and others to promote a dialogue about the variety of processes involved in social cognition, as well as the relevance of mirroring neural systems to those processes. Social cognition is a broad discipline that encompasses many issues not yet adequately addressed by neurobiologists. Yet, it is a strong belief that framing these issues in terms of the neural basis of social cognition, especially within an evolutionary perspective, can be a very fruitful strategy. This book includes some of the leading thinkers in the nascent field of mirroring processes and reflects the authors' attempts to till common ground from a variety of perspectives. The book raises contrary views and addresses some of the most vexing yet core questions in the field - providing the basis for extended discussion among interested readers and laying down guidelines for future research. It has been argued that interaction with members of one's own social group enhances cognitive development in primates and especially humans (Barrett & Henzi, 2005). Byrne and Whiten (1988), Donald (1991), and others have speculated that abilities such as cooperation, deception, and imitation led to increasingly complex social interactions among primates resulting in a tremendous expansion of the cerebral cortex. The evolutionary significance of an imitation capability in primates is matched by its ontological consequences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pineda, Jaime A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;11
4;Part 1: What Is Imitation?;15
4.1;Unifying Social Cognition;16
4.1.1;1 Shared Representations for Actions;17
4.1.1.1;1.4 Primates;17
4.1.1.1.1;1.1.1 STS;17
4.1.1.1.2;1.1.2 PF;18
4.1.1.1.3;1.1.3 F5;19
4.1.1.2;1.1 Humans;20
4.1.1.2.1;1.2.1 The Core Human Mirror System;21
4.1.1.2.2;1.2.2 Shared Voxels and Shared Circuits;22
4.1.1.2.3;1.2.3 Audiovisual Shared Circuits;23
4.1.1.2.4;1.2.4 Congruent Selectivity;23
4.1.1.2.5;1.2.5 Goal Matching;24
4.1.1.2.6;1.2.6 MNS and Empathy;26
4.1.1.2.7;1.2.7 Are Shared Circuits Limited to the Premotor and Parietal Lobe?;27
4.1.1.2.8;1.2.8 Single Subject Analysis Using Unsmoothed Data Instead of Conventional Group Analysis Reveal the Consistency of Shared Voxels Within and Outside the Premotor and Posterior Parietal Cortex;28
4.1.1.3;1.2 Conclusions;28
4.1.2;2 Sensations;29
4.1.2.1;2.1 Touch;29
4.1.2.2;2.2 Pain;30
4.1.3;3 Emotions;32
4.1.3.1;3.1 Sharing the Emotional State and Shared Voxels in the Insula/Frontal Operculum;32
4.1.3.2;3.2 Sharing the Facial Expression of Other Individuals in the Motor MNS;34
4.1.3.3;3.3 Facial Expressions and Empathy and Autism;35
4.1.3.4;3.4 Summary;36
4.1.4;4 Shared Circuits for Actions, Sensations, and Emotions;36
4.1.5;5 Demystifying Shared Circuits Through a Hebbian Perspective;39
4.1.6;6 Shared Circuits and Communication;41
4.1.7;7 Simulation and Theory of Mind - A Hypothesis;42
4.1.8;8 Overall Conclusions;45
4.1.9;References;45
4.2;Reflections on the Mirror Neuron System: Their Evolutionary Functions Beyond Motor Representation;51
4.2.1;1 The Discovery;51
4.2.2;2 Possible Functions of the Mirror Neuron System;54
4.2.2.1;2.1 Action Understanding;54
4.2.2.2;2.2 Imitation;55
4.2.2.3;2.3 Language;57
4.2.2.4;2.4 Empathy and Theory of Mind;60
4.2.2.5;2.5 Self Representation;61
4.2.3;3 What Is a Mirror Neuron?: Beyond Semantics;62
4.2.4;4 How Do Mirror Neurons Develop?;64
4.2.5;5 The Mirror Neuron System as a Target for Therapeutic Interventions;66
4.2.6;6 Conclusions;68
4.2.7;References;68
5;Part 2: Developmental Aspects;72
5.1;The Neurophysiology of Early Motor Resonance;73
5.1.1;1 Introduction;73
5.1.2;2 The Emergence of an Observation-Execution Matching System: Grasping from Birth?;74
5.1.2.1;2.1 Finger/Hand Movement Imitation in Newborns;74
5.1.2.2;2.2 Facial and Orofacial Gestures Imitation in the Newborn;75
5.1.2.3;2.3 Imitation of Vocal Gestures in Newborns;75
5.1.2.4;2.4 Neonatal Imitation: A Reflex-Like Phenomenon?;75
5.1.2.5;2.5 Methodological Limitations;76
5.1.3;3 Neurophysiological Evidence of Early Emergence;76
5.1.3.1;3.1 Subdural Recordings;77
5.1.3.2;3.2 Electrophysiological Data;78
5.1.3.3;3.3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI);79
5.1.3.4;3.4 Near Infrared Spectroscopy;79
5.1.4;4 The Flexible Nature of the MNS;80
5.1.5;5 Conclusions;82
5.1.6;References;83
5.2;The Rational Continuum of Human Imitation;87
5.2.1;1 The Rational Continuum of Human Imitation;87
5.2.2;2 Two Poles of an Imitation Dichotomy? Selective Imitation and Overimitation;90
5.2.2.1;2.1 Selective Imitation;91
5.2.2.2;2.2 Overimitation;93
5.2.2.3;2.3 Theories of Overimitation;95
5.2.3;3 Selective Imitation and the Hierarchical Organization of Action;96
5.2.4;4 Picking the Right Level of Imitative Selectivity;100
5.2.5;5 Computing Informational Significance;103
5.2.5.1;5.1 Intentional Cues;103
5.2.5.2;5.2 Domain Cues: What’s Special About Tools?;105
5.2.6;6 Overimitation Revisited;108
5.2.7;7 Conclusions;110
5.2.8;References;111
6;Part 3: Neural Basis;114
6.1;From Embodied Representation to Co-regulation;115
6.1.1;1 Introduction;115
6.1.2;2 The Representation Paradigm;116
6.1.3;3 From the Passive Observer to Reception, Reproduction, and Representation;118
6.1.4;4 Co-regulation - The Social-Cognition Model;121
6.1.5;5 Conclusions;123
6.1.6;References;125
6.2;The Problem of Other Minds Is Not a Problem: Mirror Neurons and Intersubjectivity;129
6.2.1;1 Introduction;129
6.2.2;2 The Problem of Other Minds;130
6.2.3;3 Mirror Neurons and Hidden Actions;131
6.2.4;4 Mirror Neurons and Intentions;133
6.2.5;5 The Tea Party Experiment;135
6.2.6;6 Grasping Intentions and Empathy;139
6.2.7;7 Conclusions;140
6.2.8;References;140
6.3;Hierarchically Organized Mirroring Processes in Social Cognition: The Functional Neuroanatomy of Empathy;142
6.3.1;1 Introduction;142
6.3.2;2 Characteristics of Empathy;144
6.3.2.1;2.1 Phylogenetic Continuity;145
6.3.2.2;2.2 Foundational Mechanisms;147
6.3.2.3;2.3 Interdependencies and Dissociability;149
6.3.3;3 Functional Neuroanatomy of Empathy;150
6.3.3.1;3.1 Interoception (Insular and Cingulate Cortices);150
6.3.3.2;3.2 Exteroception (Somatosensory Cortex);153
6.3.3.3;3.3 Amygdala;154
6.3.3.4;3.4 Mirror Neuron System;154
6.3.4;4 Other Dimensions of Empathy;159
6.3.4.1;4.1 Self-Other;159
6.3.4.2;4.2 Mnemonic Processes;161
6.3.4.3;4.3 Hemispheric Asymmetries;161
6.3.5;5 Conclusions;162
6.3.6;References;163
7;Part 4: Relationship to Cognitive Processes;168
7.1;Mirror Neurons and the Neural Exploitation Hypothesis: From Embodied Simulation to Social Cognition;169
7.1.1;1 Introduction;169
7.1.2;2 Mirror Neurons;172
7.1.3;3 Mirroring Mechanisms in Humans;174
7.1.4;4 The Development of Mirroring Mechanisms and Social Identification;176
7.1.5;5 Embodied Simulation and Intentional Attunement;177
7.1.6;6 The MNS and Its Relevance in the Evolution of Social Cognition;179
7.1.7;7 A ‘Neurophenomenological’ Account of Language: Action, Experience, and Their Expression;180
7.1.8;8 Embodied Simulation and Language: Simulation at the Vehicle Level;183
7.1.9;9 Embodied Simulation and Language: Simulation at the Content Level;184
7.1.10;10 The ‘Neural Exploitation Hypothesis’;187
7.1.11;11 Conclusions;188
7.1.12;References;190
7.2;From Imitation to Reciprocation and Mutual Recognition;197
7.2.1;1 Introduction;198
7.2.2;2 Imitation as Source of Innovation;201
7.2.3;3 Reciprocation;203
7.2.4;4 Mutual Recognition;205
7.2.5;5 From Basic Mirroring to Reciprocation and Social Expectations;207
7.2.6;6 From Secondary to Tertiary Inter-Subjectivity;209
7.2.7;7 Emergence of an Ethical Stance;211
7.2.8;8 Conclusions: Human Sociality Buds in Imitation But Blossoms in Reciprocation;213
7.2.9;References;215
7.3;Automatic and Controlled Processing within the Mirror Neuron System;219
7.3.1;1 Introduction;220
7.3.2;2 Automatic Processing Within the Human Mirror System;222
7.3.2.1;2.1 Behavioral Studies;222
7.3.2.2;2.2 Electrophysiological and Neuroimaging Studies;224
7.3.3;3 Controlled Processing in Macaque Mirror Neurons;226
7.3.4;4 Controlled Processing Within the Human Mirror System;227
7.3.4.1;4.1 Behavioral Studies;227
7.3.4.2;4.2 Electrophysiological and Neuroimaging Studies;229
7.3.5;5 Implications of Controlled Processing on the Human Mirror System;231
7.3.5.1;5.1 The Effect of Prior Exposure and Strategy on the Mirror System;231
7.3.5.2;5.2 Attentional Modulation of the Mirror System;233
7.3.6;6 Conclusions;234
7.3.7;References;235
7.4;Embodied Perspective on Emotion-Cognition Interactions;240
7.4.1;1 Introduction;240
7.4.2;2 Representing Emotion: Amodal and Modal Accounts;241
7.4.3;3 Mechanisms of Embodiment and Simulation;242
7.4.4;4 Embodying Emotion;244
7.4.5;5 Perceiving Emotional Information;245
7.4.5.1;5.1 Peripheral Mechanisms;245
7.4.5.2;5.2 Central Mechanisms;246
7.4.6;6 Emotional Understanding and Empathy;247
7.4.7;7 Social Functioning;247
7.4.7.1;7.1 Typical Individuals;248
7.4.7.2;7.2 Individuals with Autism;248
7.4.8;8 Influence of Emotion on Complex Behavior;250
7.4.9;9 Acquiring and Expressing Values, Preferences, and Attitudes;251
7.4.9.1;9.1 Attitude Formation;251
7.4.9.2;9.2 Expression of Attitudes;252
7.4.9.3;9.3 Flexible Embodiment;252
7.4.10;10 Linguistically Represented Emotion Knowledge;253
7.4.10.1;10.1 Emotion Concepts;253
7.4.10.2;10.2 Emotional Language;255
7.4.11;11 Open Issues;256
7.4.12;References;258
8;Part 5: Disorders of Mirroring;263
8.1;The Role of Mirror Neuron Dysfunction in Autism;264
8.1.1;1 Introduction;265
8.1.2;2 Impairments of Social Cognition in Autism;266
8.1.2.1;2.1 Imitation;266
8.1.2.2;2.2 Empathy;270
8.1.2.3;2.3 Theory of Mind;272
8.1.3;3 Mirror Neurons and Autism;276
8.1.4;4 A Mirror Neuron Theory of Autism;280
8.1.5;5 Conclusion;282
8.1.6;References;284
8.2;Synaesthesia for Pain: Feeling Pain with Another;290
8.2.1;1 Introduction;291
8.2.2;2 Mirror Neuron Systems;291
8.2.2.1;2.1 Action Understanding;291
8.2.2.2;2.2 Communication and Speech Perception;292
8.2.2.3;2.3 Empathy;293
8.2.3;3 Behavioral Mimicry and Emotional Contagion;293
8.2.3.1;3.1 Clinical Imitative Behavior;293
8.2.3.2;3.2 Behavioral Mimicry and Emotional Contagion;294
8.2.4;4 Empathic Perception of Another’s Painful Experience;296
8.2.4.1;4.1 Synaesthetic Experience: Case Summaries;298
8.2.4.1.1;4.1.1 Synaesthesia for Touch;298
8.2.4.1.2;4.1.2 Synaesthesia for Pain;298
8.2.4.1.2.1;Mirror Pain in Association with Hyperalgesia;298
8.2.4.1.2.2;Mirror Pain in the Phantom Limb Following Amputation;298
8.2.4.1.2.3;Mirror Pain in the Stumps Following Amputation;300
8.2.4.1.2.4;Mirror Pain Following Traumatic Childbirth;300
8.2.5;5 Mechanisms Underlying Synaesthesia for Pain;300
8.2.5.1;5.1 Mirror Neurons and Empathy for Pain;301
8.2.5.1.1;5.1.1 Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Mechanisms;302
8.2.5.2;5.2 Sensitization and Hypervigilance to Pain;302
8.2.5.2.1;5.2.1 Sensitization to Pain;302
8.2.5.2.2;5.2.2 Attention and Hypervigilance to Pain Cues;303
8.2.6;6 Summary;304
8.2.7;References;305
9;Part 6: Alternative Views;311
9.1;Mirroring, Mindreading, and Simulation;312
9.1.1;1 Introduction;312
9.1.2;2 Definitional Issues;313
9.1.3;3 Four Theses about Mirroring Processes and Mindreading;315
9.1.4;4 Mirroring and Intention Attribution;316
9.1.5;5 Mirror-Based Attribution of Emotion;318
9.1.6;6 Pain and Touch;320
9.1.7;7 The Limits of Mirror-Based Mindreading;322
9.1.8;8 High-Level Simulation-Based Mindreading;325
9.1.9;9 Interactions between Cortical Midline Structures and Mirror Systems?;327
9.1.10;10 Conclusions;328
9.1.11;References;328
9.2;Does the Mirror Neuron System and Its Impairment Explain Human Imitation and Autism?;332
9.2.1;1 The ‘Dysfunctional Mirror Neuron System’ Hypothesis of Autism;332
9.2.2;2 Arguments Against the ‘Broken Mirror’ Hypothesis;334
9.2.2.1;2.1 Action Understanding Is Not Impaired in Autism;334
9.2.2.2;2.2 Imitative Abilities Are Not Impaired in ASD;335
9.2.2.3;2.3 The Mirror Neuron System and Human Imitation;338
9.2.2.3.1;2.3.1 Action Substitution and Efficiency;339
9.2.2.3.2;2.3.2 Fidelity of Imitation;340
9.2.2.3.3;2.3.3 Goal-Directed Imitation;341
9.2.3;3 An Alternative Hypothesis for the Connection Between ASD and Imitation;342
9.2.3.1;3.1 Imitation and Communication;342
9.2.3.2;3.2 Understanding Communicative Intent Is Impaired in Autism;344
9.2.3.3;3.3 The Mirror Neuron System in Autism;346
9.2.4;4 Conclusions;349
9.2.5;References;350
9.3;Neural Simulation and Social Cognition;356
9.3.1;1 Introduction;356
9.3.2;2 Explicit and Implicit Versions of Simulation Theory;357
9.3.3;3 Why Mirror Processes Are Not Simulations;361
9.3.4;4 An Alternative Interpretation;366
9.3.5;References;369
10;Index;373