Parasnis Mining Geophysics

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7501-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 3, 372 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics

Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, 3: Mining Geophysics focuses on the geophysical methods of ore prospecting, including radioactivity, collection of geophysical data, and field measurements. The manuscript first highlights the role of geophysics in ore prospecting and the general aspects of collection and presentation of geophysical data. Discussions focus on classification of geophysical methods, radioactivity, collection of preliminary information, field measurement, and isoanomaly curves. The text then surveys magnetic and self-potential methods, as well as the general magnetic properties of rocks, geomagnetic field, magnetometers, transverse magnetization, and measurement of self-potentials. The publication ponders on electromagnetic, electrical, and induced polarization methods. Topics include classification of electromagnetic methods; use of two frequencies in electromagnetic prospecting; moving source-receiver methods; electrode configurations in resistivity methods; and resistivity measurements in boreholes. The text also examines gravity, seismic, and airborne magnetic and electromagnetic methods. The manuscript is a valuable source of information for geologists and mining engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Parasnis, D. S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Mining Geophysics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Dedication;7
6;Preface;8
7;CHAPTER 1. The Role of Geophysics in Ore Prospecting;18
8;CHAPTER 2. General Aspects of the Collection and Presentation of Geophysical Data;23
8.1;CLASSIFICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS;23
8.2;RADIOACTIVITY;25
8.3;COLLECTION OF PRELIMINARY INFORMATION;25
8.4;TRIAL SURVEYS;26
8.5;STAKING AN AREA;26
8.6;FIELD MEASUREMENTS;29
8.7;GEOPHYSICAL MAPS;30
8.8;ISOANOMALY CURVES;31
8.9;INTERPRETATION;33
9;CHAPTER 3. Magnetic Methods;35
9.1;INTRODUCTION;35
9.2;RECALLING SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS;36
9.3;INDUCED AND PERMANENT MAGNETISM;39
9.4;GENERAL MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ROCKS;40
9.5;SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF ROCKS;40
9.6;PERMANENT MAGNETIZATION (REMANENCE) OF ROCKS;42
9.7;MEASUREMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND REMANENCE;46
9.8;THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD;46
9.9;MAGNETOMETERS;48
9.10;THE ZERO LEVEL;52
9.11;AN OREBODY AS A MAGNET;54
9.12;INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES;57
9.13;A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF A MAGNETIC SURVEY (U-DAL, CENTRAL SWEDEN);61
9.14;MAGNETIC SURVEY IN THE E-O OREFIELD (CENTRAL SWEDEN);65
9.15;TRANSVERSE MAGNETIZATION;69
9.16;A SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION FOR DETERMINING THE POSITION OF AN ORE SHEET;72
9.17;MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF BROAD ZONES;74
9.18;THE GREENSTONE AREA OF LOOS (SWEDEN);79
9.19;VECTOR MEASUREMENTS;80
9.20;EXAMPLE OF VECTOR MEASUREMENTS;86
9.21;BOREHOLE MEASUREMENTS;88
9.22;NOTE ON REVERSE MAGNETIC ANOMALIES;91
10;CHAPTER 4. The Self-Potential Method;92
10.1;INTRODUCTION;92
10.2;ORIGIN OF SELF-POTENTIALS;93
10.3;MEASUREMENT OF SELF-POTENTIALS;95
10.4;FIELD PROCEDURE;99
10.5;EXAMPLES OF SP SURVEYS;101
11;CHAPTER 5. Electromagnetic Methods;111
11.1;INTRODUCTION;111
11.2;GEOMETRY OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD;112
11.3;THE TILT-ANGLE METHOD;115
11.4;AMPLITUDE AND PHASE;119
11.5;THE PHASE ANGLE AND THE VECTOR DIAGRAM;121
11.6;REAL AND IMAGINARY COMPONENTS;123
11.7;MEASUREMENT OF THE REAL AND IMAGINARY COMPONENTS;124
11.8;CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS;125
11.9;FIXED-SOURCE METHODS;126
11.10;LOOP LAYOUTS;143
11.11;MOVING SOURCE-RECEIVER METHODS;144
11.12;EXAMPLES OF MOVING SOURCE-RECEIVER SURVEYS;155
11.13;USE OF TWO FREQUENCIES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING;159
11.14;DEPTH PENETRATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS;160
11.15;AFMAG;162
12;CHAPTER 6. Electrical Methods;164
12.1;INTRODUCTION;164
12.2;RESISTIVITY;166
12.3;RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS AND MINERALS;169
12.4;APPARATUS;170
12.5;COMMUTATION OF CURRENT;172
12.6;EQUIPOTENTIAL METHOD;174
12.7;EARTH-RESISTIVITY METHODS;176
12.8;APPARENT RESISTIVITY;178
12.9;ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS IN RESISTIVITY METHODS;181
12.10;ELECTRIC DRILLING;184
12.11;ELECTRIC MAPPING;189
12.12;MAPPING BY LINEAR CURRENT ELECTRODES (THEORY);191
12.13;FIELD EXAMPLES OF LINE-ELECTRODE MAPPING;194
12.14;THE “MISE-À-LA-MASSE” METHOD;199
12.15;RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BOREHOLES;202
13;CHAPTER 7. Induced Polarization Methods;204
13.1;INTRODUCTION;204
13.2;ORIGIN OF INDUCED POLARIZATION;205
13.3;THE CONDENSER MODEL;208
13.4;EFFECT OF ALTERNATING CURRENT;209
13.5;TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN IP METHODS;211
13.6;MEASURES OF THE IP EFFECT;212
13.7;POLARIZABILITY OF MINERALS AND ROCKS;217
13.8;TWO EXAMPLES OF IP SURVEYS;219
14;CHAPTER 8. Gravity Methods;225
14.1;INTRODUCTION;225
14.2;SCOPE OF THE GRAVITY METHOD IN ORE PROSPECTING;227
14.3;SOME DIFFICULTIES;229
14.4;ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS;231
14.5;GRAVIMETERS;232
14.6;FIELD PROCEDURE;235
14.7;CORRECTIONS TO GRAVIMETER OBSERVATIONS;237
14.8;THE BOUGUER ANOMALY;244
14.9;DENSITY DETERMINATION;245
14.10;INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES;248
14.11;KEY VARIABLES OF GRAVITY INTERPRETATION;250
14.12;GRAVITY PROFILES ACROSS SIMPLE STRUCTURES;254
14.13;REGIONAL AND LOCAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES;259
14.14;GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS ON THE UDDEN SULPHIDE BODY (SWEDEN);262
14.15;EFFECT OF OVERBURDEN ON GRAVITY ANOMALIES;264
14.16;MASS ESTIMATES;267
14.17;A FURTHER EXAMPLE OF A GRAVITY SURVEY;270
14.18;UNDERGROUND AND SHAFT MEASUREMENTS OF GRAVITY;273
14.19;SECOND VERTICAL DERIVATIVES OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES;274
15;CHAPTER 9. Seismic Methods;279
15.1;INTRODUCTION;279
15.2;TYPES OF ELASTIC WAVES;279
15.3;SCOPE OF SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS IN ORE PROSPECTING;281
15.4;GENERATION, DETECTION AND REGISTRATION OF SEISMIC WAVES;282
15.5;THE REFLECTION METHOD;285
15.6;THE REFRACTION METHOD;287
15.7;ILLUSTRATIONS OF SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS IN ORE PROSPECTING;289
16;CHAPTER 10. Radioactive Methods;293
16.1;INTRODUCTION;293
16.2;SCOPE OF THE METHOD;294
16.3;RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND RADIOACTIVE EQUILIBRIUM;295
16.4;RADIOACTIVITY OF ROCKS;296
16.5;INSTRUMENTS AND FIELD PROCEDURE;298
16.6;AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVE PROSPECTING;299
17;CHAPTER 11. Airborne Magnetic and Electromagnetic Methods;302
17.1;INTRODUCTION;302
17.2;LIMITATIONS OF AIRBORNE SURVEYS;304
17.3;EXAMPLES;306
17.4;INTERPRETATION OF AEROMAGNETIC MAPS;308
17.5;INTERPRETATION OF AEROMAGNETIC MAPS;308
17.6;AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS;311
17.7;CLASSIFICATION OF AIRBORNE E.M. SYSTEMS;313
17.8;FIXED-SEPARATION SYSTEMS;315
17.9;PHASE-MEASURING OR QUADRATURE SYSTEMS;316
17.10;DEPTH-PENETRATION AND EFFICIENCY OF AIRBORNE E.M. SYSTEMS;318
17.11;INTERPRETATION OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES;323
17.12;EXAMPLE OF AN AIRBORNE SURVEY;324
18;CHAPTER 12. Combination of Geophysical Methods;328
18.1;INTRODUCTION;328
18.2;THE LOCATION OF GEOPHYSICAL INDICATIONS;329
18.3;EXAMPLES OF THE COMBINATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS;334
19;APPENDIX 1: Simple Method of Determining the Magnetic Susceptibility and Remanence of Approximately Spherical Rock and Ore Samples;343
20;APPENDIX 2: Magnetic Anomaly of Pole Systems;345
21;APPENDIX 3: The Magnetic Field of a Large Rectangular Loop Carrying an Electric Current;348
22;APPENDIX 4: Semi-absolute Calculation of the Electromagnetic Field Components from Turam Reduced Ratios and Phase Differences;349
23;APPENDIX 5: Electric Potential Due to a Point and a Line Current Electrode Placed on the Surface of a Homogeneous Ground;352
24;APPENDIX 6: Method of Images;354
25;APPENDIX 7: Gravity anomalies;356
26;APPENDIX 8: Depth Estimates of Some Simple Mass Shapes;359
27;APPENDIX 9: Notes on the Master Curves in Fig.117 for Total Field Magnetic Anomalies;360
28;References;361
29;Index;368