Padhye / Nayak Acoustic Textiles

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-981-10-1476-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 245 Seiten

Reihe: Textile Science and Clothing Technology

This book highlights the manufacturing and applications of acoustic textiles in various industries. It also includes examples from different industries in which acoustic textiles can be used to absorb noise and help reduce the impact of noise at the workplace. Given the importance of noise reduction in the working environment in several industries, the book offers a valuable guide for companies, educators and researchers involved with acoustic materials.

Dr Padhye is Director of the Centre for Advanced Materials and Performance Textiles at the School of Fashion and Textiles (RMIT University). His research interests include technical textiles, textile wet processing, protective textiles, high-performance textiles, nano materials, and medical textiles. He has produced several international publications in leading journals and book chapters. Dr Nayak is currently working as a post-doctoral fellow at the Centre for Advanced Materials and Performance Textiles, part of the School of Fashion and Textiles (RMIT University). His research interests include nano fibers, technical textiles, high-performance textiles, and protective textiles. He has published contributions on his research in several international journals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Padhye, Rajiv

Nayak, Rajkishore

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 Acoustic Textiles: An Introduction;9
3.1;Abstract;9
3.2;1 Introduction;9
3.3;2 Global Usage of Acoustic Textiles;11
3.3.1;2.1 Reasons for Increased Usage;11
3.3.2;2.2 Statistical Data;11
3.4;3 Noise Generation and Its Impact;12
3.4.1;3.1 Sources of Noise;12
3.4.2;3.2 Impact of Noise Pollution;13
3.5;4 Noise Control;15
3.5.1;4.1 Need for Noise Control;15
3.5.2;4.2 Legality;17
3.5.2.1;4.2.1 United States (US);17
3.5.2.2;4.2.2 Europe;19
3.5.2.3;4.2.3 Asia;20
3.5.2.4;4.2.4 Australia/New Zealand;20
3.5.3;4.3 Methods of Noise Control;21
3.5.3.1;4.3.1 Methods of Noise Control;21
3.5.3.2;4.3.2 Room Acoustic;23
3.5.3.3;4.3.3 Automotive Noise Control;23
3.5.4;4.4 Materials Used for Noise Control;24
3.5.4.1;4.4.1 Porous Materials;25
3.5.4.2;4.4.2 Virgin Materials;26
3.5.4.3;4.4.3 Recycled Materials;27
3.5.4.4;4.4.4 Composites;28
3.6;5 Book Contents;28
3.7;6 Standards and Governing Bodies Relating to Acoustic Materials;30
3.7.1;6.1 Standards;30
3.7.2;6.2 Professional Societies;33
3.7.3;6.3 List of Journals and Global Conferences;35
3.7.3.1;6.3.1 List of Journals;35
3.7.3.2;6.3.2 List of Global Conferences;36
3.8;7 Conclusion;37
3.9;References;37
4;2 Basics of Acoustic Science;41
4.1;Abstract;41
4.2;1 Introduction;41
4.3;2 Sound Generation;42
4.4;3 Sound Wave Propagation;43
4.4.1;3.1 Sound Wave Concept;43
4.4.2;3.2 Sound Interference and Doppler Effect;44
4.4.3;3.3 Absorption;44
4.4.4;3.4 Transmission;45
4.4.5;3.5 Reflection;45
4.4.6;3.6 Refraction;46
4.4.7;3.7 Diffraction;46
4.5;4 Octave and 1/3 Octave Band;46
4.6;5 Sound Attributes;47
4.7;6 Sound Pressure Level;47
4.8;7 Sound Intensity;48
4.9;8 Sound Insulation;49
4.10;9 Sound Classification;49
4.11;10 Conclusion;49
4.12;References;50
5;3 Principles of Sound Absorbers;51
5.1;Abstract;51
5.2;1 Principles of Sound Absorbers;52
5.2.1;1.1 Sound Propagation, Reflection and Absorption;53
5.2.1.1;1.1.1 Propagation;54
5.2.1.2;1.1.2 Absorption;54
5.2.1.3;1.1.3 Scattering;56
5.2.1.4;1.1.4 Flow Resistivity;57
5.2.2;1.2 Porous Absorbers;58
5.2.3;1.3 Resonance Absorbers;63
5.2.3.1;1.3.1 Helmholtz Resonant Absorber;65
5.2.3.2;1.3.2 Micro-Perforated Panel Resonators;67
5.2.4;1.4 Factors Affecting Sound Absorption;69
5.2.4.1;1.4.1 Material Thickness;70
5.2.4.2;1.4.2 Fibre Size;70
5.2.4.3;1.4.3 Porosity;71
5.2.4.4;1.4.4 Density;71
5.2.4.5;1.4.5 Tortuosity;72
5.2.4.6;1.4.6 Compression;72
5.2.4.7;1.4.7 Airflow Resistance;72
5.2.4.8;1.4.8 Surface Impedance;73
5.2.4.9;1.4.9 Position of Sound Absorbers;73
5.2.5;1.5 Applications of Sound Absorbers;73
5.2.6;1.6 Specific Discussions on Acoustic Textiles;76
5.2.7;1.7 Conclusions and Future Directions;77
5.3;References;78
6;4 Materials Used for Acoustic Textiles;81
6.1;Abstract;81
6.2;1 Introduction;81
6.3;2 Raw Materials;83
6.3.1;2.1 Natural and Synthetic Fibres;83
6.3.2;2.2 Recycled Materials: Shoddy;87
6.4;3 Porous Absorbers;88
6.5;4 Panel Absorbers;91
6.6;5 Acoustic Materials Coated, Sprayed or Embedded with Fillers;92
6.7;6 Use of Nanomaterials;93
6.8;7 Recent Trends and Future Directions;96
6.9;8 Conclusion;98
6.10;Acknowledgments;98
6.11;References;98
7;5 Manufacturing Methods for Acoustic Textiles;101
7.1;Abstract;101
7.2;1 Introduction;102
7.3;2 Fibres as Raw Material;103
7.4;3 Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics;104
7.5;4 Polymer Composites;109
7.6;5 Non-conventional Textile Structures;111
7.6.1;5.1 Recycled Materials;111
7.6.2;5.2 Shear Thickening Fluids;112
7.6.3;5.3 Resonance Membrane;113
7.6.4;5.4 Carbon Fibre Felts;113
7.6.5;5.5 Fabric Sleeves;115
7.6.6;5.6 Other Textile Materials;115
7.7;6 Conclusion;119
7.8;References;119
8;6 Acoustical Test Methods for Nonwoven Fabrics;122
8.1;Abstract;122
8.2;1 Evaluation Methods for Acoustic Materials;123
8.2.1;1.1 Introduction;123
8.2.2;1.2 Physical Properties;123
8.2.2.1;1.2.1 Areal Density;124
8.2.2.2;1.2.2 Thickness;124
8.2.2.3;1.2.3 Volumetric Density;125
8.2.2.4;1.2.4 Porosity;125
8.2.2.5;1.2.5 Particle Size Distribution;126
8.2.2.6;1.2.6 Tortuosity;126
8.2.2.7;1.2.7 Compression;127
8.2.3;1.3 Mechanical Properties;128
8.2.3.1;1.3.1 Tensile Properties;128
8.2.3.2;1.3.2 Young’s Modulus;129
8.2.4;1.4 Acoustical Absorption Properties;130
8.2.4.1;1.4.1 Acoustical Absorption;136
8.2.4.2;1.4.2 Sound Transmission Loss (STL);140
8.2.4.3;1.4.3 Airflow Resistivity (AFR);141
8.2.4.4;1.4.4 Comparative Sound Absorption Measurement;143
8.2.4.5;1.4.5 Calculation of Sound Power Ration Between Two Samples;144
8.2.5;1.5 Conclusion;145
8.3;References;147
9;7 Applications of Acoustic Textiles in Automotive/Transportation;149
9.1;Abstract;149
9.2;1 Introduction;150
9.3;2 Automotive Textiles and Vehicle Noise;150
9.3.1;2.1 Sources of Noise Within Vehicles;151
9.3.2;2.2 Interior Vehicle Noise Control;154
9.4;3 Use of Acoustic Textiles in Vehicles;155
9.4.1;3.1 Seating Area;155
9.4.2;3.2 Headliners;157
9.4.3;3.3 Side Panels;157
9.4.4;3.4 Carpets;157
9.4.5;3.5 Trunks;158
9.4.6;3.6 Hood (Bonnet Liner);158
9.4.7;3.7 Other Applications;159
9.5;4 Applications in Other Means of Transport;161
9.5.1;4.1 Use in Aircraft;162
9.5.2;4.2 Use in Trains;163
9.5.3;4.3 Use in Ships;164
9.5.4;4.4 Use in Spacecraft;165
9.6;5 Conclusion;166
9.7;References;167
10;8 Application of Acoustic Materials in Civil Engineering;170
10.1;Abstract;170
10.2;1 Introduction;171
10.2.1;1.1 Sound Insulation Standards;171
10.2.1.1;1.1.1 Tests;173
10.3;2 Various Applications of Acoustic Treatments in Civil Engineering;174
10.3.1;2.1 Acoustic Walls Panels and Floors;174
10.3.1.1;2.1.1 Highway Noise Barriers;175
10.3.1.2;2.1.2 Highway Noise Mitigation Treatments;176
10.3.1.3;2.1.3 Noise Attenuation in Buildings;176
10.3.2;2.2 Acoustic Baffle Systems;178
10.4;3 Commonly Used Sound Insulation Materials in Civil Engineering;178
10.4.1;3.1 Acoustic Wood Panels and Wood Composites;178
10.4.2;3.2 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC);181
10.4.3;3.3 Acoustic Foam Products;182
10.4.4;3.4 Woven Fabric and Fibre Retrofitting for Walls;183
10.4.5;3.5 Noise Absorbing Road Surfaces;184
10.5;4 Other Benefits of Using Sound Insulation Material;185
10.6;5 Summary and Conclusions;185
10.7;References;186
11;9 Design of Acoustic Textiles: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities for Future Direction;189
11.1;Abstract;189
11.2;1 Introduction;189
11.3;2 Design Challenges;191
11.3.1;2.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);193
11.4;3 Environmental Concerns of Manufacturing;195
11.4.1;3.1 Impact of Textile Processes on the Environment;196
11.4.2;3.2 Some Legislation Concerning Acoustic Textiles;197
11.4.3;3.3 Material Selection in Noise Control Elements;198
11.4.3.1;3.3.1 Glass Fibre and Mineral Wool;198
11.4.3.2;3.3.2 Foams;199
11.4.3.3;3.3.3 Nonwovens;200
11.4.3.4;3.3.4 Natural Fibres (Plant and Animal Fibres);200
11.4.3.4.1;Summary of Research Studies Related to Use of Natural Fibres in Acoustical Materials;203
11.4.3.4.2;Biodegradable Versus Recyclable;206
11.4.3.5;3.3.5 Recycled Materials;206
11.4.4;3.4 Ecolabels;207
11.5;4 Recycling Issues;208
11.6;5 Concerns at the End-of-Life;209
11.7;6 Conclusion;210
11.8;References;210
12;Glossary of Terms;215
13;Index;240