Ovalle / Nahirney Netter's Essential Histology E-Book

2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4557-0307-4
Verlag: Elsevier HealthScience EN
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 538 Seiten

Reihe: Netter Basic Science

Netter's Essential Histology integrates gross anatomy and embryology with classic histology slides and cutting-edge scanning electron microscopy to give you a rich visual understanding of this complex subject. This histology textbook-atlas has a strong anatomy foundation and utilizes a variety of visual elements - including Netter illustrations and light and electron micrographs - to teach you the most indispensible histologic concepts and their clinical relevance. Excellent as both a reference and a review, Netter's Essential Histology will serve you well at any stage of your healthcare career.
Gain a rich understanding of this vital subject through the succinct explanatory histology text. Learn to recognize both normal and diseased structures at the microscopic level with the aid of succinct explanatory text as well as numerous clinical boxes.Access the entire contents and ancillary components online at Student Consult, view images and histology slides at different magnifications, and watch new narrated video overviews of each chapter.Take your learning one step further with the purchase of Netter's Histology Flash Cards (sold separately), designed to reinforce your understanding of how the human body works in health as well as illness and injury.Thoroughly comprehend how function is linked to structure through brand-new electron micrographs, many of which have been enhanced and colorized to show ultra-structures in 3D.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ovalle, William K.

Nahirney, Patrick C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Netter's Essential Histology;5
3;Copyright page;6
4;DEDICATION;7
5;PREFACE;9
6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;11
7;ABOUT THE AUTHORS;13
8;FRANK H. NETTER, MD;15
9;Instructions for online access;538
10;Table of Contents;17
11;I: CELLS AND TISSUES;19
11.1;1: THE CELL;19
11.1.1;1.1 OVERVIEW;20
11.1.2;1.2 MICROSCOPES AND TECHNIQUES;21
11.1.3;1.3 DIFFERENT APPEARANCES OF CELLS ACCORDING TO TECHNIQUE;22
11.1.4;1.4 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANES;23
11.1.5;1.5 INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS: ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS;24
11.1.6;1.6 INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS: ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANCHORING JUNCTIONS;25
11.1.7;1.7 INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS: ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GAP JUNCTIONS;26
11.1.8;1.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEOLUS;27
11.1.9;1.9 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEUS: CHROMATIN AND MATRIX;28
11.1.10;1.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE;29
11.1.11;1.11 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA;30
11.1.12;1.12 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIAL CRISTAE AND MATRIX;31
11.1.13;1.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM;32
11.1.14;1.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM;33
11.1.15;1.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RIBOSOMES;34
11.1.16;1.16 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX;35
11.1.17;1.17 FUNCTIONS OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX;36
11.1.18;1.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMES;37
11.1.19;1.19 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PEROXISOMES;38
11.1.20;1.20 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INCLUSIONS: GLYCOGEN;39
11.1.21;1.21 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INCLUSIONS: LIPID DROPLETS;40
11.1.22;1.22 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES: ENDOCYTOSIS, TRANSCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS;41
11.1.23;1.23 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MICROTUBULES;42
11.1.24;1.24 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CYTOPLASMIC FILAMENTS;43
11.1.25;1.25 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLES;44
11.1.26;1.26 THE CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS, AND OTHER CELLULAR PROCESSES;45
11.1.27;1.27 SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE CELL SURFACE: CILIA AND BASAL BODIES;46
11.2;2: EPITHELIUM AND EXOCRINE GLANDS;47
11.2.1;2.1 OVERVIEW;48
11.2.2;2.2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM;49
11.2.3;2.3 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM;50
11.2.4;2.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM;51
11.2.5;2.5 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM;52
11.2.6;2.6 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM;53
11.2.7;2.7 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM;54
11.2.8;2.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM;55
11.2.9;2.9 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AND COLUMNAR EPITHELIA;56
11.2.10;2.10 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (UROTHELIUM);57
11.2.11;2.11 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE UROTHELIUM;58
11.2.12;2.12 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BASEMENT MEMBRANES;59
11.2.13;2.13 OVERVIEW OF EXOCRINE GLANDS;60
11.2.14;2.14 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SEROUS CELLS;61
11.2.15;2.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SEROUS CELLS;62
11.2.16;2.16 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MUCOUS CELLS;63
11.2.17;2.17 STRUCTURE AND HISTOLOGY OF RESTING MAMMARY GLANDS;64
11.2.18;2.18 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF LACTATING (ACTIVE) MAMMARY GLANDS;65
11.2.19;2.19 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAMMARY GLAND ALVEOLI;66
11.2.20;2.20 HISTOLOGY OF ATROPHIC MAMMARY GLANDS;67
11.2.21;2.21 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MAMMARY GLAND DUCTS;68
11.3;3: CONNECTIVE TISSUE;69
11.3.1;3.1 OVERVIEW;70
11.3.2;3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER;71
11.3.3;3.3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MESENCHYMAL CELLS;72
11.3.4;3.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FIBROBLASTS;73
11.3.5;3.5 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FIBROBLASTS;74
11.3.6;3.6 SYNTHESIS OF COLLAGEN;75
11.3.7;3.7 TYPES OF COLLAGEN AND ITS ULTRASTRUCTURE;76
11.3.8;3.8 HISTOLOGY OF ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE;77
11.3.9;3.9 HISTOLOGY OF RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE;78
11.3.10;3.10 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF MAST CELLS;79
11.3.11;3.11 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAST CELLS;80
11.3.12;3.12 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF PLASMA CELLS;81
11.3.13;3.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PLASMA CELLS;82
11.3.14;3.14 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES;83
11.3.15;3.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES;84
11.3.16;3.16 HISTOLOGY OF ADIPOSE TISSUE;85
11.3.17;3.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF UNILOCULAR ADIPOCYTES IN WHITE FAT;86
11.3.18;3.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MULTILOCULAR ADIPOCYTES IN BROWN FAT;87
11.3.19;3.19 HISTOLOGY OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS;88
11.4;4: MUSCLE TISSUE;89
11.4.1;4.1 OVERVIEW;90
11.4.2;4.2 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS;91
11.4.3;4.3 ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE;92
11.4.4;4.4 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS;93
11.4.5;4.5 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS IN LONGITUDINAL SECTION;94
11.4.6;4.6 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS IN TRANSVERSE SECTION;95
11.4.7;4.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM IN SKELETAL MUSCLE;96
11.4.8;4.8 THE SARCOMERE AND MYOFILAMENTS IN CONTRACTION;97
11.4.9;4.9 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MYOFILAMENTS IN TRANSVERSE SECTION;98
11.4.10;4.10 INTRINSIC BLOOD SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE;99
11.4.11;4.11 SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES;100
11.4.12;4.12 HISTOCHEMISTRY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES;101
11.4.13;4.13 HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE;102
11.4.14;4.14 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MUSCLE-TENDON JUNCTION;103
11.4.15;4.15 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SATELLITE CELLS;104
11.4.16;4.16 ORGANIZATION OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS;105
11.4.17;4.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS;106
11.4.18;4.18 HISTOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE;107
11.4.19;4.19 ULTRASTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE;108
11.4.20;4.20 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE IN LONGITUDINAL SECTION;109
11.4.21;4.21 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE IN TRANSVERSE SECTION;110
11.4.22;4.22 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF INTERCALATED DISCS;111
11.4.23;4.23 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ATRIAL MYOCYTES;112
11.4.24;4.24 HISTOLOGY OF PURKINJE FIBERS;113
11.4.25;4.25 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PURKINJE FIBERS;114
11.4.26;4.26 HISTOLOGY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE;115
11.4.27;4.27 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE;116
11.4.28;4.28 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN TRANSVERSE SECTION;117
11.4.29;4.29 INNERVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE;118
11.5;5: NERVOUS TISSUE;119
11.5.1;5.1 OVERVIEW;120
11.5.2;5.2 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT;121
11.5.3;5.3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MENINGES;122
11.5.4;5.4 NEUROCYTOLOGY: CYTOARCHITECTURE;123
11.5.5;5.5 NEUROCYTOLOGY: STAINING METHODS;124
11.5.6;5.6 STRUCTURE OF A NEURON;125
11.5.7;5.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A NEURON IN GRAY MATTER IN RELATION TO SURROUNDING STRUCTURES;126
11.5.8;5.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A SPINAL CORD NEURON SOMA;127
11.5.9;5.9 TYPES OF SYNAPSES;128
11.5.10;5.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SYNAPSES;129
11.5.11;5.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLIAL CELLS;130
11.5.12;5.12 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ASTROCYTES;131
11.5.13;5.13 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER;132
11.5.14;5.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER;133
11.5.15;5.15 MYELINATION OF AXONS IN THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS;134
11.5.16;5.16 OLIGODENDROCYTES AND MYELINATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM;135
11.5.17;5.17 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EPENDYMA;136
11.5.18;5.18 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS;137
11.5.19;5.19 CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX;138
11.5.20;5.20 CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE CEREBELLUM;139
11.5.21;5.21 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CEREBELLUM;140
11.5.22;5.22 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD;141
11.5.23;5.23 HISTOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES;142
11.5.24;5.24 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MYELINATED AND UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM;143
11.5.25;5.25 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM;144
11.5.26;5.26 NERVE FIBERS IN LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND NODES OF RANVIER IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM;145
11.5.27;5.27 HISTOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA;146
11.5.28;5.28 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PERIPHERAL GANGLIA;147
11.5.29;5.29 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PERINEURIUM;148
11.6;6: CARTILAGE AND BONE;149
11.6.1;6.1 OVERVIEW;150
11.6.2;6.2 STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE;151
11.6.3;6.3 HISTOLOGY OF HYALINE CARTILAGE;152
11.6.4;6.4 COMPOSITION OF HYALINE CARTILAGE MATRIX;153
11.6.5;6.5 HISTOLOGY OF FIBROCARTILAGE;154
11.6.6;6.6 HISTOLOGY OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE;155
11.6.7;6.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHONDROCYTES;156
11.6.8;6.8 OVERVIEW OF BONE FORMATION (OSTEOGENESIS);157
11.6.9;6.9 INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONE FORMATION;158
11.6.10;6.10 ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION;159
11.6.11;6.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GROWTH PLATES;160
11.6.12;6.12 HISTOLOGY OF THE GROWTH PLATE AND THE METAPHYSIS;161
11.6.13;6.13 HISTOLOGY OF TRABECULAR BONE DEPOSITION AND RESORPTION;162
11.6.14;6.14 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE CELLS OF TRABECULAR BONE;163
11.6.15;6.15 MICROARCHITECTURE OF COMPACT BONE;164
11.6.16;6.16 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF SPONGY AND COMPACT BONE;165
11.6.17;6.17 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PERIOSTEUM;166
11.6.18;6.18 FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF COLLAGEN;167
11.6.19;6.19 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF OSTEOBLASTS;168
11.6.20;6.20 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF OSTEOCYTES;169
11.6.21;6.21 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF OSTEOCLASTS;170
11.6.22;6.22 BONE FRACTURE REPAIR: EARLY EVENTS;171
11.6.23;6.23 BONE FRACTURE REPAIR: INTERMEDIATE AND LATE EVENTS;172
11.6.24;6.24 HISTOLOGY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS;173
11.6.25;6.25 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE SYNOVIUM;174
11.7;7: BLOOD AND BONE MARROW;175
11.7.1;7.1 OVERVIEW;176
11.7.2;7.2 FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD;177
11.7.3;7.3 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES;178
11.7.4;7.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEUTROPHILS;179
11.7.5;7.5 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EOSINOPHILS;180
11.7.6;7.6 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BASOPHILS;181
11.7.7;7.7 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LYMPHOCYTES;182
11.7.8;7.8 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MONOCYTES;183
11.7.9;7.9 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELETS;184
11.7.10;7.10 HISTOLOGY OF BONE MARROW;185
11.7.11;7.11 METHODS OF STUDYING BONE MARROW;186
11.7.12;7.12 HEMATOPOIESIS;187
11.7.13;7.13 ERYTHROPOIESIS;188
11.7.14;7.14 GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS;189
11.7.15;7.15 MONOCYTOPOIESIS, LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS, AND THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS;190
12;II: SYSTEMS;191
12.1;8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM;191
12.1.1;8.1 OVERVIEW;192
12.1.2;8.2 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE HEART WALL AND PERICARDIUM;193
12.1.3;8.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE ENDOCARDIUM AND MYOCARDIUM;194
12.1.4;8.4 HISTOLOGY OF HEART VALVES;195
12.1.5;8.5 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS;196
12.1.6;8.6 HISTOLOGY OF ELASTIC ARTERIES;197
12.1.7;8.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE AORTA;198
12.1.8;8.8 HISTOLOGY OF LARGE VEINS: THE VENAE CAVAE;199
12.1.9;8.9 HISTOLOGY OF MUSCULAR ARTERIES AND VEINS;200
12.1.10;8.10 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CORONARY ARTERIES;201
12.1.11;8.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ARTERIOLES;202
12.1.12;8.12 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ARTERIOLES AND VENULES;203
12.1.13;8.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;204
12.1.14;8.14 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF VENULES, VEINS, AND VENOUS VALVES;205
12.1.15;8.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ENDOTHELIUM;206
12.1.16;8.16 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CAPILLARIES;207
12.1.17;8.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TIGHT CAPILLARIES;208
12.1.18;8.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES;209
12.1.19;8.19 INNERVATION OF BLOOD VESSELS;210
12.1.20;8.20 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES;211
12.1.21;8.21 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE THORACIC DUCT;212
12.2;9: LYMPHOID SYSTEM;213
12.2.1;9.1 OVERVIEW;214
12.2.2;9.2 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS;215
12.2.3;9.3 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF MUCOSAASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE;216
12.2.4;9.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LYMPH NODES;217
12.2.5;9.5 HISTOLOGY OF LYMPH NODES: CORTEX AND PARACORTEX;218
12.2.6;9.6 HISTOLOGY OF LYMPH NODES: MEDULLA AND SINUSES;219
12.2.7;9.7 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HIGH ENDOTHELIAL VENULES;220
12.2.8;9.8 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TONSILS;221
12.2.9;9.9 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF TONSILS;222
12.2.10;9.10 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE THYMUS;223
12.2.11;9.11 HISTOLOGY OF THE THYMUS;224
12.2.12;9.12 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD-THYMUS BARRIER;225
12.2.13;9.13 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE THYMIC MEDULLA AND HASSALL CORPUSCLES;226
12.2.14;9.14 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN;227
12.2.15;9.15 HISTOLOGY OF THE SPLEEN;228
12.2.16;9.16 BLOOD SUPPLY TO WHITE PULP;229
12.2.17;9.17 BLOOD SUPPLY TO RED PULP;230
12.3;10: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM;231
12.3.1;10.1 OVERVIEW;232
12.3.2;10.2 ANATOMY OF THE PITUITARY;233
12.3.3;10.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PITUITARY;234
12.3.4;10.4 DIVISIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PITUITARY;235
12.3.5;10.5 BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE PITUITARY;236
12.3.6;10.6 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE PITUITARY LOBES;237
12.3.7;10.7 HISTOLOGY OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE: CHROMOPHILS AND CHROMOPHOBES;238
12.3.8;10.8 IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY OF CELLS OF THE PARS DISTALIS;239
12.3.9;10.9 FUNCTIONS OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS;240
12.3.10;10.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE;241
12.3.11;10.11 FUNCTIONS OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS;242
12.3.12;10.12 HISTOLOGY OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE;243
12.3.13;10.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE;244
12.3.14;10.14 OVERVIEW OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID;245
12.3.15;10.15 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE THYROID;246
12.3.16;10.16 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS;247
12.3.17;10.17 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID;248
12.3.18;10.18 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARATHYROID CHIEF CELLS;249
12.3.19;10.19 OVERVIEW OF THE ADRENAL AND ITS BLOOD SUPPLY;250
12.3.20;10.20 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADRENAL;251
12.3.21;10.21 HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE ADRENAL;252
12.3.22;10.22 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA;253
12.3.23;10.23 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPONGIOCYTES IN THE ZONA FASCICULATA;254
12.3.24;10.24 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHROMAFFIN CELLS IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA;255
12.3.25;10.25 OVERVIEW AND HISTOLOGY OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS;256
12.3.26;10.26 IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS;257
12.3.27;10.27 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS;258
12.3.28;10.28 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BETA CELLS;259
12.3.29;10.29 HISTOLOGY OF THE PINEAL;260
12.4;11: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM;261
12.4.1;11.1 OVERVIEW;262
12.4.2;11.2 HISTOLOGY OF THICK AND THIN SKIN;263
12.4.3;11.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE EPIDERMIS;264
12.4.4;11.4 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EPIDERMIS;265
12.4.5;11.5 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF KERATINOCYTES;266
12.4.6;11.6 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF EPIDERMAL MELANOCYTES;267
12.4.7;11.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MELANOCYTES AND MELANOGENESIS;268
12.4.8;11.8 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EPIDERMAL LANGERHANS CELLS;269
12.4.9;11.9 HISTOLOGY AND VASCULATURE OF THE DERMIS;270
12.4.10;11.10 HISTOLOGY AND INNERVATION OF THE DERMIS;271
12.4.11;11.11 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS;272
12.4.12;11.12 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS;273
12.4.13;11.13 HISTOLOGY OF PILOSEBACEOUS UNITS: HAIR;274
12.4.14;11.14 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF PILOSEBACEOUS UNITS: HAIR FOLLICLES AND HAIR GROWTH;275
12.4.15;11.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HAIR AND ITS FOLLICLES;276
12.4.16;11.16 HISTOLOGY OF SEBACEOUS GLANDS AND ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES;277
12.4.17;11.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SEBACEOUS GLANDS;278
12.4.18;11.18 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF NAILS;279
12.4.19;11.19 HISTOLOGY OF PSORIASIS;280
12.5;12: UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM;281
12.5.1;12.1 OVERVIEW;282
12.5.2;12.2 HISTOLOGY OF THE LIPS: SKIN AND VERMILION BORDER;283
12.5.3;12.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE LIPS: ORAL MUCOSA AND CENTRAL CORE;284
12.5.4;12.4 HISTOLOGY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: CHEEK AND GINGIVA;285
12.5.5;12.5 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE TONGUE;286
12.5.6;12.6 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF LINGUAL PAPILLAE;287
12.5.7;12.7 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PALATE;288
12.5.8;12.8 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TEETH;289
12.5.9;12.9 DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOLOGY OF TEETH: AMELOBLASTS AND ODONTOBLASTS;290
12.5.10;12.10 HISTOLOGY OF TEETH: DENTIN AND ENAMEL;291
12.5.11;12.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS;292
12.5.12;12.12 HISTOLOGY OF PAROTID GLANDS;293
12.5.13;12.13 HISTOLOGY OF MIXED SALIVARY (SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL) GLANDS;294
12.5.14;12.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STRIATED DUCTS;295
12.5.15;12.15 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS;296
12.5.16;12.16 HISTOLOGY OF THE ESOPHAGUS: MUCOSA;297
12.5.17;12.17 HISTOLOGY OF MUCOUS GLANDS OF THE ESOPHAGUS;298
12.5.18;12.18 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS: MUSCULARIS EXTERNA AND ADVENTITIA;299
12.5.19;12.19 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION;300
12.5.20;12.20 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;301
12.6;13: LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM;303
12.6.1;13.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREGUT, MIDGUT, AND HINDGUT;304
12.6.2;13.2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH;305
12.6.3;13.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE STOMACH: GASTRIC GLANDS AND PITS;306
12.6.4;13.4 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF SURFACE MUCOUS AND MUCOUS NECK CELLS;307
12.6.5;13.5 HISTOLOGY OF GASTRIC CHIEF CELLS AND PARIETAL CELLS;308
12.6.6;13.6 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PARIETAL CELLS;309
12.6.7;13.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GASTRIC CHIEF CELLS;310
12.6.8;13.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS;311
12.6.9;13.9 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SEROSA AND MUSCULARIS EXTERNA;312
12.6.10;13.10 HISTOLOGY OF THE GASTRODUODENAL JUNCTION;313
12.6.11;13.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE;314
12.6.12;13.12 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE DUODENUM;315
12.6.13;13.13 HISTOLOGY OF THE JEJUNUM;316
12.6.14;13.14 HISTOLOGY OF THE ILEUM;317
12.6.15;13.15 HISTOLOGY AND CELL RENEWAL OF THE EPITHELIUM OF THE SMALL INTESTINE;318
12.6.16;13.16 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENTEROCYTES;319
12.6.17;13.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GOBLET CELLS;320
12.6.18;13.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PANETH CELLS;321
12.6.19;13.19 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE;322
12.6.20;13.20 HISTOLOGY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE;323
12.6.21;13.21 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE APPENDIX;324
12.6.22;13.22 HISTOLOGY OF THE APPENDIX;325
12.6.23;13.23 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ANORECTAL JUNCTION;326
12.6.24;13.24 HISTOLOGY OF THE ANORECTAL JUNCTION;327
12.7;14: LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS;329
12.7.1;14.1 OVERVIEW OF THE LIVER;330
12.7.2;14.2 CLASSIC HEPATIC LOBULES;331
12.7.3;14.3 PORTAL TRIADS WITH BLOOD AND BILE SUPPLY;332
12.7.4;14.4 HISTOLOGY OF THE PORTAL TRACT AND CENTRAL VEIN;333
12.7.5;14.5 HISTOLOGIC ARRANGEMENT OF HEPATIC PARENCHYMA;334
12.7.6;14.6 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LIVER ACINUS;335
12.7.7;14.7 HISTOLOGY OF GLISSON CAPSULE;336
12.7.8;14.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HEPATOCYTES;337
12.7.9;14.9 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HEPATOCYTES;338
12.7.10;14.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HEPATIC SINUSOIDS;339
12.7.11;14.11 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KUPFFER CELLS;340
12.7.12;14.12 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPACE OF DISSÉ;341
12.7.13;14.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS;342
12.7.14;14.14 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HEPATIC BILIARY DUCT SYSTEM;343
12.7.15;14.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BILE CANALICULI;344
12.7.16;14.16 OVERVIEW OF THE GALLBLADDER;345
12.7.17;14.17 HISTOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER WALL;346
12.7.18;14.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GALLBLADDER MUCOSA;347
12.7.19;14.19 OVERVIEW OF THE PANCREAS;348
12.7.20;14.20 HISTOLOGY OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS: DUCTS;349
12.7.21;14.21 HISTOLOGY OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS: ACINI;350
12.7.22;14.22 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS;351
12.7.23;14.23 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PANCREAS;352
12.8;15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;353
12.8.1;15.1 OVERVIEW;354
12.8.2;15.2 STRUCTURE OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND PARANASAL SINUSES;355
12.8.3;15.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND PARANASAL SINUSES;356
12.8.4;15.4 HISTOLOGY OF THE EPIGLOTTIS;357
12.8.5;15.5 HISTOLOGY OF THE LARYNX AND VOCAL CORDS;358
12.8.6;15.6 STRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEA AND MAJOR BRONCHI;359
12.8.7;15.7 HISTOLOGY OF THE TRACHEA;360
12.8.8;15.8 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM;361
12.8.9;15.9 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM;362
12.8.10;15.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY CILIA;363
12.8.11;15.11 HISTOLOGY OF THE BRONCHI;364
12.8.12;15.12 STRUCTURE OF INTRAPULMONARY AIRWAYS;365
12.8.13;15.13 HISTOLOGY OF TERMINAL AND RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES;366
12.8.14;15.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BRONCHIOLAR EPITHELIUM: CLARA CELLS;367
12.8.15;15.15 INTRAPULMONARY BLOOD CIRCULATION;368
12.8.16;15.16 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PULMONARY ALVEOLI;369
12.8.17;15.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD-AIR BARRIER;370
12.8.18;15.18 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES;371
12.8.19;15.19 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES;372
12.8.20;15.20 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;373
12.9;16: URINARY SYSTEM;375
12.9.1;16.1 OVERVIEW;376
12.9.2;16.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE RENAL VASCULATURE;377
12.9.3;16.3 ANATOMY OF THE URINIFEROUS TUBULE (NEPHRON AND COLLECTING DUCT);378
12.9.4;16.4 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE RENAL CORTEX;379
12.9.5;16.5 HISTOLOGY OF RENAL CORPUSCLES;380
12.9.6;16.6 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF RENAL CORPUSCLES;381
12.9.7;16.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RENAL CORPUSCLES;382
12.9.8;16.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RENAL FILTRATION BARRIER;383
12.9.9;16.9 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF RENAL PODOCYTES;384
12.9.10;16.10 HISTOLOGY OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL TUBULES;385
12.9.11;16.11 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL TUBULES;386
12.9.12;16.12 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROXIMAL TUBULES;387
12.9.13;16.13 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR COMPLEX;388
12.9.14;16.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR COMPLEX;389
12.9.15;16.15 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LOOPS OF HENLE (THIN SEGMENTS);390
12.9.16;16.16 HISTOLOGY OF COLLECTING DUCTS;391
12.9.17;16.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF COLLECTING DUCTS;392
12.9.18;16.18 PRONEPHROS, MESONEPHROS, AND METANEPHROS;393
12.9.19;16.19 DEVELOPMENT OF THE METANEPHROS;394
12.9.20;16.20 HISTOLOGY OF THE URETERS AND URINARY BLADDER;395
12.9.21;16.21 HISTOLOGY OF THE URETERS;396
12.9.22;16.22 HISTOLOGY OF THE URINARY BLADDER;397
12.9.23;16.23 HISTOLOGY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE URETHRA;398
12.10;17: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM;399
12.10.1;17.1 OVERVIEW;400
12.10.2;17.2 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF TESTES;401
12.10.3;17.3 TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT AND SPERMATOGENESIS;402
12.10.4;17.4 HISTOLOGY OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES;403
12.10.5;17.5 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES AND SPERMATOGENESIS;404
12.10.6;17.6 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GERM CELLS AND EARLY SPERMIOGENESIS;405
12.10.7;17.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GERM CELLS AND LATER SPERMIOGENESIS;406
12.10.8;17.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SERTOLI CELLS;407
12.10.9;17.9 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LEYDIG CELLS;408
12.10.10;17.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LEYDIG CELLS;409
12.10.11;17.11 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE EPIDIDYMIS;410
12.10.12;17.12 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE EPIDIDYMIS;411
12.10.13;17.13 HISTOLOGY OF THE DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS;412
12.10.14;17.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS;413
12.10.15;17.15 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLES;414
12.10.16;17.16 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE PROSTATE;415
12.10.17;17.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE PROSTATE;416
12.10.18;17.18 HISTOLOGY OF SEMINAL VESICLES;417
12.10.19;17.19 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE URETHRA AND PENIS;418
12.10.20;17.20 HISTOLOGY OF THE PENIS;419
12.10.21;17.21 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE PENIS;420
12.11;18: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM;421
12.11.1;18.1 OVERVIEW;422
12.11.2;18.2 OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND DEVELOPMENT;423
12.11.3;18.3 HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARIAN CORTEX;424
12.11.4;18.4 HISTOLOGY OF DEVELOPING OVARIAN FOLLICLES;425
12.11.5;18.5 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF DEVELOPING OVARIAN FOLLICLES;426
12.11.6;18.6 HISTOLOGY OF MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES;427
12.11.7;18.7 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM;428
12.11.8;18.8 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STEROID-SECRETING CELLS IN THE OVARY;429
12.11.9;18.9 HISTOLOGY OF ATRETIC FOLLICLES AND SENILE OVARIES;430
12.11.10;18.10 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FALLOPIAN TUBES;431
12.11.11;18.11 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF FALLOPIAN TUBES;432
12.11.12;18.12 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EPITHELIUM OF FALLOPIAN TUBES;433
12.11.13;18.13 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE UTERUS;434
12.11.14;18.14 ENDOMETRIAL BLOOD SUPPLY;435
12.11.15;18.15 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: HISTOLOGIC AND HORMONAL CHANGES;436
12.11.16;18.16 HISTOLOGY OF THE ENDOMETRIUM: FOLLICULAR PHASE;437
12.11.17;18.17 HISTOLOGY OF THE ENDOMETRIUM: LUTEAL PHASE;438
12.11.18;18.18 HISTOLOGY OF THE CERVIX;439
12.11.19;18.19 HISTOLOGY OF THE VAGINA;440
12.11.20;18.20 ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA;441
12.11.21;18.21 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA;442
12.11.22;18.22 HISTOLOGY OF THE PLACENTA;443
12.11.23;18.23 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTAL BARRIER;444
12.11.24;18.24 HISTOLOGY OF THE UMBILICAL CORD;445
12.11.25;18.25 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF MAMMARY GLANDS;446
12.11.26;18.26 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF NIPPLES AND AREOLAE;447
12.12;19: EYE AND ADNEXA;449
12.12.1;19.1 OVERVIEW;450
12.12.2;19.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE;451
12.12.3;19.3 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE CORNEA;452
12.12.4;19.4 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CORNEAL STROMA;453
12.12.5;19.5 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE IRIS;454
12.12.6;19.6 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE LENS;455
12.12.7;19.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LENS FIBERS;456
12.12.8;19.8 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE CILIARY BODY;457
12.12.9;19.9 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE CILIARY BODY AND ZONULAR FIBERS;458
12.12.10;19.10 HISTOLOGY OF THE CANAL OF SCHLEMM AND DRAINAGE OF AQUEOUS HUMOR;459
12.12.11;19.11 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RETINA;460
12.12.12;19.12 HISTOLOGY OF THE RETINA;461
12.12.13;19.13 HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF RETINAL PHOTORECEPTORS;462
12.12.14;19.14 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MEMBRANOUS DISCS;463
12.12.15;19.15 REGIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE RETINA;464
12.12.16;19.16 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM;465
12.12.17;19.17 BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE RETINA;466
12.12.18;19.18 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EYELIDS: CUTANEOUS SURFACE AND CORE;467
12.12.19;19.19 STRUCTURE OF EYELIDS: FREE MARGIN AND CONJUNCTIVAL SURFACE;468
12.12.20;19.20 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LACRIMAL GLANDS;469
12.13;20: SPECIAL SENSES;471
12.13.1;20.1 OVERVIEW;472
12.13.2;20.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EAR;473
12.13.3;20.3 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS;474
12.13.4;20.4 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND AUDITORY TUBE;475
12.13.5;20.5 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE COCHLEA;476
12.13.6;20.6 HISTOLOGY OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI;477
12.13.7;20.7 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF COCHLEAR HAIR CELLS;478
12.13.8;20.8 HISTOLOGY OF VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS: CRISTA AMPULLARIS AND MACULA;479
12.13.9;20.9 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE CRISTA AMPULLARIS;480
12.13.10;20.10 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VESTIBULAR HAIR CELLS;481
12.13.11;20.11 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF OLFACTORY MUCOSA;482
12.13.12;20.12 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM;483
12.13.13;20.13 STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TASTE BUDS;484
12.13.14;20.14 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF TASTE BUDS;485
12.13.15;20.15 ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TASTE BUDS;486
12.13.16;20.16 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CUTANEOUS SENSORY RECEPTORS;487
12.13.17;20.17 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MERKEL CELL–NEURITE COMPLEXES;488
12.13.18;20.18 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF MEISSNER AND PACINIAN CORPUSCLES;489
12.13.19;20.19 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INTEROCEPTORS: CAROTID BODY AND SINUS;490
12.13.20;20.20 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A CAROTID BODY;491
12.13.21;20.21 HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF MUSCLE SPINDLES;492
12.13.22;20.22 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MUSCLE SPINDLES;493
12.13.23;20.23 INNERVATION OF MUSCLE SPINDLES;494
12.13.24;20.24 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GOLGI TENDON ORGANS;495
13;Appendix: STAINING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES479;497
14;Index;499

Leseproben

1 THE CELL
1.1. Overview 1.2. Microscopes and Techniques 1.3. Different Appearances of Cells According to Technique 1.4. Ultrastructure and Function of Cell Membranes 1.5. Intercellular Junctions: Ultrastructure and Function of Tight Junctions 1.6. Intercellular Junctions: Ultrastructure and Function of Anchoring Junctions 1.7. Intercellular Junctions: Ultrastructure and Function of Gap Junctions 1.8. Ultrastructure and Function of the Nucleus and Nucleolus 1.9. Ultrastructure and Function of the Nucleus: Chromatin and Matrix 1.10. Ultrastructure and Function of the Nuclear Envelope 1.11. Ultrastructure and Function of Mitochondria 1.12. Ultrastructure and Function of Mitochondrial Cristae and Matrix 1.13. Ultrastructure and Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 1.14. Ultrastructure and Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 1.15. Ultrastructure and Function of Ribosomes 1.16. Ultrastructure of the Golgi Complex 1.17. Functions of the Golgi Complex 1.18. Ultrastructure and Function of Lysosomes 1.19. Ultrastructure and Function of Peroxisomes 1.20. Ultrastructure and Function of Inclusions: Glycogen 1.21. Ultrastructure and Function of Inclusions: Lipid Droplets 1.22. Ultrastructure and Function of Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Endocytosis, Transcytosis, and Exocytosis 1.23. Ultrastructure and Function of Microtubules 1.24. Ultrastructure and Function of Cytoplasmic Filaments 1.25. Ultrastructure and Function of the Centrosome and Centrioles 1.26. The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Other Cellular Processes 1.27. Specializations of the Cell Surface: Cilia and Basal Bodies 1.1 OVERVIEW
The human body is organized into four basic tissues (epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective) that consist of cells and associated extracellular matrix. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. The body contains about 60 × 1012 cells—some 200 different types whose size and shape vary widely—but all have a common structural plan. The eukaryotic cell is a mass of protoplasm surrounded by an external plasma (limiting) membrane. The two components of the protoplasm are the nucleus, which holds the genome consisting of chromosomes, and the cytoplasm, a complex aqueous gel made of water (about 70%), proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and organic and inorganic molecules. Organelles (specialized structures with functional capability) and inclusions (relatively inert, transitory structures) are in the cytoplasm. Except for mature erythrocytes, without a nucleus, most cells have one nucleus that conforms to the cell’s shape. A few cells, such as osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells, may be multinucleated. A nuclear envelope invests the nucleus, whose substance, called chromatin, contains one or more nucleoli. Internal cell structure is modified to reflect function: Muscle cells, for example, are modified for contraction; nerve cells (or neurons), for conduction; connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts, for support; and glandular epithelial cells, for secretion. HISTORICAL POINT German scientists—biologist Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) and botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881)—proposed the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells. For his observations on normal animal cells, Schwann is recognized as the father of modern histology. Later, renowned German pathologist Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) proposed that disease originates in cells, not in tissues or organs. Because he was the first to use microscopes and histologic specimens as a basis for the study of pathology, he is credited as the founder of modern cytopathology. With advances in medical science more than a century later, knowing the light and electron microscopic appearance of cells has become fundamental to diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management of many common and rare diseases. 1.2 MICROSCOPES AND TECHNIQUES
Histology is the study of body tissues and cells, their constituents. Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, so the primary tool used to study them is the microscope. It produces enlarged images of cells and enhances contrast for resolving details. Of several kinds of microscopes, two major ones are light and electron microscopes. They have different lenses and sources of illumination and provide complementary information at different levels of resolution and magnification. The ability to discriminate two points that are close together is the resolving power of a microscope. It is related to the light wavelength. A conventional light microscope uses bright-field illumination, with a resolving power of about 0.2 µm. Study specimens absorb visible light; glass lenses focus and magnify specimens. Most cells absorb very little light, so staining is needed to increase light absorption. Cells and tissues first undergo sequential processing steps. Fixation in aldehydes and dehydration in alcohols are followed by embedding in paraffin or plastic. Specimen sections (or slices) are made with a microtome, followed by staining with color dyes. The illumination source of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a beam of electrons, which has a smaller wavelength. The resolving power of the TEM, 0.2–0.5 nm, is about 103 greater than that of the light microscope. For the TEM, ultrathin sections are cut after specimens have been fixed and embedded in plastic. Sections are then stained with heavy metals to enhance contrast, and black-and-white, not color, images result. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used for thick specimens or whole cells that have been fixed, dried, and coated with a thin metal film. It provides three-dimensional surface views. A high-resolution SEM (HRSEM) allows internal morphology of cells and organelles to be discerned with great depth of focus. 1.3 DIFFERENT APPEARANCES OF CELLS ACCORDING TO TECHNIQUE
Histologic techniques provide different but complementary views of cells and thus a useful morphologic base, which can aid understanding of cell function in health and disease. Paraffin sections are routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined with a light microscope. Cell nuclei (which are rich in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA) have an affinity for hematoxylin (a basic dye), stain blue, and are termed basophilic. In contrast, the cytoplasm of cells and extracellular matrix typically have an affinity for eosin (an anionic dye), stain pink, and are eosinophilic (or acidophilic). With superior resolving power, a TEM provides better elucidation of cell details, such as membranes and organelles, than a light microscope. Different parts of cells have distinct affinities for metal stains used on thin sections, so resulting two-dimensional images show variations in electron density, recorded in black and white. HRSEM images of freeze-fractured cells show three-dimensional spatial relationships of organelles and inclusions. 1.4 ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANES
Membranes—semipermeable barriers that selectively regulate movement of ions, water, and macromolecules—are ubiquitous in cells. They vary in composition depending on cell type and location, but all consist of about 35% lipids, 60% proteins, and 5% carbohydrates. The cell (or plasma) membrane forms an external boundary. Intracellular membranes surround nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Membranes are beyond the limit of resolution of a light microscope and are thus difficult to visualize without special techniques. By high-magnification electron microscopy,...