Ohm Multimedia Signal Coding and Transmission

2015
ISBN: 978-3-662-46691-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 563 Seiten

Reihe: Signals and Communication Technology

This textbook covers the theoretical background of one- and multidimensional signal processing, statistical analysis and modelling, coding and information theory with regard to the principles and design of image, video and audio compression systems. The theoretical concepts are augmented by practical examples of algorithms for multimedia signal coding technology, and related transmission aspects. On this basis, principles behind multimedia coding standards, including most recent developments like High Efficiency Video Coding, can be well understood. Furthermore, potential advances in future development are pointed out. Numerous figures and examples help to illustrate the concepts covered. The book was developed on the basis of a graduate-level university course, and most chapters are supplemented by exercises. The book is also a self-contained introduction both for researchers and developers of multimedia compression systems in industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ohm, Jens-Rainer

Ohm, Jens

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Table of Contents;7
3;1 Introduction;12
3.1;1.1 Concepts and terminology;12
3.1.1;1.1.1 Signal representation by source coding;14
3.1.2;1.1.2 Optimization of transmission;17
3.2;1.2 Signal sources and acquisition;18
3.3;1.3 Digital representation of multimedia signals;21
3.3.1;1.3.1 Image and video signals;22
3.3.2;1.3.2 Speech and audio signals;29
3.3.3;1.3.3 Need for compression technology;29
3.4;1.4 Problems;30
4;2 Fundamentals;32
4.1;2.1 Signals and systems;32
4.1.1;2.1.1 Elementary signals;32
4.2;2.2 Signals and Fourier spectra;38
4.2.1;2.2.1 Spectra over two- and multi-dimensional coordinates;38
4.2.2;2.2.2 Spatio-temporal signals;39
4.3;2.3 Sampling of multimedia signals;42
4.3.1;2.3.1 Separable two-dimensional sampling;45
4.3.2;2.3.2 Non-separable two-dimensional sampling;46
4.4;2.4 Discrete signal processing;57
4.4.1;2.4.1 LSI systems;57
4.4.2;2.4.2 Discrete Fourier transform;58
4.4.3;2.4.3 z transform;59
4.4.4;2.4.4 Multi-dimensional LSI systems;61
4.5;2.5 Statistical analysis;65
4.5.1;2.5.1 Sample statistics;65
4.5.2;2.5.2 Joint statistical properties;69
4.5.3;2.5.3 Spectral properties of random signals;76
4.5.4;2.5.4 Markov chain models;76
4.5.5;2.5.5 Statistical foundation of information theory;79
4.6;2.6 Linear prediction;85
4.6.1;2.6.1 Autoregressive models;85
4.7;2.7 Linear block transforms;105
4.7.1;2.7.1 Orthogonal basis functions;105
4.7.2;2.7.2 Types of orthogonal transforms;109
4.7.3;2.7.3 Efficiency of transforms;122
4.7.4;2.7.4 Transforms with block overlap;123
4.8;2.8 Filterbank transforms;126
4.9;2.9 Problems;160
5;3 Perception and Quality;167
5.1;3.1 Properties of vision;167
5.1.1;3.1.1 Physiology of the eye;167
5.1.2;3.1.2 Sensitivity functions;169
5.1.3;3.1.3 Color vision;172
5.1.4;3.1.4 Binocular vision and reproduction;173
5.2;3.2 Properties of hearing;175
5.2.1;3.2.1 Physiology of the ear;175
5.2.2;3.2.2 Sensitivity functions;176
5.3;3.3 Quality metrics;180
5.3.1;3.3.1 Objective signal quality metrics;181
5.3.2;3.3.2 Subjective assessment;188
5.4;3.4 Problems;192
6;4 Quantization and Coding;194
6.1;4.1 Scalar quantization and pulse code modulation;194
6.2;4.2 Coding theory;201
6.2.1;4.2.1 Source coding theorem and rate-distortion function;201
6.2.2;4.2.2 Rate-distortion function for correlated signals;202
6.2.3;4.2.3 Rate-distortion function for multi-dimensional signals;206
6.3;4.3 Rate-distortion optimization of quantizers;208
6.4;4.4 Entropy coding;212
6.4.1;4.4.1 Properties of variable-length codes;212
6.4.2;4.4.2 Huffman code design;216
6.4.3;4.4.3 Systematic variable-length codes;217
6.4.4;4.4.4 Arithmetic coding;222
6.4.5;4.4.5 Adaptive and context-dependent entropy coding;227
6.4.6;4.4.6 Entropy coding and transmission errors;231
6.4.7;4.4.7 Lempel-Ziv coding;233
6.5;4.5 Vector quantization;234
6.5.1;4.5.1 Basic principles of VQ;235
6.5.2;4.5.2 VQ with uniform codebooks;239
6.5.3;4.5.3 VQ with non-uniform codebooks;241
6.5.4;4.5.4 Structured codebooks;245
6.5.5;4.5.5 Adaptive VQ;249
6.6;4.6 Trellis-coded quantization;254
6.7;4.7 Problems;256
7;5 Methods of Signal Compression;260
7.1;5.1 Run-length coding;260
7.2;5.2 Predictive coding;263
7.2.1;5.2.1 Open-loop and closed-loop prediction systems;263
7.2.2;5.2.2 Non-linear and shift-variant prediction;266
7.2.3;5.2.3 Effects of transmission losses;267
7.2.4;5.2.4 Vector prediction;268
7.2.5;5.2.5 Delayed-decision predictive coding;271
7.2.6;5.2.6 Prediction in multi-resolution pyramids;272
7.3;5.3 Transform coding;277
7.3.1;5.3.1 Gain in discrete transform coding;278
7.3.2;5.3.2 Quantization of transform coefficients;281
7.3.3;5.3.3 Coding of transform coefficients;285
7.3.4;5.3.4 Transform coding under transmission losses;288
7.4;5.4 Bit streams with multiple decoding capability;289
7.4.1;5.4.1 Simulcast and transcoding;289
7.4.2;5.4.2 Scalable coding;289
7.4.3;5.4.3 Multiple-description coding;291
7.5;5.5 Distributed source coding;293
7.6;5.6 Problems;295
8;6 Intra-picture Coding;297
8.1;6.1 Compression of binary pictures;297
8.1.1;6.1.1 Compression of bi-level images;297
8.1.2;6.1.2 Binary shape coding;302
8.1.3;6.1.3 Contour coding;304
8.2;6.2 Vector quantization of pictures;306
8.3;6.3 Predictive coding of pictures;308
8.3.1;6.3.1 2D prediction;308
8.3.2;6.3.2 2D block prediction;310
8.3.3;6.3.3 Quantization and encoding of prediction errors;312
8.3.4;6.3.4 Error propagation in 2D DPCM;315
8.3.5;6.3.5 Coding of side information in 2D predictive coding;315
8.4;6.4 Transform coding of pictures;318
8.4.1;6.4.1 Block transform coding;318
8.4.2;6.4.2 Quantization and coding of transform coefficients;320
8.4.3;6.4.3 Overlapping-block transform coding;332
8.4.4;6.4.4 Subband and wavelet transform coding;332
8.4.5;6.4.5 Local adaptation of transform bases by signal properties;339
8.5;6.5 Lossless and near-lossless picture coding;342
8.6;6.6 Synthesis based picture coding;344
8.6.1;6.6.1 Region-based coding;346
8.6.2;6.6.2 Color and texture synthesis;348
8.6.3;6.6.3 Synthesis of illumination effects;351
8.7;6.7 Fractal image coding;352
8.8;6.8 3D picture coding;355
8.9;6.9 Reconstruction filtering;356
8.10;6.10 Still picture coding standards;360
8.11;6.11 Problems;364
9;7 Inter-picture Coding;369
9.1;7.1 Intra-picture and replenishment coding;369
9.2;7.2 Hybrid video coding;372
9.2.1;7.2.1 Motion-compensated hybrid coders;372
9.2.2;7.2.2 Characteristics of inter-picture prediction error signals;374
9.2.3;7.2.3 Quantization error feedback and error propagation;377
9.2.4;7.2.4 Reference pictures in motion-compensated prediction;381
9.2.5;7.2.5 Accuracy of motion compensation;395
9.2.6;7.2.6 Hybrid coding of interlaced video signals;402
9.2.7;7.2.7 Optimization of hybrid encoders;405
9.2.8;7.2.8 Hybrid coding using subband/wavelet transforms;407
9.3;7.3 Spatio-temporal transform coding;409
9.3.1;7.3.1 Inter-picture transform and subband coding;409
9.3.2;7.3.2 Motion-compensated temporal filtering;413
9.3.3;7.3.3 Quantization and encoding of MCTF-based representations;418
9.4;7.4 Coding of side information (motion, modes, partitioning);421
9.5;7.5 Scalable video coding;430
9.5.1;7.5.1 Scalability in hybrid video coding;431
9.5.2;7.5.2 Standardization in scalable video coding;438
9.6;7.6 Multi-view video coding;443
9.7;7.7 Synthesis based video coding;451
9.7.1;7.7.1 Region-based video coding;452
9.7.2;7.7.2 Super-resolution synthesis;455
9.7.3;7.7.3 Moving texture synthesis;455
9.8;7.8 Video coding standards;458
9.9;7.9 Problems;467
10;8 Speech and Audio Coding;470
10.1;8.1 Coding of speech signals;471
10.1.1;8.1.1 Linear predictive coding;471
10.1.2;8.1.2 Parametric (synthesis) coding;475
10.1.3;8.1.3 Speech coding standards;475
10.2;8.2 Generic audio, music and sound coding;477
10.2.1;8.2.1 Transform coding of audio signals;477
10.2.2;8.2.2 Synthesis based coding of audio and sound signals;482
10.2.3;8.2.3 Coding of stereo and multi-channel audio signals;485
10.2.4;8.2.4 Music and sound coding standards;493
11;9 Transmission and Storage of Multimedia Data;498
11.1;9.1 Digital multimedia services;498
11.2;9.2 Network interfaces;500
11.3;9.3 Adaptation for channel characteristics;504
11.3.1;9.3.1 Rate and transmission control;505
11.3.2;9.3.2 Error control;509
11.4;9.4 Media transport, storage and reproduction;515
11.4.1;9.4.1 Broadcast applications;516
11.4.2;9.4.2 Communication services;520
11.4.3;9.4.3 File storage;521
11.4.4;9.4.4 Internet and mobile media streaming;523
12;A Vector and Matrix Algebra;528
13;B Symbols and Variables;535
14;C Glossary and Acronyms;539
15;D References;543
16;E Index;558