Nitsche / Dobriloff Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis

Results of the DFG Priority Programme 1147 "Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis" 2003-2009
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-01106-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 106, 318 Seiten

Reihe: Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design

In 2003 the German Research Foundation established a new priority programme on the subject of 'Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis' (SPP 1147). This research programme was based on the fact that experimental ?ow analysis, in addition to theory and numerics, has always played a predominant part both in ?ow research and in other areas of industrial practice. At the time, however, c- parisons with numerical tools (such as Computational Fluid Dynamics), which were increasingly used in research and practical applications, soon made it clear that there are relatively few experimental procedures which can keep up with state-of-the-art numerical methods in respect of their informative value, e.g. with regard to visu- spatial analysis or the dynamics of ?ow ?elds. The priority programme 'Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis' was to help close this development gap. Hence the project was to focus on the investigation of ef?cient measurement me- ods to analyse complex spatial ?ow ?elds. Speci?c cooperations with computer sciences and especially measurement physics were to advance ?ow measurement techniques to a widely renowned key technology, exceeding the classical ?elds of ?uid mechanics by a long chalk.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Nitsche holds the chair of Aerodynamics at the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics of the Technische Universität Berlin, and is coordinator of the priority programme 1147 'Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis' funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dobriloff, Christoph

Nitsche, Wolfgang

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;2
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;8
4;List of Contributors;12
5;Principles of a Volumetric Velocity Measurement Technique Based on Optical Aberrations;22
5.1;Introduction;22
5.2;Measurement Principle;24
5.2.1;{\it Measurement Volume Size};25
5.2.2;{\it Calibration of the Measurement Volume};26
5.2.3;{\it Particle Image Fitting};26
5.2.4;{\it Calibration with Particle Images};28
5.3;Validation;28
5.4;Determination of the Flow Velocity;30
5.5;Conclusion and Outlook;30
5.6;References;31
6;TheWall-PIV Measurement Technique for Near Wall Flow Fields in Biofluid Mechanics;32
6.1;Introduction;32
6.2;Flow and Shear Stress Measurement Techniques;33
6.3;Wall-PIV;34
6.3.1;{\it Wall-PIV Setup};34
6.3.2;{\it Flow Estimation Algorithm};35
6.4;Error Estimation;36
6.5;Experimental Validation;37
6.6;Experiments;38
6.7;References;40
7;Laser Doppler Field Sensor for Two Dimensional Flow Measurements in Three Velocity Components;42
7.1;Introduction;42
7.2;Velocity Profile Sensor;44
7.3;Measurement of Inclined Trajectories and Accelerated Particles;45
7.4;Velocity Field Sensor;46
7.5;Conclusion and Outlook;48
7.6;References;49
8;Array Doppler Global Velocimeter with Laser Frequency Modulation for Turbulent Flow Analysis – Sensor Investigation and Application;52
8.1;Introduction;53
8.2;Measurement Principle;53
8.3;Measurement System;55
8.3.1;{\it General Set-Up and Calibration};55
8.3.2;{\it Spatial Resolution};56
8.3.3;{\it Temporal Resolution};57
8.3.4;{\it Velocity Uncertainty};57
8.4;Measurement Results;59
8.5;Conclusions;61
8.6;References;61
9;Self-calibrating Single Camera Doppler Global Velocimetry Based on Frequency Shift Keying;63
9.1;Introduction;63
9.2;Principle of DGV;64
9.3;Self-calibrating DGV Based on FSK-Techniques;65
9.4;System Setup;66
9.5;Measurements;67
9.5.1;{\it Spinning Disc};67
9.5.2;{\it Flow Field};68
9.6;Phase-Averaged Measurements;71
9.7;Conclusions;71
9.8;References;72
10;Recent Developments in 3D-PTV and Tomo-PIV;73
10.1;Introduction;73
10.2;Virtual Four Camera System;74
10.3;Multimedia Geometry;76
10.4;Tomographic PIV;78
10.5;Conclusion;81
10.6;References;81
11;3D Tomography from Few Projections in Experimental Fluid Dynamics;83
11.1;Introduction;83
11.2;Related Work;84
11.3;Reconstruction Algorithms;86
11.3.1;{\it Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques};86
11.3.2;$l_{1}$-{\it Minimization and Linear Programming};87
11.4;Design and Evaluation Criteria;87
11.4.1;Design Criteria;87
11.4.2;Evaluation Criteria;88
11.5;Numerical Results;90
11.6;Conclusions;91
11.7;References;92
12;Tomographic PIV for Investigation of Unsteady Flows with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution;93
12.1;Introduction;93
12.2;Tomographic PIV— Fundamentals;94
12.3;Application I: Time-Resolved Tomographic PIV in a Wind Tunnel;95
12.3.1;{\it Setup};95
12.3.2;{\it Results};96
12.4;Application II: Investigation of a Free Turbulent Jet Air Flow;97
12.4.1;{\it Setup};97
12.4.2;{\it Results};98
12.5;Application III: Investigation of a Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Water Tunnel;99
12.5.1;{\it Setup};99
12.5.2;{\it Results};100
12.6;Conclusion;101
12.7;References;102
13;Time-Resolved Two- and Three-Dimensional Measurements of Transitional Separation Bubbles;103
13.1;Introduction;103
13.2;Principle Description of Scanning PIV;104
13.3;The Three-Dimensional Flow Field on Top of a Finite Circular Cylinder;106
13.4;Temporally and Spatially Resolved Vortical Structures on an SD7003 Airfoil;107
13.5;Conclusion and Outlook;111
13.6;References;111
14;Coloured Tracer Particles Employed for 3-D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) in Gas Flows;113
14.1;Introduction;113
14.2;Quantifying the Properties of Coloured Tracer Particles;114
14.3;Colour Recognition by Artificial Neural Network;117
14.4;3-D Coordinates by Means of Photogrammetry;118
14.5;Re-building Trajectories;119
14.6;Experimental Setup;119
14.7;Results of 3D-PTV Involving Coloured Tracers;120
14.8;Conclusion;121
14.9;References;121
15;Two Scale Experiments via Particle Tracking Velocimetry: A Feasibility Study;123
15.1;Introduction;123
15.2;Method;125
15.3;Results;126
15.3.1;{\it Checks};126
15.3.2;{\it Small Scale Results};127
15.3.3;{\it Large Scale Results};128
15.4;Summary;130
15.5;References;131
16;Extended Three Dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Large Enclosures;132
16.1;Introduction;132
16.2;Experiment;134
16.2.1;{\it The Barrel of Ilmenau};134
16.2.2;{\it 3D PTV System};134
16.2.3;{\it Tracer Particles};136
16.2.4;{\it Camera System};138
16.2.5;{\it Validation Measurement};139
16.3;Results;139
16.4;Conclusion;141
16.5;References;142
17;High Density, Long-Term 3D PTV Using 3D Scanning Illumination and Telecentric Imaging;144
17.1;Introduction;144
17.2;Experimental Set-Up;145
17.2.1;{\it Mirror Drum Scanner};146
17.2.2;{\it Telecentric Lenses};146
17.3;Reconstruction Methods;146
17.3.1;{\it Camera Model};147
17.3.2;{\it Epipolar Geometry};147
17.3.3;{\it Calibration};148
17.3.4;{\it Particle Tracking};149
17.4;Results;149
17.5;Conclusions;152
17.6;References;152
18;Quantitative Measurements of Three-Dimensional Density Fields Using the Background Oriented Schlieren Technique;154
18.1;Introduction;154
18.2;Properties of BOS;155
18.3;Tomographic Reconstruction;158
18.4;Measurements at a Double Free Jet of Air;158
18.5;Density Measurement behind Straight Blades;160
18.6;Conclusions;162
18.7;References;162
19;Tomographic Reconstruction and Efficient Rendering of Refractive Gas Flows;164
19.1;Overview;165
19.2;Background Oriented Schlieren Imaging;165
19.3;Tomographic Reconstruction;168
19.4;Continous Refraction Rendering;169
19.5;Results;171
19.6;References;173
20;2D-Measurement Technique for Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Mixing Ratio and Velocity Field in Microfluidic Applications;174
20.1;Introduction;174
20.2;Flow Field Analysis by 2D-Molecular Tagging Velocimetry;174
20.3;Reference Measurements and Taylor Dispersion;177
20.4;Determination of Species Concentrations by Planar Raman Scattering;179
20.5;Conclusions;181
20.6;References;182
21;Simultaneous, Planar Determination of Fuel/Air Ratio and Velocity Field in Single Phase Mixture Formation Processes;184
21.1;Introduction;184
21.2;The FARLIF Concept and Experimental Setup;185
21.3;FARLIF Verification with Toluene;186
21.4;FARLIF Verification with Near-Standard Fuel;188
21.5;Concept for Temperature Determination and Correction;190
21.6;Summary;191
21.7;References;192
22;Development of Imaging Laser Diagnostics for the Validation of LE-Simulations of Flows with Heat and Mass Transfer;194
22.1;Introduction;194
22.2;Raman Scattering;196
22.3;PIV and Ramanography in Liquid Mixing Processes;197
22.4;Mole Fraction and Temperature Analysis in Hydrogen Flows;198
22.5;Conclusion;201
22.6;References;201
23;Optical Measurements in the Wake of a Circular Cylinder of Finite Length at a High Reynoldsnumber;204
23.1;Introduction;204
23.2;Experimental Setup;205
23.3;Time Averaged Flow;206
23.4;Spectral Analysis;207
23.5;Proper Orthogonal Decomposition;207
23.6;Conclusion and Outlook;213
23.7;References;214
24;Surface Pressure and Wall Shear Stress Measurements on a Wall Mounted Cylinder;215
24.1;Introduction;215
24.2;Experimental Setup;216
24.2.1;{\it Pressure Measurements};217
24.2.2;{\it Wall Shear Stress Measurements};217
24.3;Results;220
24.4;Conclusion;223
24.5;References;224
25;Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the Flow Around aWall-Mounted Finite Cylinder;225
25.1;Background and Objectives;225
25.2;Approach and Project History;226
25.3;Numerical Setup and Methods;227
25.4;Selected Results and Findings;228
25.4.1;{\it Time-Averaged Flow Topology};228
25.4.2;{\it Comparison to Experiments and Different Approaches};229
25.4.3;{\it Proper Orthogonal Decomposition - POD};229
25.4.4;{\it Particle and Structure Tracking};231
25.4.5;{\it Harmonic Filtering};232
25.5;Synthesis;233
25.6;Perspectives of the Numerical Database;233
25.7;References;234
26;Measurement of Distributed Unsteady Surface Pressures by Means of Piezoelectric Copolymer Coating;235
26.1;Introduction;235
26.2;Measuring Principle of the PSC Technique;236
26.3;Flow Measurements Around a Wall-Mounted Cylinder;237
26.3.1;{\it Experimental Set-Up};237
26.3.2;{\it Phase-Averaged Measurements};238
26.3.3;{\it Investigations with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution};239
26.4;Conclusion;243
26.5;References;244
27;AeroMEMS Sensor Arrays for Time Resolved Wall Pressure and Wall Shear Stress Measurements;245
27.1;Introduction;245
27.2;AeroMEMS Sensors;246
27.2.1;{\it Sensor Design};246
27.2.2;{\it Fabrication of the AeroMEMS Sensor Chips};247
27.3;Wind Tunnel Experiments;248
27.3.1;{\it High-Frequency Transition Measurements};248
27.3.2;{\it Surface Pressure Measurements on a Wall Mounted Cylinder Employing a 3D Multi-sensor Array};249
27.4;Conclusion;252
27.5;References;253
28;Infrared-Based Visualization of Wall Shear Stress Distributions;255
28.1;Introduction;255
28.2;Experimental Setup;256
28.3;Visualization ofWall Shear Stress Distributions;257
28.4;Spatial Quantification ofWall Shear Stress Distributions;260
28.5;Conclusion;263
28.6;References;264
29;Variational Approaches to Image Fluid Flow Estimation with Physical Priors;265
29.1;Introduction;265
29.2;Unconstrained Variational Fluid Flow Estimation;266
29.3;Constrained Variational Fluid Flow Estimation;267
29.3.1;{\it Flow Estimation by Flow Control};267
29.3.2;{\it Enforcing Temporal Coherency};268
29.4;Constrained Fluid Flow Denoising in 3D;269
29.4.1;{\it Variational Approach};269
29.4.2;{\it Numerical Experiments};272
29.5;Conclusion and Further Work;273
29.6;References;273
30;Real-Time Approaches for Model-Based PIV and Visual Fluid Analysis;275
30.1;Introduction;275
30.2;Related Work;276
30.3;Model-Based Flow Reconstruction;277
30.3.1;{\it Flow Prediction and Correction};278
30.3.2;{\it Vector Field Correction};279
30.3.3;{\it Results};279
30.4;Particle-Based Flow Visualization;282
30.5;Current and Future Work;283
30.6;References;284
31;Biocompatible Visualization of Flow Fields Generated by Microorganisms;286
31.1;Introduction;286
31.2;Materials and Methods;287
31.2.1;{\it Digital Micro Particle Image Velocimetry};288
31.2.2;{\it Digital Micro Particle Tracking Velocimetry};288
31.2.3;{\it Novel Neuronumerical Hybrid with a Priori Knowledge};289
31.3;Results;289
31.3.1;{\it Digital Micro Particle Image Velocimetry};289
31.3.2;{\it Digital Micro Particle Tracking Velocimetry};292
31.3.3;{\it Novel Neuronumerical Hybrid with a Priori Knowledge};293
31.4;Summary;293
31.5;References;294
32;Nonlinear Dynamic Phase Contrast Microscopy for Microflow Analysis;296
32.1;Introduction;296
32.2;Nonlinear Dynamic Phase Contrast Microscope;297
32.3;Features of Nonlinear Dynamic Phase Contrast Microscopy;298
32.3.1;{\it Contrast Enhancement};299
32.3.2;{\it Spatial Resolution};299
32.3.3;{\it Phase Sensitivity};301
32.4;Optimized Data Acquisition for Flow Field Analysis;301
32.5;Photorefractive Velocimetry;302
32.6;Concentration Measurement in Microfluidic Mixing Processes;303
32.7;Summary;304
32.8;References;304
33;Spatiotemporal Image Analysis for Fluid Flow Measurements;306
33.1;Introduction;306
33.2;Extended Optical Flow Models;307
33.2.1;{\it Diffusion of Brightness};308
33.2.2;{\it Exponential Brightness Change};310
33.2.3;{\it Integration across Flow Profiles};311
33.3;Solving the Flow Problem;312
33.3.1;{\it Local Spatiotemporal Approach};312
33.3.2;{\it Trajectory-Based Approach};313
33.4;Applications;315
33.4.1;{\it 3D-3C Measurements at the Free Air-Water Interface};315
33.4.2;{\it Shear Flow at Moving Boundaries in Artificial Hearts};316
33.4.3;{\it Viscous Shear at the Air-Water Interface};316
33.4.4;{\it Molecular Tagging Velocimetry};317
33.4.5;{\it Mixture Formation Analysis with Fluorescence Motion Analysis};318
33.4.6;{\it Wall Shear Rates Using Thermography};319
33.5;Conclusions;319
33.6;References;320
34;Extraction and Visualization of Flow Features;322
34.1;Introduction;322
34.2;Flow-Features Identification;323
34.3;Visualization of Vortices;324
34.3.1;{\it Vortex Segmentation};324
34.3.2;{\it Vortex Visualization};325
34.3.3;{\it Introducing Line Integral Convolution};326
34.4;Vortex Tracking;327
34.5;Considering Vortex Dynamics;329
34.6;Conclusions;331
34.7;References;331
35;Author Index;332