Nikolelis / Nikoleli Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism Applications

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-28926-7
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 514 Seiten

Reihe: Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications

This book offers comprehensive coverage of biomarker/biosensor interactions for the rapid detection of weapons of bioterrorism, as well as current research trends and future developments and applications. It will be useful to researchers in this field who are interested in new developments in the early detection of such. The authors have collected very valuable and, in some aspects indispensable experience in the area i.e. in the development and application of portable biosensors for the detection of potential hazards. Most efforts are centered on the development of immunochemical assays including flow-lateral systems and engineered antibodies and their fragments. In addition, new approaches to the detection of enzyme inhibitors, direct enzymatic and microbial detection of metabolites and nutrients are elaborated. Some realized prototypes and concept devices applicable for the further use as a basis for the cooperation programs are also discussed.There is a particular focus on electrochemical and optical detection systems,including those employing carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and metalnanoparticles. The authors are well-known scientists and most of them are editors of respected international scientific journals. Although recently developed biosensors utilize known principles, the biosensing devices described can significantly shorten the time required for successful detection and enhance efforts in more time-consuming directions, e.g. remote sensing systems and validation in real-sample analysis.The authors describe advances in all stages of biosensor development: theselection of biochemical components, their use in biosensor assembly, detection principles and improvements and applications for real sample assays.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nikolelis, Dimitrios P.

Nikoleli, Georgia-Paraskevi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;13
3;1 Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism: Definitions, History, Types of Agents, New Trends and Applications;16
3.1;Abstract;16
3.2;1 Introduction;17
3.3;2 Definitions;17
3.4;3 History;18
3.4.1;3.1 20th Century;18
3.4.2;3.2 21st Century;19
3.5;4 Types of Agents;19
3.5.1;4.1 Category A;19
3.5.1.1;4.1.1 Anthrax;20
3.5.1.2;4.1.2 Smallpox;20
3.5.1.3;4.1.3 Botulinum Toxin;20
3.5.1.4;4.1.4 Bubonic Plague;20
3.5.1.5;4.1.5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers;21
3.5.1.6;4.1.6 Tularemia;21
3.5.2;4.2 Category B;21
3.5.3;4.3 Category C;21
3.6;5 Recent Advances of Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Weapons of Terrorism;22
3.7;6 Planning and Response;23
3.7.1;6.1 Preparedness;23
3.7.2;6.2 Aspects of Protection Against Bioterrorism Mainly in the US Include;23
3.7.3;6.3 Biosurveillance;25
3.7.4;6.4 Response to Bioterrorism Incident or Threat;26
3.8;7 Conclusions;27
3.9;References;28
4;2 Microfluidics a Potent Route to Sample Delivery for Non-intrusive Sensors;29
4.1;Abstract;29
4.2;1 Introduction;30
4.3;2 Microfluidics: Basic Features;31
4.4;3 Dual Flow for Mobile Liquid-Liquid Interfaces;31
4.5;4 Transport Phenomena Under Flow Conditions;34
4.6;5 Electrophoretic Field Effects;36
4.7;6 Cell Resolution;37
4.8;7 Dual Flow Heterogeneity;37
4.9;8 In Situ Polymer Membrane Formation;39
4.10;9 Sensor Incorporation in Microfluidics;42
4.11;10 Conclusions;44
4.12;Acknowledgments;45
4.13;References;45
5;3 New Routes in the High-Throughput Screening of Toxic Proteins Using Immunochemical Tools;49
5.1;Abstract;49
5.2;1 Lethal Plant/Bacteria Proteins as Potential Warfare Agents: An Overview;49
5.2.1;1.1 Plant Protein Toxins;50
5.2.2;1.2 Bacterial Protein Toxins;52
5.3;2 Nanostructured Immunosensors for the on-Site Detection of Toxic Proteins in Food and Biological Samples;54
5.3.1;2.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors;59
5.3.1.1;2.1.1 Amperometric Immunosensors with Highly Conductive Nanoparticle-Modified Transducers;59
5.3.1.2;2.1.2 Impedance Immunosensors;62
5.3.2;2.2 Piezoelectric Imunosensors;63
5.3.3;2.3 Optical Immunosensors;63
5.3.3.1;2.3.1 Optical Fiber/Fluorescence-Combined Immunoassays;64
5.3.3.2;2.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Imunosensors;65
5.4;3 Immunoassay Implementation: Labelled Vs. Label-Free Formats for the Detection of Proteins in Liquid Samples;66
5.5;4 Solving Current Issues in High-Throughput Analysis: Decreasing the Detection Limit and the Response Time of the Sensor;66
5.6;5 Future Applications in Point-of-Care Systems;67
5.7;Acknowledgement;67
5.8;References;68
6;4 Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Sensing of Explosives and Its Mixtures;74
6.1;Abstract;74
6.2;1 Introduction;74
6.2.1;1.1 Detection of Explosives by Simple Voltammetry;77
6.2.2;1.2 Improvement of Voltammetric Results with Use of Chemometrics;79
6.3;2 Systems Using a Single Sensor;81
6.4;3 Systems Using a Sensor Array;86
6.5;4 Concluding Remarks;92
6.6;Acknowledgements;92
6.7;References;93
7;5 Magneto Actuated Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens and Infection Diseases Affecting Global Health;95
7.1;Abstract;95
7.2;1 Introduction;96
7.2.1;1.1 Global Health: A Challenge for Key Enabling Technologies;96
7.2.2;1.2 Traditional Methods for the Detection of Food Borne Pathogens and Infection Diseases;97
7.2.3;1.3 Technical Challenges in Diagnostic Tests in Low-Resource Settings;98
7.3;2 Magnetic Particles in ASSURED Diagnostic;100
7.4;3 Electrochemical Biosensors;102
7.5;4 Magnetic Immobilisation Coupled with a Magneto-Actuated Electrode for Electrochemical Biosensing;105
7.6;5 Electrochemical Biosensors of Agents Affecting Food Safety;107
7.6.1;5.1 Immuno (IMS) and Phagomagnetic Separation (PMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Genosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes;108
7.6.2;5.2 Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Immunosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes;112
7.6.3;5.3 Simultaneous Electrochemical Magneto Genosensing of Foodborne Bacteria Based on Triple-Tagging Multiplex Amplification;113
7.7;6 Electrochemical Biosensors of Infection Agents Affecting Global Health;113
7.7.1;6.1 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring;113
7.7.2;6.2 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring;116
7.8;7 Final Remarks;117
7.9;References;120
8;6 Electrochemical Biosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents;127
8.1;Abstract;127
8.2;1 Introduction;127
8.3;2 Nerve Agents;130
8.3.1;2.1 Biosensor Based on Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibition;131
8.3.1.1;2.1.1 Bi-enzymatic Biosensor;132
8.3.1.2;2.1.2 Monoenzymatic Biosensor;133
8.3.2;2.2 Biosensor Based on Organophosphate Hydrolase;135
8.3.3;2.3 Biosensor Based on Antibody Use;136
8.3.4;2.4 Sensors Based on Direct Electrochemical Detection;138
8.4;3 Blister Agents;138
8.5;4 Blood Agents;140
8.6;5 Choking or Pulmonary Agents;142
8.7;6 Toxins;143
8.7.1;6.1 Mycotoxins;144
8.7.2;6.2 Phycotoxins;146
8.8;7 Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for in Situ Measurement Versus Laboratory Set-up Methodologies;147
8.9;References;148
9;7 Macromolecular Imprinting for Improved Health Security;152
9.1;Abstract;152
9.2;1 Introduction;153
9.3;2 Microorganism Imprinting;159
9.4;3 Imprinting of Microorganisms in Bulk Polymer;159
9.5;4 Microorganism Imprinting on a Polymer Surface;162
9.6;5 Microorganism Imprinting in Conducting Polymers;165
9.7;6 Conclusions;167
9.8;Acknowledgments;167
9.9;References;167
10;8 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Bioterrorism Prevention;172
10.1;Abstract;172
10.2;1 Introduction;172
10.3;2 Bioterrorism Agents;173
10.3.1;2.1 Brief History of Bioterrorism;173
10.3.2;2.2 Description of Bioterrorism Agents;174
10.3.3;2.3 Approach of Detection;174
10.4;3 Electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) Biosensor;175
10.4.1;3.1 Definition of Biosensor;175
10.4.2;3.2 DNA Detection Based on Indirect Strategy;176
10.4.2.1;3.2.1 DNA Labelling with Enzymes;177
10.4.2.2;3.2.2 DNA Labelling with Nanoparticles;177
10.4.2.3;3.2.3 Redox Intercalators;178
10.4.2.4;3.2.4 Metal Ions;180
10.4.3;3.3 DNA Detection Based on Direct Strategy;181
10.4.3.1;3.3.1 Detection Based on Redox Properties of Guanine;181
10.4.3.2;3.3.2 DNA Labelling with Redox Markers;182
10.4.3.3;3.3.3 Detection Based on Electrochemical Response of Transducers;184
10.4.4;3.4 Electrochemical Detection Without PCR Amplification;186
10.5;4 Conclusion;187
10.6;References;187
11;9 Biosensors for the Express Evaluation of the Level of Genotoxicity of Chemical Substances;192
11.1;Abstract;192
11.2;1 Introduction;192
11.3;2 Traditional Approaches;193
11.4;3 New Common Instrumental Tests;195
11.5;4 Biosensor Tests;199
11.5.1;4.1 Fiber Optic SOS-Type Biosensor for the Control of the Genotoxicity of Some Environmental Objects;203
11.6;5 Conclusion;204
11.7;Acknowledgements;204
11.8;References;204
12;10 Efficiency of Instrumental Analytical Approaches at the Control of Bacterial Infections in Water, Foods and Feeds;209
12.1;Abstract;209
12.2;1 Introduction;210
12.3;2 Pathogens;211
12.3.1;2.1 Foodborne Bacterial Infections;212
12.3.1.1;2.1.1 Salmonella Species;212
12.3.1.2;2.1.2 Escherichia Coli Including E. Coli O157;213
12.3.2;2.2 Waterborne Bacterial Infections;213
12.3.2.1;2.2.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa;215
12.3.3;2.3 Animal Feed Pathogens;216
12.3.4;2.4 Approaches for Microbial Diversity Characterization;216
12.4;3 Traditional Methods for Detection of Waterborne and Foodborne Pathogens;217
12.5;4 Biosensors for Detection of Waterborne and Foodborne Pathogens;223
12.5.1;4.1 SPR Based Biosensors;224
12.5.2;4.2 TIRE Based Biosensors;228
12.5.3;4.3 PhL of Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application;229
12.5.4;4.4 ISFETs Based Biosensors;231
12.6;5 Conclusions;233
12.7;Acknowledgements;234
12.8;References;234
13;11 Biosensors for the Detection of Emerging Marine Toxins;240
13.1;Abstract;240
13.2;1 Introduction;240
13.3;2 Biosensors for Palytoxins;242
13.3.1;2.1 Immunosensors for Palytoxins;243
13.3.2;2.2 Receptor-Based Biosensor for Palytoxins;244
13.3.3;2.3 Cell-Based Electrochemical Assay for Palytoxins;244
13.4;3 Biosensors for Brevetoxins;245
13.4.1;3.1 Immunosensors for Brevetoxins;246
13.4.2;3.2 Aptasensor for Brevetoxins;249
13.4.3;3.3 Phosphodiesterase Inhibition-based Sensor for Brevetoxins;249
13.4.4;3.4 Cell-based Sensors for Brevetoxins;249
13.5;4 Biosensors for Tetrodotoxins;250
13.5.1;4.1 Immunosensors for Tetrodotoxins;251
13.5.2;4.2 Aptasensor for Tetrodotoxins;252
13.5.3;4.3 Cell-based Sensors for Tetrodotoxins;252
13.6;5 Conclusions and Perspectives;253
13.7;Acknowledgments;254
13.8;References;255
14;12 Aptasensor Technologies Developed for Detection of Toxins;258
14.1;Abstract;258
14.2;1 Introduction;258
14.2.1;1.1 Electrochemical Aptasensors for Detection of Toxins;259
14.2.2;1.2 Optical Aptasensors for Detection of Toxins;262
14.2.3;1.3 Other Techniques Developed for Detection of Toxins Using Aptamer Technologies;263
14.3;2 Conclusion;264
14.4;Acknowledgments;264
14.5;References;264
15;13 Electrochemical and Acoustic Biosensors Based on DNA Aptamers for Detection Mycotoxins;269
15.1;Abstract;269
15.2;1 Introduction;269
15.3;2 Mycotoxins;270
15.4;3 DNA/RNA Aptamers;273
15.4.1;3.1 Structure of the Aptamers;274
15.4.2;3.2 Aptamers in Biosensors;277
15.4.3;3.3 Aptasensors Sensitive to Mycotoxins;280
15.5;4 Conclusion;288
15.6;Acknowledgments;288
15.7;References;289
16;14 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Security: Allergens and Adulterants Detection;295
16.1;Abstract;295
16.2;1 Food Security;296
16.3;2 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Allergens;297
16.3.1;2.1 Immunosensors;299
16.3.2;2.2 DNA Sensors;302
16.3.2.1;2.2.1 Aptasensors;304
16.3.3;2.3 Whole Cell-Based Sensors;305
16.3.4;2.4 Other Biosensors;305
16.4;3 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Adulterants;307
16.5;4 General Considerations;310
16.6;5 Conclusions and Future Prospects;311
16.7;Acknowledgements;312
16.8;References;312
17;15 Redox Labeling of Nucleic Acids for Electrochemical Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences and DNA Damage;316
17.1;Abstract;316
17.2;1 Introduction;317
17.2.1;1.1 Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences;317
17.2.2;1.2 Analysis of DNA Damage;319
17.3;2 Electrochemical NA Sensing;320
17.3.1;2.1 Adsorptive Stripping of NA and NA-Modified Electrodes;320
17.3.2;2.2 Techniques Combining Separation on Magnetic Beads with Electrochemical Microanalysis;321
17.4;3 Labeling of NA for Electrochemical Sensing and Its Applications;322
17.4.1;3.1 Modification of Nucleic Acids with Oxoosmium Complexes;322
17.4.1.1;3.1.1 Modification of Nucleobases with Osmium Tetroxide Reagents;322
17.4.1.2;3.1.2 Modification of Terminal Sugar Residues in RNA with Six-Valent Osmium Complexes;326
17.4.2;3.2 Polymerase Incorporation of Redox-Labeled Nucleotides;326
17.4.2.1;3.2.1 Base-Modified Redox-Labeled dNTPs;327
17.4.2.2;3.2.2 Construction of labeled DNA using polymerases and modified dNTPs;328
17.4.2.3;3.2.3 Utilization of specific features of the redox DNA labels;329
17.5;4 DNA Labeling with Enzymes and Biocatalytical Signal Amplification;332
17.6;5 Conclusions;334
17.7;Acknowledgements;335
17.8;References;335
18;16 Biosensing of Neurotoxicity to Prevent Bioterrorist Threats and Harmful Algal Blooms;339
18.1;Abstract;339
18.2;1 Introduction;339
18.3;2 Amperometrc Sensors for Neurotoxins;340
18.3.1;2.1 Biosensors Monitoring of Cyanobacterial Water “Bloom”;347
18.4;References;352
19;17 Biosensors for Detection of Anticholinesterase Agents;355
19.1;Abstract;355
19.2;1 Introduction;355
19.3;2 Cholinesterase Inhibition;356
19.3.1;2.1 Irreversible Inhibition;359
19.3.2;2.2 Reversible Inhibition;361
19.4;3 Cholinesterase Biosensor Assembling;364
19.4.1;3.1 Cholinesterase Immobilization;364
19.4.2;3.2 Biosensor Signal Measurement;366
19.4.2.1;3.2.1 Optical Systems;367
19.4.2.2;3.2.2 Electrochemical Detection Systems;368
19.4.3;3.3 Analytical Characteristics of Inhibitor Determination;370
19.5;4 Conclusion;381
19.6;Acknowledgments;382
19.7;References;383
20;18 Efficiency of Non-label Optical Biosensors for the Express Control of Toxic Agents in Food;391
20.1;Abstract;391
20.2;1 Introduction;391
20.3;2 Creation of Non-labelled Immune Biosensors for the Determination of Low Weight Toxic Synthetic Substances in Environment [79, 80];394
20.3.1;2.1 The Overall Characteristics of PS Obtaining and Specific Signal Registration;395
20.3.2;2.2 Efficiency of the Immune Biosensor Based on the PS at the Control of Low Weight Toxic Synthetic Substances;396
20.3.3;2.3 Efficiency of the Calorimetric Immune Biosensor at the Control of Low Weight Toxic Synthetic Substances;399
20.3.4;2.4 Conclusion;400
20.4;3 Creation of Non-labelled Immune Biosensors for the Determination of Low Weight Biological Origin Toxic Substances in Environment;401
20.4.1;3.1 General Characteristics of Mycotoxins and Methods of Their Analysis;401
20.4.2;3.2 Specificity of Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins;401
20.4.3;3.3 Chemical and Physical Abilities of Trichotecenes;402
20.4.4;3.4 Biotransformation of Trichotecenes;402
20.4.5;3.5 Some Biological Effects of Trichotecenes;403
20.4.6;3.6 Traditional Methods of the Determination of Mycotoxins;403
20.4.7;3.7 Instrumental Analytical Approaches Based on the Principles of Biosensorics at the Determination of Some Mycotoxins;405
20.4.7.1;3.7.1 Optical Immune Biosensor [57, 58, 64, 83, 84, 86–90, 92];405
20.4.7.2;3.7.2 Other Types of Immune Biosensors for the Determination of Mycotoxins;410
20.4.7.3;3.7.3 Peculiarities of Sample Preparation for the Immune Biosensor Analysis;411
20.4.7.4;3.7.4 Conclusion;411
20.5;4 Perspectives of the Development of the Biosensors for the Express Control of Toxic Substances;412
20.6;Acknowledgments;413
20.7;References;413
21;19 Sensors for Rapid Detection of Environmental Toxicity in Blood of Poisoned People;419
21.1;Abstract;419
21.2;1 Introduction;420
21.2.1;1.1 Physiological Relevance of Blood CO Levels/Poisoning;420
21.2.2;1.2 Conventional Blood CO Monitoring Methods;421
21.3;2 Materials/Methods;423
21.3.1;2.1 Optical Properties of Blood;425
21.3.2;2.2 Optical Blood Measurement Techniques;426
21.4;3 Blood CO Sensor Design;431
21.5;4 Hollow Core Microstructured Waveguide Biosensors;432
21.6;5 Conclusion;434
21.7;Acknowledgments;434
21.8;References;434
22;20 Emerging Biosensor for Pesticide Detection;437
22.1;Abstract;437
22.2;1 Introduction: Role of Biosensors in Pesticide Detection;437
22.3;2 Enzyme-Biosensor: Definition, General Features and Classifications;439
22.4;3 Emerging Biorecognition Elements for Pesticide Detection;442
22.4.1;3.1 Esterase-Based Biosensors;442
22.4.2;3.2 OPH-Based Biosensors;443
22.4.3;3.3 Other Enzymes;445
22.5;4 Conclusions;446
22.6;References;446
23;21 Label-Free Optical Biosensors for Monitoring Cellular Processes and Cytotoxic Agents at Interfaces Using Guided Modes and Advanced Phase-Contrast Imaging Techniques;449
23.1;Abstract;449
23.2;1 Introduction;450
23.3;2 Evanescent Field Based Optical Biosensors;451
23.3.1;2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonances: Propagating and Localized;452
23.3.2;2.2 Optical Waveguide Based Biosensors;453
23.4;3 Optical Biosensors for Detection of Cells and Cell Refractive Index Changes;454
23.4.1;3.1 Detection of Bacterial Cells by Biosensors;455
23.4.2;3.2 Detection of Eukaryotic Cells by Label-Free Biosensors;457
23.5;4 Holographic Microscopy for Label-Free Visualization of Living Cells;461
23.6;5 Conclusions;464
23.7;Acknowledgments;465
23.8;References;465
24;22 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Security: Mycotoxins Detection;475
24.1;Abstract;475
24.2;1 Introduction;476
24.3;2 Mycotoxins;477
24.3.1;2.1 Aflatoxins;478
24.3.1.1;2.1.1 Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds;479
24.3.1.2;2.1.2 Effects on Human and Animals Health;481
24.3.2;2.2 Ochratoxins;481
24.3.2.1;2.2.1 Ochratoxin A in Foods and Feeds;482
24.3.2.2;2.2.2 Effects on Human and Animals Health;483
24.3.3;2.3 Other Mycotoxins;484
24.4;3 Electrochemical Biosensors;485
24.4.1;3.1 Enzymatic Biosensors;485
24.4.2;3.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors;487
24.4.2.1;3.2.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors for Aflatoxins;487
24.4.2.2;3.2.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors for Ochratoxin A;488
24.4.3;3.3 Aptasensors;489
24.4.4;3.4 Peptide Based Sensors;490
24.5;4 Conclusion;492
24.6;References;493
25;23 Comparative Studies on Optical Biosensors for Detection of Bio-Toxins;497
25.1;Abstract;497
25.2;1 Introduction: The Role of Optical Methods in Detection of Bio-Toxins;497
25.3;2 Review of Existing Optical Bio-Sensing Technologies;498
25.4;3 Case Study: Detection of Bio-Toxins Using TIRE;508
25.5;4 Conclusions and Future Prospects for Bio-Toxins’ Sensor Development;511
25.6;Acknowledgment;512
25.7;References;512