Niaounakis Biopolymers: Applications and Trends

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-323-35433-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 604 Seiten

Reihe: Plastics Design Library

Biopolymers: Applications and Trends provides an up-to-date summary of the varying market applications of biopolymers characterized by biodegradability and sustainability. It includes tables with the commercial names and properties of each biopolymer family, along with biopolymers for each marketing segment, not only presenting all the major market players, but also highlighting trends and new developments in products. The book includes a thorough breakdown of the vast range of application areas, including medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, construction, automotive, and many more, giving engineers critical materials information in an area which has traditionally been more limited than conventional polymers. In addition, the book uses recent patent information to convey the latest applications and techniques in the area, thus further illustrating the rapid pace of development and need for intellectual property for companies working on new and innovative products. - Provides an up-to-date summary of the varying market applications of biopolymers characterized by biodegradability and sustainability - Includes tables with the commercial names and properties of each biopolymer family, along with biopolymers for each marketing segment - Presents a thorough breakdown of the vast range of application areas, including medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, construction, automotive, and many more - Uses recent patent information to convey the latest applications and techniques in the area, thus further illustrating the rapid pace of development and need for intellectual property

European Patent Office, Rijswijk, Netherlands

Autoren/Hrsg.

Niaounakis, Michael

Leseproben

1.8. Polyamides

Polyamides are polymers with amide groups (R–CO–NH–R') as integral parts of the main polymer chain. Polyamides are basically formed from polycondensation of (1) diamines and dicarboxylic acids, (2) ?-amino carboxylic acids as bifunctional monomers, and (3) a-amino carboxylic acids as bifunctional monomers [84]. Biopolyamides include both bio-based polyamides and biodegradable fossil fuel-based polyamides. The commercially available biopolyamides are shown in Table 1.13.

1.8.1. Polycondensation of Diamines and Dicarboxylic Acids

Polyamides of this category are formed from polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids. The dicarboxylic acid can be derived from renewable resources such as castor oil. The diamines are mainly derived from fossil fuel [84]. Commercial biopolyamides produced by the polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids include polyamide 410 (PA 410), polyamide 610 (PA 610), polyamide 1010 (PA 1010), polyamide 1012 (PA 1012), and polyphthalamides (Scheme 1.34).

Scheme 1.34 Bio-based aliphatic polyamides prepared by the polycondensation of diamines and dicarboxylic acids. PA 410 X=4, Y=10; PA 610 x=6, y=8; PA 1010 x=10, y=8; PA 1012 x=1, y=10.

Table 1.13

Commercially Available Biopolyamides

PA 11

Rilsan® PA11

Arkema (FR)

Electrical cables, automotive, pneumatic, and hydraulic hose

PA 11

Rilsan® Clear G830 Rnew

Arkema (FR)

Molding applications, ideally suited for optics as high-end eyewear frames

Co–PA

Platamid® Rnew

Arkema (FR)

Hot melt adhesive

PA 11 copolymer (poly(ether-b-amide))

Pebax® Rnew

Arkema (FR)

Sport and leisure articles; industrial equipments

PA 1010

Grilamid 1S Grilamid 2S

EMS-Grivory (DE)

Reinforced Grilamid 1S: manufacture of stiff covers; Nonreinforced, amorphous grades:injection molding processes for overmolding metal sheets

PA 1010

Vestamid® Terra DS

Evonik Industries AG (DE); FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide

Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films

PA 1010

Zytel® RS LC1000 series (20–100wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC1000 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1200 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1600 BK385 • Zytel® RS LC1600 BK385

Du Pont (USA)

Multiple extrusion applications; e.g., diesel fuel line and truck air brake tubes; suitable for biodiesel and gasoline applications

PA 1010

Hiprolon® 200 series

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Gear, electronics housing parts, rigid technical tubing, technical film, powder coating

PA 1012

Hiprolon® 400 series

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Automotive tubing systems, oil and gas pipe, technical decorative films

PA 1012

Vestamid® Terra DD

Evonik Industries AG (DE); FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide

Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films

PA 410

EcoPaXX™

DSM (NL)

Automotive and electrical applications: engine cover, cooling circuit components, sensors

PA 610

Vestamid® Terra HS

Evonik Industries AG (DE); FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (DE), distributor worldwide

Injection molding, fibers, powder, extrusion, and films

Table Continued

PA 610

Grilamid® 2S

EMS-Grivory (DE)

Injection molding, extrusuin (tubes for automotive industry)

PA (amorphous)

Grilamid® TR: • Grilamid® TR 55 • Grilamid® TR 90 UV

EMS-Grivory (DE)

Molded article especially for outdoor applications

PA 610

Ultramid® S balance

BASF (DE)

Overmolding metal and electronic components, plug-in connectors, pipes, and reservoirs in cooling circuits

PA 610

Zytel® RS LC2000 series: (20–100wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC2600 • Zytel® RS LC2800 Zytel® RS LC3000 series: (20–63wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LS3030 NC010 • Zytel® RS LC3060 NC010 • Zytel® RS LC3090 NC010 Zytel® RS LC4000 series: (20–60wt% renewable content): • Zytel® RS LC4601 • Zytel® RS LC4602

Du Pont (USA)

Zytel® RS LC2000 series: brake tubes, handheld devices; suitable for fuel applications; Zytel® RS LC3000 series: fuel connectors, extruded products, and radiator end tanks • Zytel® RS LS3030 NC010: injection applications; • Zytel® RS LC3060 NC010: injection and extrusion applications; Zytel® RS LC3090 NC010: extrusion applications; Zytel® RS LC4000 series: fuel line applications

PA 610

Hiprolon® 70 series

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Monofilament, industrial parts with high heat resistance and extrusion tubing product

PA 610

Kalix® PPHA 2000 series

Solvay Specialty Polymers

Mobile healthcare (mHealth) electronic devices (frames and covers for healthcare displays, terminals, and modules along with chassis, housings, and bezels)

PA 610

Akromid® S

Akro-Plastic (DE)

Fans in refrigeration appliances, heaters and heat pumps, and for electronics cooling (computing centers switchgear-cabinet and inverter cooling)

PA 612

Hiprolon® 90 series

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Monofilament and other industrial parts with different compounding process

Long-chain PA

Hiprolon® 11

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Auto fuel lines, air brake tubing, cable sheathing

Long-chain PA

Hiprolon® 211

Suzhou Hipro Polymers (CN)

Auto fuel lines, air brake tubing, cable sheathing

Table Continued

PPA

Rilsan® HT

Arkema (FR)

Flexible tubing, injection molding

PPA

Grivory HT3

EMS-Grivory (DE)

Electronic connector applications (e.g., plug connectors)

PPA

Vestamid® HT plus

Evonik Industries AG (DE)

Material for housings of pumps and filter systems or for use in vehicles in the vicinity of the engine, as in the charge air duct

PA 1010, polyamide 1010, produced from 1,10-decamethylene diamine (castor oil derivative) and sebasic acid (both derived from castor oil); PA 11, polyamide 11, produced from 11-aminodecanoic acid (derived from castor oil); PA 1012, polyamide 1012, produced from 1,10-decamethylene diamine and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (both derived from plant oil, e.g., palm kernel oil); PA 410, polyamide 410, produced from tetramethylene diamine and sebacic acid (derived from castor oil); PA 610, polyamide 610, produced from hexamethylenediamine and sebaci acid (derived from castor oil); PPA, polyphthalamide, produced from decamethylene diamine, terephthalic acid, and amino acid.

1.8.2. Polycondensation of ?-Amino Carboxylic Acids or Lactams

An example of a biopolyamide produced by the ROP of e-caprolactam is polyamide 11 (PA 11) (see Scheme 1.35).

1.8.3. Poly(a-amino acids)

Synthetic polymers of a-amino acids contain peptide bonds in the main chain and can be composed of the same structural units (a-amino acids) as the poly(amino acids) of natural origin, such as polypeptides and proteins. In this regard they may be considered as being protein analogues. Two amino acid homopolymers comprising a single type of amino acid are known in nature [85]: poly(?-glutamic acid) (?-PGA) and e-poly(L-lysine (e-PL).

Poly(a-amino acids) are mainly used to create high-purity materials needed for biomedical applications. To date, commercial applications of protein polymers, such as poly(D-lysine) and poly(L-lysine), are limited to the use as adhesives/substrates for cell culture. Copolymers of a-amino acids (such as serine) with other biodegradable polymers (such as PLA) are synthesized as drug delivery systems (1998,...