E-Book, Englisch, 186 Seiten
E-Book, Englisch, 186 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-804122-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Philimon Ng'andwe is a Forest Industries technologist and Lecturer in Biomaterials sciences and technology at the Copperbelt University, Zambia. He has worked both in government institutions and the private sector. Philimon teaches wood anatomy, wood preservation and forest products technologies, markets and trade and has industrial and academic work experience in wood and non-wood forest products spanning over 25 years. Philimon's research interests include both science and commerce: wood properties and anatomy, renewable bio-energy, and domestication of edible wild root, tubers and bulbs and monitoring green house gas emissions from forests industry, natural forests and wetlands. He has collaborated with the wood industry in various ways including finding solutions that enhances the forestry sector's potential to increase its contribution to the national economy. Currently he is coordinating three projects: (1) Interim Environmental Fund Project in Central Province for domestication of edible wild roots, tuber and bulbs (2) Zambezi North South -South for teacher and student capacity building and international mobility (3) the Zambian wood web based wood xylarium database.
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Chapter 1 An Overview of the Forestry Sector in Zambia
Phillimon Ng’andwea, Jacob Mwitwab, Ambayeba Muimba-Kankolongob and Jegatheswaran Ratnasingamc, aDepartment of Biomaterials Science and Technology, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia, bDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia, cFaculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia The role of wood and non-wood forest products in the national economy and their contribution to poverty alleviation is a subject of discussion by many governments globally. The demand for wood and non-wood forest products is increasing, thus creating opportunities for enhancing marketing of wood products, particularly with a good resource base and incentives from Government that are aimed at establishing a profitable environment for increased domestic industrial growth, export promotion, market-oriented production and private sector development. Sustainable management of natural and plantation forest resources is critical to national development if fully supported by adequate forest policies and legislation. The emerging issues such as carbon management and adaptation to climate change and high rates of deforestation are some of the challenges that face the forestry sector amid the many opportunities for sustainable industrial development, market access, and trade. Keywords
Forest policy; forest growing stock; legislation; markets; poverty; Zambia Forestry Sector Classification
The forestry sector in Zambia embraces all economic activities defined in the International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC Revision 4) (UN, 2006a; Ng’andwe et al., 2012) that are essential for the country to develop. These are: • Forest and logging which includes various economic activities taking place in forests and woodlands such as silviculture, production of round-wood, extraction and gathering of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) as well as activities on products that undergo little processing such as firewood, charcoal, pit-props, slab poles, and utility poles. • Manufacturing of wood and products of wood comprising production of sawnwood, wood-based panels, builders joinery, and carpentry. • Pulp, paper, and paperboard products. The forestry sector of Zambia, is therefore, not limited to forestry activities, as a boundary, but includes the downstream processing activities involving wood and NWFPs. The contribution of the sector to the national economy, forest policies, legal frameworks and sector’s integration are considered cross-cutting these boundaries in this book. Forest Policies and Legal Frameworks
The Forestry Department is mandated by the Zambian government to manage resources in forest and customary lands other than leasehold (GRZ, 1965, 1973, 1998b). This mandate is supported by the Forest Policy of 1965 and the Forest Act No. 39 of 1973. The forestry legislation was established in 1949 during the colonial administration and revised in 1960 and 1970 to Act No. 39 of 1973 (IDLO, 2011). The 1973 Act has been the active legal instrument that provides for a centralized forest management, with government having absolute power over all aspects of forest and woodland management. The inadequacy of this legal instrument to address emerging issues resulted in the development of the Forest Act of 1999 (GRZ, 1999) which provides for the formation of the Zambia Forestry Commission, a semi-autonomous body. The Joint Forest Management initiative was started under the 1999 and 2006 series of statutory instruments derived from the inactive Forest Act of 1999 as a model for involving communities in forest management and utilization programs in Zambia. The Zambia Forest Action Plan (ZFAP) of 1997 (ZFAP, 1997), Forest Policy of 1998 and Forest Act of 1999 (GRZ, 1999) provide for industry and community participation in forest management and utilization. Formulated under the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994, the Forest Policy of 1998 is aimed at changing the national institutional and legal framework for forest management and administration so that the forestry sector could be administered by a forest commission. There are also cross-cutting legal frameworks such as the Lands Act of 1995 (GRZ, 1995) and the draft Lands Policy of 1998 (GRZ, 1998a) which legally distinguish property rights tied to forests and those tied to land (IDLO, 2011). In addition, the Investment Act of 1993 provides a legal framework for investment in any sector of the economy that includes forestry. ZFAP established a framework for planning in forestry and contributes to the preparation of forest policies, action plans and programs. It raises awareness of issues related to the forestry sector and provides for updates of forest policy. The National Forest Policy (NFP) of 1998 addresses sustainable management and utilization of forest resources using broad-based approaches, such as: i. resource management and development; ii. resources allocation; iii. capacity building; and iv. gender equality. Under the resource management and development, both ZFAP and NFP aim to meet on a sustainable basis the demand for woodfuel, timber, poles and NWFPs, to contribute to the national economy by creating formal and informal employment in wood and NWFPs processing and to conserve forest ecosystems and biodiversity. The lack of full implementation of the policy and legal frameworks for the forestry sector indicates the inadequacies in the Forestry Department institutional capacity to carry out its mandate effectively and its weakness in addressing emerging challenges such as climate change issues, decentralization, benefit sharing, and Private Public Partnership (GRZ, 2010a; IDLO, 2011; Mwitwa and Makano, 2012). However, the government of Zambia has had aspirations to improve the forestry sector (GRZ, 2006, 2011a), but the institution capacity to fully conduct its mandates provided in the legal and fiscal frameworks has not been strengthened due to delays in enacting such instruments by Parliament. Forest Classes and Agro-Ecological Regions
The Forest Act No. 39 of 1973 legally subdivides natural forests into four land classes: Trust, Reserve, and State lands, as well as lands with designated forest functions. Forests on reserve lands are classified either as national or local forests and any activity to be carried out in these forests are regulated under the use rights obtained through licenses. According to the legal classification, national forests are identified for industrial processing for national benefits while local forests are for community interests. Within this broad classification, in which accessibility for exploitation is regulated, there are also protected forests and forests on customary land (GRZ, 1997; Chileshe, 2001) as well as global agro-ecological zones (AEZs). Zambia has three main different AEZs described in Integrated Land Use Assessment (ILUA) Report of 2008 I (MTENR, 2008b) and corresponding to various forest biomass stocks, described below (Chidumayo, 2012). • AEZ I—Luangwa—Zambezi river zone: This zone is found in the dry Miombo woodland of Zambia and covers Western, Eastern, Lusaka and Southern Provinces. It spans over 8.3 million ha and is characterized by low rainfall of less than 800 mm/year. The tree production potential is low. The above-ground wood biomass production is estimated at 6.1 million tons per annum (Chidumayo, 1996a) and is co-dominated by Brachystegia spiciformis Julbernadia paniculata, Burkea africana, and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, as common understory taxa (Chidumayo, 2012). • AEZ IIa—Central, Southern and Eastern Plateau: This region covers over 11.7 million ha with rainfall ranging between 800 and 1,000 mm/year and is found in Central, Eastern, Lusaka, Northern, Northwestern and parts of Western Provinces. It is characterized by high agriculture and forest production potential. The above-ground wood biomass production is estimated s estimated at 8.4 million tons per annum (Chidumayo, 2012). The Central drier Miombo woodland have Brachystegia spp. and Julbernardia globiflora as co-dominant species while D. condylocarpon, Lannea spp., Ochna spp., and Pseudolachnostylis lismaprouneifolia are common understory species. In the Eastern drier Miombo woodland, Brachystegia manga and Julbernardia spp. woodlands are dominant with Diospyros spp., D. condylocarpon, Ochna spp., and P. maprouneifolia as common understory taxa (Chidumayo, 2012). • AEZ IIb—Western semi arid plains: This agro-ecological zone covers 5.2 million ha and is characterized by low rainfall compared to AEZ IIa, low agriculture and low tree production potential while wood biomass production is estimated at 3.9 million tons per annum. As reported by Chidumayo (2012) this AEZ corresponds to Western drier Miombo which is co-dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, B. spiciformis,...
