Nastase Cosmology and String Theory

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-15077-8
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 197, 459 Seiten

Reihe: Fundamental Theories of Physics

Cosmology describes the evolution of the Universe and is based on a description of its beginning from quantum fluctuations. String theory is the only known consistent theory of quantum gravity that can deal with the highest energy scales near the Planck energy, relevant for cosmology's beginning. As a result, only string theory can give a fully consistent picture of cosmological origins. This book describes the best current avenues for obtaining cosmology from string theory. It is aimed at graduate students, and also researchers, with some familiarity with cosmology and string theory, however no detailed knowledge is required.
 

Horatiu Nastase has a career which has spanned 4 continents. He holds a PhD from SUNY Stony Brook in string theory. During a postdoc at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, his work with Berenstein and Maldacena started the pp wave correspondence. After another postdoc and Brown University, and a tenure-track at Tokyo Tech in Japan, he is now a tenured Researcher at IFT-UNESP in Brazil.  

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nastase, Horatiu

Nastase, Horaciu

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;9
4;Introduction;16
5;Part I Standard Cosmology;18
6;1 The Expanding Universe and the Big Bang;19
6.1;1.1 Observations;19
6.2;1.2 Newtonian Approximation for the Expansion of Space;21
6.3;1.3 Time Evolution of the Scale Factor for a Linear Equation of State;24
6.4;1.4 Universe with Several Matter Components;26
6.5;1.5 A Quick History of Experimental Observations and Discoveries;27
6.6;1.6 The Cosmological Constant;28
7;2 Relativistic Theory;31
7.1;2.1 The FLRW Metric and the Friedmann Equation;31
7.2;2.2 Types of Matter and Resulting Expansion of the Universe;35
7.3;2.3 Cosmological Evolution Formulas;37
8;3 The Propagation of Light and Measurements of Distance, Luminosity and Mass;42
8.1;3.1 Propagation of Light;42
8.2;3.2 Measurements of Distance by Light;44
8.3;3.3 Optical Measurements;45
8.4;3.4 Stellar Evolution;48
8.5;3.5 Measurements of Distance;49
8.6;3.6 Mass Determination for Distant Bodies;52
9;4 Evidence for Dark Matter and the ?CDM Model;55
9.1;4.1 Evidences for Dark Matter;55
9.2;4.2 Candidates for Dark Matter;60
9.3;4.3 WIMP Dark Matter Candidates;62
9.4;4.4 The ?CDM Model;64
10;5 The Early Universe and Its Thermal History;66
10.1;5.1 Defining the Hot Big Bang;66
10.2;5.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics;68
10.3;5.3 Thermodynamics of the Universe;71
10.4;5.4 Particle Species in the Radiation Dominated (R.D). Era;74
10.5;5.5 Neutrino Decoupling;76
11;6 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Recombination;80
11.1;6.1 Recombination Temperature;80
11.2;6.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis;82
11.3;6.3 Dependence of BBN Primordial Abundances on Parameters;85
11.4;6.4 Observations and Comparison with BBN;86
11.5;6.5 Summary of the Thermal History;87
12;7 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) Anisotropy;90
12.1;7.1 The CMBR and Its Anisotropy;90
12.2;7.2 Kinematics of the CMBR;92
12.3;7.3 Perturbation Theory for CMBR;96
12.4;7.4 Effect of Density Perturbations on the CMBR;102
13;8 Problems to Be Solved by Inflation and How They Are Solved in Inflationary Models;107
13.1;8.1 Problems with Standard Cosmology Before Inflation;107
13.2;8.2 The Paradigm of Inflation;111
13.3;8.3 Inflationary Solutions to Cosmological Problems;113
13.4;8.4 Inflation with a Scalar Field;118
14;9 Slow-Roll Inflation;122
14.1;9.1 Slow-Roll Analysis;123
14.2;9.2 General (Non-slow Roll) Formulas;126
14.3;9.3 Slow Roll Conditions;128
14.4;9.4 Exact Solution for Inflation;129
14.5;9.5 Variants of Inflation;130
14.5.1;9.5.1 Initial Conditions for Inflation;132
15;10 Reheating and Baryogenesis;134
15.1;10.1 Standard Reheating;134
15.2;10.2 New Reheating and Preheating;138
15.3;10.3 Entropy Production and the Number of e-Folds;140
15.4;10.4 Baryogenesis;141
15.5;10.5 Relics;142
16;11 Fluctuations in Inflation and Matching with Experimental Data;144
16.1;11.1 Scales During Inflation;144
16.2;11.2 Scalar Fluctuations During Inflation;145
16.3;11.3 Quantization of Scalar Perturbations;147
16.4;11.4 Scalar-Gravity Fluctuations;149
16.5;11.5 Power Spectrum and Contact with Experimental Data;152
16.6;11.6 Primordial Tensor Perturbations;154
16.7;11.7 Constraints on Inflationary Models;156
17;Part II Elements of String Theory;159
18;12 Extra Dimensions and Kaluza–Klein;160
18.1;12.1 KK Metrics;161
18.2;12.2 Fields with Spin;163
18.3;12.3 The Original Kaluza–Klein Theory;165
18.4;12.4 Generalization: The n-Torus Tn=(S1)timesn;165
19;13 Electromagnetism and Gravity in Various Dimensions. Consistent Truncations;168
19.1;13.1 Review of Electromagnetism and Gravity;168
19.2;13.2 Interlude: Spheres in Higher Dimensions;169
19.3;13.3 Gauss's Law for Electromagnetism in d Dimensions;170
19.4;13.4 Gauss's Law for Gravity in d Dimensions;171
19.5;13.5 Consistent Truncations;173
20;14 calN =1 Supergravity in 4 Dimensions;178
20.1;14.1 Rigid Supersymmetry;178
20.2;14.2 Supergravity;181
20.3;14.3 Vielbein-Spin Connection Formulation of General Relativity;183
20.4;14.4 calN=1 Supergravity in 4 Dimensions;185
21;15 KK Compactification of Supergravity Models;189
21.1;15.1 KK Reduction;190
21.2;15.2 calN=1 Supergravity Coupled to Matter;191
21.3;15.3 Supergravity Compactifications;194
21.4;15.4 11 Dimensional Supergravity;195
22;16 The Relativistic Point Particle;199
22.1;16.1 Relativistic Second Order Action;199
22.2;16.2 Quantum Field Theory in the Worldline Formalism;202
22.3;16.3 First Order Particle Action;203
22.4;16.4 Quantization of the Particle in the Light-Cone Gauge;205
23;17 Relativistic Strings;209
23.1;17.1 String Worldsheet and Tension;209
23.2;17.2 Induced Metric and the Nambu–Goto Action;210
23.3;17.3 The First Order Polyakov Action;212
23.4;17.4 Equations of Motion, Boundary Conditions and Constraints;213
23.5;17.5 Coupling of String to Background Fields;217
24;18 Light-Cone Gauge Strings and Quantization;220
24.1;18.1 Light-Cone Gauge;220
24.2;18.2 String Mode Expansions;222
24.3;18.3 Constraints and Hamiltonian;223
24.4;18.4 Quantization of String Modes;226
24.5;18.5 Light-Cone Gauge Quantization;227
25;19 D-Branes and Gauge Fields;232
25.1;19.1 The D-Brane Action;233
25.2;19.2 Chan–Paton Factors and Several D-Branes;238
25.3;19.3 Quantizing Open Strings on Dp-Branes;238
26;20 Electromagnetic Fields on D-Branes and calN=4 SYM. T-Duality of Closed Strings;244
26.1;20.1 Supersymmetric String Theory;244
26.2;20.2 D3-Brane Action and calN=4 SYM;245
26.3;20.3 Nonlinear Born–Infeld Action;247
26.4;20.4 Closed Strings on Compact Spaces;248
26.5;20.5 T-Duality of Closed Strings;251
27;21 T-Duality of Open Strings. M-Theory and the Duality Web;255
27.1;21.1 T-Duality of Open Strings;255
27.2;21.2 T-Duality with Chan–Paton Factors: Several D-Branes;257
27.3;21.3 Supergravity Actions;259
27.4;21.4 M-Theory;263
27.5;21.5 The String Duality Web;265
28;22 String Theory and Particle Physics;268
28.1;22.1 Dimensional Reduction on Compact Spaces;268
28.2;22.2 Calabi–Yau Compactification of String Theories;271
28.3;22.3 Intersecting D-Branes: Braneworld;273
28.4;22.4 Moduli Stabilization;274
29;23 Holography and the AdS/CFT Correspondence;276
29.1;23.1 AdS Space and Its Holography;276
29.2;23.2 Conformal Field Theories;279
29.3;23.3 AdS/CFT Motivation (Heuristic Derivation);281
29.4;23.4 AdS/CFT Definition and Limits;284
29.5;23.5 Operator/State Map and GKPW Construction;285
29.6;23.6 Generalization to Non-conformal Theories: Gauge/Gravity Duality;288
30;Part III Introduction to String Cosmology;291
31;24 Problems of String Inflation;292
31.1;24.1 Moduli of Type IIB String Compactifications on CY3;293
31.2;24.2 Approximations for String Calculations of the Potential;296
31.3;24.3 Eta Problem in String Theory;297
31.4;24.4 Energy Scales for Most Controlled Approximations;298
31.5;24.5 Large Field Inflation;300
32;25 Problems of the Supergravity Approximation to String Inflation;302
32.1;25.1 Supergravity Plus Chiral Multiplet;302
32.2;25.2 D-Term Inflation;304
32.3;25.3 Field Redefinitions;306
32.4;25.4 Example with ?,?ll1;306
32.5;25.5 Special Embedding of Inflationary Potentials in Supergravity;309
33;26 Brane (-Antibrane) Inflation;313
33.1;26.1 Brane Probe Inflation;313
33.2;26.2 Brane-Antibrane Inflation: Flat Space Approximation;316
33.3;26.3 Brane-Antibrane Inflation in Compact Space;319
34;27 Braneworld Cosmology and the Israel Junction Conditions;323
34.1;27.1 Braneworld Cosmology in the Brane Formalism;324
34.2;27.2 Embedding Theory;325
34.3;27.3 Braneworld and Cosmology;327
34.4;27.4 Israel Junction Conditions;328
34.5;27.5 FLRW Cosmology;330
35;28 The KKLT Scenario for de Sitter Backgrounds in String Theory;333
35.1;28.1 Supersymmetric Vacua Are AdS;333
35.2;28.2 General Set-up for KKLT;335
35.3;28.3 Moduli Stabilization in KKLT;337
35.4;28.4 Compactification;339
35.5;28.5 de Sitter Vacua;340
36;29 The KKLMMT Scenario for Inflation and Generalizations;342
36.1;29.1 Simplified Model for KKLMMT;343
36.2;29.2 String Theory Example for KKLMMT Construction;346
36.3;29.3 Volume Stabilization and Problems;347
36.4;29.4 KKLMMT Generalization with Magnetic Flux;349
36.5;29.5 Type IIA Model Corresponding to KKLMMT;350
37;30 The Ekpyrotic Scenario;353
37.1;30.1 The Ekpyrotic Phase;354
37.2;30.2 Kinetic Phase;356
37.3;30.3 String Theory Model;359
37.4;30.4 Solving an Issue Related to the Null Energy Condition;361
37.5;30.5 Fluctuations in Ekpyrotic Models;364
38;31 The Cyclic and New Ekpyrotic Scenarios;367
38.1;31.1 The Cyclic Model;367
38.2;31.2 The New Ekpyrotic Cosmology;372
39;32 String Gas Cosmology: Basics and Brandenberger-Vafa Scenario;378
39.1;32.1 Hagedorn Temperature;378
39.2;32.2 3 Large Spatial Dimensions;380
39.3;32.3 String Equations of Motion;381
39.4;32.4 String Gas Cosmological Model;382
39.5;32.5 Cosmological Early Time Evolution;386
39.6;32.6 Moduli Stabilization;387
40;33 String Gas and Brane Gas Developments;390
40.1;33.1 Brane Gas;390
40.2;33.2 Cosmological Perturbations Generalities;392
40.3;33.3 Correlators from Thermodynamics;394
40.4;33.4 Thermodynamics for String Gas;396
40.5;33.5 String Gas Power Spectra and Tilts;398
41;34 Chameleon Scalars and String Theory;403
41.1;34.1 Chameleon (and Symmetron) Models;403
41.2;34.2 Thin-Shell Effect;406
41.3;34.3 String Theory Embedding;407
41.4;34.4 Experimental Constraints;409
42;35 Axion Inflation and Axion Monodromy from String Theory;413
42.1;35.1 Axions in Field Theory;413
42.2;35.2 Axions in String Theory;415
42.3;35.3 ``Racetrack'' with Two Axions;418
42.4;35.4 N-Flation;420
42.5;35.5 Axion Monodromy Inflation;421
42.6;35.6 Dante's Inferno;424
42.7;35.7 Phenomenology of Axion Monodromy Inflation;425
43;36 Fuzzy Dark Matter from String Theory;428
43.1;36.1 Fuzzy Dark Matter from String Theory;428
43.2;36.2 Axion Dynamics in the Expanding Universe;429
43.3;36.3 Fuzzy Dark Matter as a Nonrelativistic Quantum System;430
43.4;36.4 Superfluid Picture;431
43.5;36.5 Schrödinger–Poisson Equation and Spherical Soliton Solution;432
43.6;36.6 Observational Consequences;433
44;37 Holographic Cosmology;436
44.1;37.1 Generic Holographic Cosmology Map;436
44.2;37.2 Domain Wall/Cosmology Correspondence;438
44.3;37.3 Holographic Calculation;440
44.4;37.4 Phenomenological QFT Calculation;441
44.5;37.5 Time Dependent Field Theory Model: Top Down Holography;444
44.6;37.6 Spectrum of Fluctuations Going Through Singularity, from Holography;446
45; References;450
46;Index;454