Nagendra / Southworth Reforesting Landscapes

Linking Pattern and Process
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9656-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 396 Seiten

Reihe: Landscape Series

The 21st century has seen the beginnings of a great restoration effort towards the world's forests, accompanied by the emergence of an increasing literature on reforestation, regeneration and regrowth of forest cover. Yet to date, there is no volume which synthesises current knowledge on the extent, trends, patterns and drivers of reforestation. This edited volume draws together research from leading researchers to explore reforestation and forest regrowth across the world, from multiple dimensions - including ecosystem services, protected areas, social institutions, economic transitions, remediation of environmental problems, conservation and land abandonment - and at different scales. Detailing the methods and analyses used from across a wide range of disciplines, and incorporating research from North, South and Central America, Africa, Asia and Europe, this groundbreaking book provides a global overview of current trends, explores their underlying causes and proposes future forest trajectories. The first of its kind, the book will provide an invaluable reference for researchers and students involved in interdisciplinary research and working on issues relevant to the biophysical, geographic, socioeconomic and institutional processes associated with reforestation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nagendra, Harini

Southworth, Jane

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Nagendra_FM.pdf;1
1.1;Anchor 1;2
1.2;Anchor 2;2
1.3;Anchor 3;2
1.4;Anchor 4;2
1.5;Anchor 5;2
1.6;Anchor 6;5
2;Nagendra_Ch01.pdf;8
2.1;Chapter 1;8
2.1.1;Reforestation: Challenges and Themes in Reforestation Research;8
2.1.1.1;1.1 Introduction;9
2.1.1.2;1.2 Description of the Book;10
2.1.1.3;1.3 Challenges for Reforestation Research;11
2.1.1.3.1;1.3.1 Definitions of Reforestation;12
2.1.1.3.2;1.3.2 Interdisciplinarity;12
2.1.1.3.3;1.3.3 Multiplicity of Spatial and Temporal Scales;15
2.1.1.3.4;1.3.4 New Methodological Approaches;16
2.1.1.3.5;1.3.5 Reforestation as a Process;17
2.1.1.3.6;1.3.6 Global Focus;17
2.1.1.3.7;1.3.7 Urbanization;18
2.1.1.3.8;1.3.8 Forest Transition Theory;18
2.1.1.3.9;1.3.9 Cultural and Ecosystem Processes and Services;19
2.1.1.3.10;1.3.10 Future Expansion of Plantations;20
2.1.1.4;1.4 Concluding Remarks;20
3;Nagendra_Ch02.pdf;22
3.1;Chapter 2;22
3.1.1;The Bigger Picture – Tropical Forest Change in Context, Concept and Practice;22
3.1.1.1;2.1 Introduction;22
3.1.1.2;2.2 Methodology;24
3.1.1.2.1;2.2.1 Discursive Space;24
3.1.1.2.2;2.2.2 Institutional Space;26
3.1.1.3;2.3 Concepts and Practices of Two Scientific Disciplines;26
3.1.1.3.1;2.3.1 Forest Science Concepts and Practices;26
3.1.1.3.2;2.3.2 Land Change Science Concepts and Practices;27
3.1.1.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 The Forest Transition Model;28
3.1.1.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 An Alternative Forest Transition Model;28
3.1.1.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Incorporating Uncertainty into the Forest Transition Model;31
3.1.1.3.2.4;2.3.2.4 Data Needs in Land Change Science;31
3.1.1.4;2.4 Contextual Conceptualizations of Forest Change;31
3.1.1.4.1;2.4.1 Differences Between Scales;31
3.1.1.4.2;2.4.2 Interactions Between Scales;32
3.1.1.5;2.5 Forest Monitoring Practices;34
3.1.1.5.1;2.5.1 State Forestry Institutions;34
3.1.1.5.2;2.5.2 International Forestry Institutions;35
3.1.1.5.3;2.5.3 Land Change Science and Global Change Science Institutions;36
3.1.1.6;2.6 Analysing Evidence for Forestation in Forest Change Narratives;36
3.1.1.6.1;2.6.1 Trends in Pan-Tropical Forest Plantations Area;36
3.1.1.6.2;2.6.2 Trends in Forest Area in Eight Tropical Countries;38
3.1.1.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 A Summary of Case Study Findings;38
3.1.1.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Narratives Constructed in FAO Forest Resource Assessments;39
3.1.1.6.2.3;2.6.2.3 Constructing Alternative Narratives Using Survey Reports in FRAs;41
3.1.1.6.2.4;2.6.2.4 Constructing Contextual Narratives Using Survey Evidence in FRA Country Reports;43
3.1.1.7;2.7 Conclusions;46
3.1.2;References;48
4;Nagendra_Ch03.pdf;51
4.1;Chapter 3;51
4.1.1;Three Paths to Forest Expansion: A Comparative Historical Analysis;51
4.1.1.1;3.1 Introduction;51
4.1.1.2;3.2 Expansion Through Spontaneous Regeneration;54
4.1.1.3;3.3 Expansion Through Tree Plantations;57
4.1.1.4;3.4 Expansion Through Household Agroforests;59
4.1.1.5;3.5 Conclusion: Historical Conditions and Policies for Encouraging Forest Expansion;60
4.1.2;References;61
5;Nagendra_Ch04.pdf;64
5.1;Chapter 4;64
5.1.1;A Tri-Partite Framework of Forest Dynamics: Hierarchy, Panarchy, and Heterarchy in the Study of Secondary Growth;64
5.1.1.1;4.1 Introduction;65
5.1.1.2;4.2 A Tri-Partite Framework of Forest Dynamics;66
5.1.1.2.1;4.2.1 Hierarchy Theory;67
5.1.1.2.2;4.2.2 Adaptive Cycles and Panarchy;72
5.1.1.2.3;4.2.3 Heterarchy;79
5.1.1.3;4.3 Conclusions;83
5.1.2;References;87
6;Nagendra_Ch05.pdf;90
6.1;Chapter 5;90
6.1.1;Forest Cover Dynamics and Forest Transitions in Mexico and Central America: Towards a “Great Restoration”?;90
6.1.1.1;5.1 Introduction;90
6.1.1.2;5.2 Forest Change Pathways;92
6.1.1.3;5.3 The Forests of Mexico and Central America and the History of Deforestation;97
6.1.1.4;5.4 Country-Level Dynamics;100
6.1.1.4.1;5.4.1 Mexico;100
6.1.1.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;100
6.1.1.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance, and Protection Pathway;101
6.1.1.4.2;5.4.2 Belize;103
6.1.1.4.3;5.4.3 Guatemala;104
6.1.1.4.3.1;5.4.3.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;104
6.1.1.4.3.2;5.4.3.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance and Protection Pathway;105
6.1.1.4.4;5.4.4 Honduras;107
6.1.1.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;107
6.1.1.4.4.2;5.4.4.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance, and Protection Pathway;107
6.1.1.4.5;5.4.5 El Salvador;109
6.1.1.4.5.1;5.4.5.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;109
6.1.1.4.5.2;5.4.5.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance and Protection Pathway;109
6.1.1.4.6;5.4.6 Nicaragua;110
6.1.1.4.6.1;5.4.6.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;110
6.1.1.4.6.2;5.4.6.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance, and Protection Pathway;111
6.1.1.4.7;5.4.7 Costa Rica;112
6.1.1.4.7.1;5.4.7.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;112
6.1.1.4.7.2;5.4.7.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance, and Protection Pathway;112
6.1.1.4.8;5.4.8 Panama;114
6.1.1.4.8.1;5.4.8.1 The Continued Deforestation Pathway;114
6.1.1.4.8.2;5.4.8.2 The Forest Recovery, Maintenance, and Protection Pathway;114
6.1.1.5;5.5 Conclusions;115
6.1.2;References;121
7;Nagendra_Ch06.pdf;126
7.1;Chapter 6;126
7.1.1;Reforestation in Central and Eastern Europe After the Breakdown of Socialism;126
7.1.1.1;6.1 Overview;127
7.1.1.1.1;6.1.1 Introduction;127
7.1.1.1.2;6.1.2 Historic Forest Cover Trends;127
7.1.1.1.3;6.1.3 Forest Cover Trends in the Post-socialist Period;129
7.1.1.1.4;6.1.4 National Level Forest Resource Statistics;132
7.1.1.2;6.2 Case Studies;133
7.1.1.2.1;6.2.1 Case Study I: Reforestation and Forest Cover Change in Latvia’s Gauja National Park;133
7.1.1.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Study Site and National Historical Context;133
7.1.1.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Post-socialist Forest Change Patterns and Processes;134
7.1.1.2.2;6.2.2 Case Study II: Reforestation Potential and Forest Cover Change in Arges County, Romania;136
7.1.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Study Site and National Historical Context;136
7.1.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Post-socialist Forest Change Patterns and Processes;137
7.1.1.2.3;6.2.3 Case Study III: Reforestation and Forest Cover Change in Southeast Albania;139
7.1.1.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Study Site and National Historical Context;139
7.1.1.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Post-socialist Forest Change Patterns and Processes;141
7.1.1.3;6.3 Discussion;143
7.1.1.3.1;6.3.1 Drivers of Reforestation in Post-socialist Eastern Europe;143
7.1.1.3.2;6.3.2 Outlook: Future Reforestation in the Region;145
7.1.1.4;6.4 Conclusions;147
7.1.2;References;148
8;Nagendra_Ch07.pdf;153
8.1;Chapter 7;153
8.1.1;Reforestation and Regrowth in the Human Dominated Landscapes of South Asia;153
8.1.1.1;7.1 Introduction;154
8.1.1.2;7.2 Meta-Analysis;157
8.1.1.2.1;7.2.1 Methods;157
8.1.1.2.2;7.2.2 Results;158
8.1.1.3;7.3 Detailed Case Studies;165
8.1.1.3.1;7.3.1 Methods;165
8.1.1.3.2;7.3.2 Landscape 1 – Chitwan District, Nepal Terai Plains;167
8.1.1.3.3;7.3.3 Landscape 2 – Kabrepalanchowk District, Nepal Middle Hills;169
8.1.1.3.4;7.3.4 Landscape 3 – Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Eastern Indian Foothills;171
8.1.1.3.5;7.3.5 Landscape 4 – Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Plains;173
8.1.1.4;7.4 Conclusions;174
8.1.2;References;176
9;Nagendra_Ch08.pdf;179
9.1;Chapter 8;179
9.1.1;Threats to the Forest Transition in the Midwest United States;179
9.1.1.1;8.1 Introduction;180
9.1.1.2;8.2 Forest Transitions;181
9.1.1.3;8.3 Historical Trajectories of Land-Cover Change in the United States;182
9.1.1.3.1;8.3.1 Trajectories of Land-Cover Change: Indiana, Midwest United States;186
9.1.1.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Timber Production and the Forestry Industry;191
9.1.1.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Public Landholdings and Forest Management;192
9.1.1.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Legislation and Forest Conservation Efforts;193
9.1.1.3.2;8.3.2 Trajectories of Land-Cover Change in South-Central Indiana;193
9.1.1.4;8.4 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats: Future Reforestation Potential in Indiana;198
9.1.1.4.1;8.4.1 Strengths (Internal) of Future Reforestation Trajectories;198
9.1.1.4.2;8.4.2 Weaknesses (Internal) of Future Reforestation Trajectories;199
9.1.1.4.3;8.4.3 Opportunities (External) for Future Reforestation;200
9.1.1.4.4;8.4.4 Threats (External) to Future Reforestation;201
9.1.1.5;8.5 Conclusion;203
9.1.2;References;204
10;Nagendra_Ch09.pdf;208
10.1;Chapter 9;208
10.1.1;Importance of Input Classification to Graph Automata Simulations of Forest Cover Change in the Peruvian Amazon;208
10.1.1.1;9.1 Introduction;209
10.1.1.2;9.2 Conceptual Framework;210
10.1.1.3;9.3 Discussion of Methods;211
10.1.1.3.1;9.3.1 Cellular Automata;211
10.1.1.3.2;9.3.2 Graph Automata;212
10.1.1.4;9.4 Case Study;213
10.1.1.4.1;9.4.1 Study Area;213
10.1.1.4.2;9.4.2 Data;213
10.1.1.4.3;9.4.3 Methods;214
10.1.1.4.4;9.4.4 Results;217
10.1.1.5;9.5 Discussion;222
10.1.1.5.1;9.5.1 Methodological Implications;222
10.1.1.5.2;9.5.2 Methodological Implications;225
10.1.2;References;226
11;Nagendra_Ch10.pdf;229
11.1;Chapter 10;229
11.1.1;Forest Expansion in Northwest Costa Rica: Conjuncture of the Global Market, Land-Use Intensification, and Forest Protection;229
11.1.1.1;10.1 Introduction;229
11.1.1.2;10.2 Tempisque Basin: Geographical and Historical Setting;231
11.1.1.3;10.3 Forces of Landscape Change;233
11.1.1.4;10.4 Methods;236
11.1.1.4.1;10.4.1 Land-Cover Classification and Change Detection;236
11.1.1.4.2;10.4.2 Trajectory Analysis;238
11.1.1.4.3;10.4.3 Dominant Explanatory Trajectories;238
11.1.1.4.4;10.4.4 Landscape Setting for Trajectories;239
11.1.1.5;10.5 Results;239
11.1.1.5.1;10.5.1 Land Cover Area: Net Trends;239
11.1.1.5.2;10.5.2 Explanatory Trajectories;241
11.1.1.5.3;10.5.3 Protected and Non-protected Landscape Comparisons;244
11.1.1.5.4;10.5.4 Landscape Setting for Dominant Trajectories;244
11.1.1.6;10.6 Discussion;246
11.1.2;References;252
12;Nagendra_Ch11.pdf;255
12.1;Chapter 11;255
12.1.1;Forest Cover Changes and Their Drivers in the Polish Carpathian Mountains Since 1800;255
12.1.1.1;11.1 Introduction;255
12.1.1.2;11.2 The Polish Carpathians;256
12.1.1.3;11.3 From the Early Nineteenth Century to the 1930s: Towards Stabilisation of Forest Cover;258
12.1.1.3.1;11.3.1 Drivers;258
12.1.1.3.2;11.3.2 Case Study Evidence and Change Estimates;259
12.1.1.4;11.4 The Communist Period, 1945–1989;260
12.1.1.4.1;11.4.1 Drivers;261
12.1.1.4.2;11.4.2 Case Study Evidence and Change Estimates;262
12.1.1.5;11.5 Forest Cover Change After 1989;266
12.1.1.5.1;11.5.1 Drivers;266
12.1.1.5.2;11.5.2 Forest Cover at the Beginning of the Twenty First Century, Current Change Estimates and Future Trends;268
12.1.1.6;11.6 Concluding Remarks;271
12.1.2;References;271
13;Nagendra_Ch12.pdf;276
13.1;Chapter 12;276
13.1.1;Parks as a Mechanism to Maintain and Facilitate Recovery of Forest Cover: Examining Reforestation, Forest Maintenance and Prod;276
13.1.1.1;12.1 Introduction;277
13.1.1.1.1;12.1.1 Case Study: Kibale National Park, Uganda;279
13.1.1.1.2;12.1.2 Monitoring Land Cover Change in and Around a Forest Park;282
13.1.1.2;12.2 Methods;283
13.1.1.2.1;12.2.1 Discrete Data Analysis – Land Cover Classification and Change Detection;283
13.1.1.2.2;12.2.2 Continuous Data Analysis;284
13.1.1.3;12.3 Results;284
13.1.1.3.1;12.3.1 Land Cover Classification and Change Detection;284
13.1.1.3.2;12.3.2 Continuous Data Analysis;286
13.1.1.3.2.1;12.3.2.1 NDVI Description;286
13.1.1.3.2.2;12.3.2.2 NDVI Change Trajectories;287
13.1.1.3.3;12.3.3 Spatial Patterns of Land Cover Change;288
13.1.1.4;12.4 Discussion;289
13.1.1.4.1;12.4.1 Forest Change in and Around Kibale and Implications of Those Changes;289
13.1.1.4.2;12.4.2 Parks as Mechanisms for Forest Recovery and Maintenance;291
13.1.1.4.3;12.4.3 Continuous Data Analysis Using NDVI in the Kibale Landscape;292
13.1.1.5;12.5 Conclusion;293
13.1.2;References;295
14;Nagendra_Ch13.pdf;298
14.1;Chapter 13;298
14.1.1;Spontaneous Regeneration of Tropical Dry Forest in Madagascar: The Social–Ecological Dimension;298
14.1.1.1;13.1 Introduction;299
14.1.1.2;13.2 Study Area and Methodology;300
14.1.1.2.1;13.2.1 Analyses of Landsat Images;300
14.1.1.2.2;13.2.2 Ground-Truthing of Forest Classification;301
14.1.1.2.3;13.2.3 Analyses of Trends in Aridity;303
14.1.1.2.4;13.2.4 Social Surveys;303
14.1.1.3;13.3 Ecological and Social Dimensions of Forest Cover Change;304
14.1.1.3.1;13.3.1 The Ecological Dimension;304
14.1.1.3.2;13.3.2 The Social Dimension;307
14.1.1.3.3;13.3.3 The Social–Ecological Dimension;309
14.1.2;References;311
15;Nagendra_Ch14.pdf;315
15.1;Chapter 14;315
15.1.1;Forest Transition in Vietnam and Bhutan: Causes and Environmental Impacts;315
15.1.1.1;14.1 Introduction;315
15.1.1.2;14.2 Methods;316
15.1.1.2.1;14.2.1 Study Areas;316
15.1.1.2.1.1;14.2.1.1 Vietnam;316
15.1.1.2.1.2;14.2.1.2 Bhutan;318
15.1.1.2.2;14.2.2 Data and Methods;318
15.1.1.2.2.1;14.2.2.1 Vietnam;318
15.1.1.2.2.2;14.2.2.2 Bhutan;319
15.1.1.3;14.3 Results;319
15.1.1.3.1;14.3.1 The Pattern of Forest Transition in Vietnam;319
15.1.1.3.2;14.3.2 The Causes of Deforestation in Vietnam;323
15.1.1.3.3;14.3.3 The Forest Transition Pathways in Vietnam;324
15.1.1.3.3.1;14.3.3.1 Economic Reforms and Agricultural Development;324
15.1.1.3.3.2;14.3.3.2 Policy Responses to Forest Scarcity;326
15.1.1.3.3.3;14.3.3.3 Smallholder Agricultural Intensification;328
15.1.1.3.4;14.3.4 Environmental Impacts of the Forest Transition in Vietnam;329
15.1.1.3.4.1;14.3.4.1 Forest Density and Carbon Stocks;329
15.1.1.3.4.2;14.3.4.2 Habitat Fragmentation and Biodiversity;330
15.1.1.3.5;14.3.5 Forest Transition in Bhutan;331
15.1.1.4;14.4 Discussion and Conclusion;333
15.1.1.4.1;14.4.1 Interactions Between Pathways and Local Diversity;333
15.1.1.4.2;14.4.2 Social and Economic Issues in the Forest Transition;334
15.1.1.4.3;14.4.3 Conclusion;335
15.1.2;References;336
16;Nagendra_Ch15.pdf;340
16.1;Chapter 15;340
16.1.1;Forest Cover in China from 1949 to 2006;340
16.1.1.1;15.1 Introduction;340
16.1.1.2;15.2 The Natural Environment;342
16.1.1.3;15.3 Changes in Forest Cover from 1949 to 2006;344
16.1.1.3.1;15.3.1 Characteristic Development Stages;344
16.1.1.3.2;15.3.2 The 1998 Record Flooding and Forest Restoration Efforts;348
16.1.1.3.3;15.3.3 Economic Growth and Forest Cover;349
16.1.1.4;15.4 Discussion;352
16.1.1.5;15.5 Conclusions;353
16.1.2;References;354
17;Nagendra_Ch16.pdf;356
17.1;Chapter 16;356
17.1.1;Reforestation: Conclusions and Implications;356
17.1.1.1;16.1 Major Research Findings from Studies Presented in This Book;357
17.1.1.2;16.2 Reforesting Landscapes – Drivers, Processes and Frameworks for Study;357
17.1.1.2.1;16.2.1 Dominant Drivers of Reforestation;357
17.1.1.2.2;16.2.2 Typologies of Forest Change;361
17.1.1.2.3;16.2.3 Tools for Reforestation Studies;363
17.1.1.3;16.3 Continued and Future Challenges for Reforestation Research;363
17.1.1.3.1;16.3.1 Definitions of Reforestation;363
17.1.1.3.2;16.3.2 Need Long-Term Assessments of Change;364
17.1.1.3.3;16.3.3 Drivers of Future Change;364
17.1.1.4;16.4 Final Thoughts;365
17.1.2;References;366
18;Nagendra_Index.pdf;367