Muthu Green Composites

Sustainable Raw Materials
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-13-1969-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 98 Seiten

Reihe: Textile Science and Clothing Technology

This book highlights the production of green composites from various sustainable raw materials. We now live in an environmentally conscious era, in which sustainable raw materials (renewable, biodegradable, recycled), sustainable processing sequences, the production of recyclable and biodegradable products, and avoiding the depletion of renewable resources are key considerations with regarding to producing any product. The textile sector is no exception. Accordingly, this book addresses these aspects in connection with textiles, and discusses how they can be actively practiced.


Dr Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu holds a PhD in Textiles Sustainability and has over 60 books to his credit, along with 80 research publications. He is well known in the field of Textiles Sustainability due to his notable contributions in both academic and industrial contexts. He is currently working as Head of Sustainability for SgT Group & API, based in Hong Kong.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;7
2;1 Production of Green Composites from Various Sustainable Raw Materials;9
2.1;Abstract;9
2.2;1 Properties of Sustainable Raw Materials as Reinforcing Materials;11
2.3;2 Composites;13
2.3.1;2.1 Sustainable Fibres Used in Composite;14
2.3.2;2.2 Necessity of Matrix and Its Role in Preparation of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composite;15
2.3.2.1;2.2.1 Resin Matrix;15
2.3.2.2;2.2.2 Thermoset Benefits;15
2.3.2.3;2.2.3 Thermoplastic Benefits;15
2.3.2.4;2.2.4 Polyester Resins;16
2.3.2.5;2.2.5 Vinyl Ester Resins;16
2.3.2.6;2.2.6 Epoxy Resins;17
2.4;3 Surface Modification of Bast Fibres for Composite Materials;17
2.4.1;3.1 Surface Modification Methods of Natural Fibres;18
2.4.2;3.2 Physical Methods;18
2.4.3;3.3 Chemical Methods;18
2.4.3.1;3.3.1 Alkali Treatment;19
2.4.3.2;3.3.2 Graft Copolymerization;19
2.4.3.3;3.3.3 Grafting of Cellulose;20
2.4.3.4;3.3.4 Other Chemical Treatments;21
2.5;4 Application of Sustainable Raw Materials as Green Composite;21
2.5.1;4.1 Sustainable Green Composites from Natural Oil-Based Resins;22
2.5.2;4.2 Sustainable Green Composites from Soy Protein-Based Resin;23
2.5.3;4.3 Sustainable Green Composites from Polylactic Acid-Based Resin;24
2.5.4;4.4 Sustainable Green Composites from Starch-Based Materials;25
2.6;5 Some Novel Sustainable Lignocellulosic Fibres Used as Reinforcing Materials;25
2.6.1;5.1 Fibres from Agave angustifolia Plant;25
2.6.2;5.2 Fibres from Abelmoschus manihot Plant;26
2.6.3;5.3 Fibres from Sansevieria roxburghiana Plant;26
2.6.4;5.4 Fibres from Pandanus odorifer Plant;27
2.7;6 Challenges in Sustainable Composites;29
2.8;7 Conclusions;29
2.9;References;30
3;2 Production of Sustainable Green Concrete Composites Comprising Industrial Waste Carpet Fibres;33
3.1;Abstract;33
3.2;1 Introduction;34
3.2.1;1.1 General Appraisal;34
3.2.2;1.2 Background;35
3.3;2 Waste Carpet Fibres;36
3.3.1;2.1 Types and Sources of Waste Carpet;37
3.3.2;2.2 Carpet Fibre Recycling Technology;38
3.4;3 Concrete Composites Incorporating Waste Carpet Fibres;41
3.4.1;3.1 Fresh Properties;41
3.4.1.1;3.1.1 Density;41
3.4.1.2;3.1.2 Air Content;41
3.4.1.3;3.1.3 Slump;42
3.4.1.4;3.1.4 Vebe Time;44
3.4.2;3.2 Hardened Properties;45
3.4.2.1;3.2.1 Compressive Strength;45
3.4.2.2;3.2.2 Splitting Tensile Strength;46
3.4.2.3;3.2.3 Flexural Strength;48
3.4.2.4;3.2.4 Impact Resistance;49
3.4.2.5;3.2.5 Water Absorption;52
3.4.2.6;3.2.6 Chloride Penetration;53
3.4.3;3.3 Microstructural Analysis;54
3.5;4 Applications;57
3.6;5 Conclusions;57
3.7;References;58
4;3 Environmentally Benign and Sustainable Green Composites: Current Developments and Challenges;61
4.1;Abstract;61
4.2;1 Introduction;62
4.3;2 Composites;63
4.3.1;2.1 Matrix Materials;64
4.3.1.1;2.1.1 Polymer Matrix;64
4.3.1.1.1;Thermoset Resin Matrices;64
4.3.1.1.2;Thermoplastic Resin Matrices;65
4.3.1.2;2.1.2 Metal Matrix;65
4.3.1.3;2.1.3 Ceramic Matrix;66
4.3.2;2.2 Reinforcing Materials;67
4.3.2.1;2.2.1 Fibre-Reinforced Composites;67
4.3.2.2;2.2.2 Particulate-Reinforced Composites;68
4.3.2.3;2.2.3 Structural Composites;69
4.3.3;2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Composites;69
4.4;3 Effect of Composites and Their Materials on the Environment;71
4.4.1;3.1 Impact of Different Composite Materials on the Environment;71
4.4.1.1;3.1.1 Impact of Polymers;71
4.4.1.2;3.1.2 Impact of Metals;72
4.4.2;3.2 Impact of Composites;73
4.4.2.1;3.2.1 Non-Degradable Composites;73
4.4.2.2;3.2.2 Partially Degradable Composites;73
4.4.2.3;3.2.3 Biodegradable Composites;74
4.5;4 Environmentally Harmless Green Composites;74
4.5.1;4.1 Green Composite Reinforcements and Matrix;74
4.5.1.1;4.1.1 Natural Fibres;74
4.5.1.1.1;Plant Fibres;76
4.5.1.1.2;Animal Fibres;77
4.5.1.1.3;Fibres from Waste;78
4.5.1.2;4.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers;78
4.5.1.2.1;Polylactic Acids (PLA);80
4.5.1.2.2;Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA);82
4.5.1.2.3;Starch;83
4.5.1.2.4;Cellulose;84
4.5.2;4.2 Processing Aspects of Green Composites;85
4.5.2.1;4.2.1 Filament Winding;86
4.5.2.2;4.2.2 Contact Moulding;87
4.5.2.3;4.2.3 Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM);87
4.5.2.4;4.2.4 Injection Moulding;88
4.5.2.5;4.2.5 Autoclave Bonding;88
4.5.3;4.3 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Green Composites;89
4.5.4;4.4 Attributes of Green Composites;91
4.5.4.1;4.4.1 Mechanical Properties;91
4.5.4.2;4.4.2 Varying Properties of Fibres;92
4.5.4.3;4.4.3 Renewability;92
4.5.4.4;4.4.4 Low Embodied Energy;92
4.5.4.5;4.4.5 Biodegradability;92
4.5.4.6;4.4.6 Low Cost;93
4.5.4.7;4.4.7 High Water Absorption;93
4.5.4.8;4.4.8 Poor Durability;93
4.5.4.9;4.4.9 Non-Toxicity;94
4.5.4.10;4.4.10 Biocompatibility and Bioactivity;94
4.5.4.11;4.4.11 High-Temperature Degradation;94
4.6;5 Conclusion and Future Prospects;94
4.7;References;95