E-Book, Englisch, Band 58, 1709 Seiten
E-Book, Englisch, Band 58, 1709 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-027857-6
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Zielgruppe
Research Libraries, Researchers and Advanced Students with an Interest in the Field of Yupik Languages.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Acknowledgements;7
2;Foreword;9
3;List of tables;39
4;List of phonological rules;41
5;Abbreviations and conventions;43
6;Maps;50
7;Part 1: Preliminaries;53
7.1;Chapter 1. Introductory;55
7.1.1;1.1. Profiles of Eskimo languages;55
7.1.2;1.2. CAY - Speakers and dialects;56
7.1.3;1.3. Postcontact status and current status;59
7.1.4;1.4. Previous studies and sources for this description;62
7.1.5;1.5. CAY’s geographical placement among neighboring languages;65
7.2;Chapter 2. A word in Yupik;70
7.2.1;2.1. A word as a “form”;70
7.2.2;2.2. Bilateral articulation;73
7.2.2.1;2.2.1. Words and syllables as minimal forms;73
7.2.2.2;2.2.2. A glimpse into the “form”;75
7.2.2.3;2.2.3. “Mismatches”;77
7.2.3;2.3. Words, bound phrases, and phrases;78
7.2.3.1;2.3.1. Clitic vs. non-clitic bound phrase;79
7.2.3.2;2.3.2. Strongly vs. weakly bound;80
7.2.3.3;2.3.3. Detached or hetero-articulations;81
7.2.4;2.4. Illustrations from CAY;82
7.2.5;2.5. Implications of formhood;85
7.3;Chapter 3. Phonological preliminaries;87
7.3.1;3.1. Representations;88
7.3.2;3.2. Vowels;90
7.3.2.1;3.2.1. Three full vowels and schwa;91
7.3.2.2;3.2.2. Single vs. double vowels;92
7.3.2.3;3.2.3. Vowel clusters;93
7.3.2.4;3.2.4. Phonetic specifications;95
7.3.3;3.3. Consonants;98
7.3.3.1;3.3.1. Place-of-articulation contrasts;99
7.3.3.2;3.3.2. Manner-of-articulation contrasts;102
7.3.3.2.1;3.3.2.1. Phonological alternations;103
7.3.3.2.2;3.3.2.2. Dialect variations;103
7.3.3.3;3.3.3. Voiceless vs. voiced;104
7.3.3.3.1;3.3.3.1. Phonological alternations;106
7.3.3.3.2;3.3.3.2. Dialectal variations;106
7.3.3.4;3.3.4. Single vs. geminate;107
7.3.3.4.1;3.3.4.1. Names;108
7.3.3.4.2;3.3.4.2. Loanwords;108
7.3.3.4.3;3.3.4.3. Intensification;109
7.3.3.5;3.3.5. Phonotactics;109
7.3.3.6;3.3.5. 1. Word-medial;110
7.3.3.6.1;3.3.5.2. Word-initial;112
7.3.3.6.2;3.3.5.3. Word-final;115
7.3.3.6.3;3.3.5.4. Final truncation;115
7.3.3.7;3.3.6. Phonetic specifications;116
7.3.4;3.4. Phonological units;120
7.3.5;3.5. Prosody;122
7.3.6;3.6. Practical orthography;123
7.3.6.1;3.6.1. Use of alphabets;125
7.3.6.2;3.6.2. Use of apostrophes;128
7.3.6.3;3.6.3. Use of hyphens;131
7.3.6.4;3.6.4. Different manners of writing;133
7.4;Chapter 4. Morphological preliminaries;135
7.4.1;4.1. General characteristics;136
7.4.1.1;4.1.1. Predominant suffixation;137
7.4.1.2;4.1.2. Agglutination;140
7.4.1.3;4.1.3. Non-templatic polysynthesis;141
7.4.1.3.1;4.1.3.1. Derivational suffixes in advance;142
7.4.1.3.2;4.1.3.2. Postinflectional derivation;144
7.4.1.4;4.1.4. Ergativity and case-marking;145
7.4.1.4.1;4.1.4.1. Morphological ergativity;146
7.4.1.4.2;4.1.4.2. Double marking;148
7.4.1.4.3;4.1.4.3. Case marking;148
7.4.2;4.2. Word and its constructions;149
7.4.2.1;4.2.1. Three word classes - nominals, verbs, non-inflecting words;150
7.4.2.2;4.2.2. Constituents of inflecting words - stem, derivation, and inflection;153
7.4.2.2.1;4.2.2.1. Morpheme shapes and suffix types;155
7.4.2.2.2;4.2.2.2. Morpheme sequence illustrated;158
7.4.2.3;4.2.3. Stems;159
7.4.2.3.1;4.2.3.1. Classification;159
7.4.2.3.2;4.2.3.2. Shape of stems;161
7.4.2.3.3;4.2.3.3. Lexical stock in trade: native and loan;164
7.4.2.4;4.2.4. Inflectional suffixes (inflections);166
7.4.2.5;4.2.5. Derivational suffixes;168
7.4.2.5.1;4.2.5.1. Classification: transcategorial vs. stem-elaborating;169
7.4.2.5.2;4.2.5.2. Suffix order;174
7.4.2.5.3;4.2.5.3. Composite suffixes and cyclical expansion;176
7.4.2.5.4;4.2.5.4. Morphological expansions illustrated;180
7.4.2.5.4.1;4.2.5.4.1 Polysynthetic words;180
7.4.2.5.4.2;4.2.5.4.2 Multiple embedding;185
7.4.2.5.5;4.2.5.5. Periphrasis;186
7.4.2.5.5.1;4.2.5.5.1 Derivational suffixes vs. stems;186
7.4.2.5.5.2;4.2.5.5.2 Splitting with expletive \pi-\ - periphrastic constructions;188
7.4.3;4.3. Morphological anomalies;190
7.5;Chapter 5. Syntactical preliminaries;197
7.5.1;5.1. Constituents of clauses;198
7.5.1.1;5.1.1. Verbs - intransitive vs. transitive;199
7.5.1.1.1;5.1.1.1. Verb stems - primary and valency-modified;200
7.5.1.1.2;5.1.1.2. Passives (vs. antipassives);202
7.5.1.1.3;5.1.1.3. Various derived verbs;204
7.5.1.2;5.1.2. NPs;211
7.5.1.3;5.1.3. Peripherals;213
7.5.2;5.2. Clause linkings;214
7.5.2.1;5.2.1. Coordinate, subordinate, and cosubordinate;215
7.5.2.2;5.2.2. Nominalizations;217
7.5.3;5.3. Sentence types;219
7.5.3.1;5.3.1. Questions - content, polar, alternative, echo, indefinite, indirect;219
7.5.3.2;5.3.2. Commands - direct and indirect;225
7.5.3.3;5.3.3. Exclamations and vocatives;226
7.5.3.4;5.3.4. Predicate-less sentences;227
7.5.3.5;5.3.5. Direct and indirect speech;229
7.5.4;5.4. Constituent order;231
7.5.4.1;5.4.1. Some tendencies;232
7.5.4.2;5.4.2. Detached constructions;235
7.5.4.3;5.4.3. Disambiguation;235
7.5.4.4;5.4.4. Fronting;237
7.6;Chapter 6. Sociolinguistic notes;239
7.6.1;6.1. Hedging;239
7.6.2;6.2. (Dis)honorific (or attitudinal) expressions;241
7.6.3;6.3. Word taboos;241
7.6.4;6.4. Wordplay;243
8;Part 2: Phonology;245
8.1;Chapter 7. Segmental adjustments;247
8.1.1;7.1. (C)VC-stem/root strengthening: (P1);248
8.1.2;7.2. Initial fricativization: (P2);249
8.1.3;7.3. Initial velar adjustments: (P3);251
8.1.4;7.4. Final velar adjustments: (P4);252
8.1.5;7.5. Final apical adjustments: (P5);254
8.1.6;7.6. Central vowel adjustments: (P6);257
8.1.7;7.7. Schwa insertion: (P7);258
8.1.8;7.8. Schwa deletion: (P8);260
8.1.9;7.9. Final velar veletion: (P9);262
8.1.10;7.10. Intervocalic velar deletion: (P10);263
8.1.11;7.11. Weak velar fricative deletion: (P11);264
8.1.12;7.12. Labiovelar fricativization: (P12);265
8.1.13;7.13. Devoicing: (P13);265
8.1.14;7.14. Post-devoicing cluster adjustments: (P14);267
8.1.15;7.15. /t/affrication: (P15);269
8.1.16;7.16. /v/ and /z/ adjustments: (P16);270
8.1.17;7.17. Word-final adjustments: (P17);271
8.2;Chapter 8. Prosody;272
8.2.1;8.1. Rhythmical accent: (P18i);276
8.2.2;8.2. Regressive accent: (P18ii);277
8.2.2.1;8.2.1. Avoiding /V´ .V/: (P18ii.a);277
8.2.2.2;8.2.2. Avoiding /CVC.CV´/: (P18ii.b);280
8.2.2.3;8.2.3. Avoiding /CV.Cí?/: (P18ii.c);283
8.2.2.4;8.2.31. Blocking: (P18ii.d-g);284
8.2.2.4.1;8.2.3.2. Foot restructuring: (P18ii.h);286
8.2.3;8.3. Deaccentuation: (P18iii);287
8.2.4;8.4. Regressive accent in bound phrases: (P18iv);288
8.2.4.1;8.4.1. Before anon-enclitic boundary (P18iv.a);288
8.2.4.2;8.4.2. Before an enclitic boundary: (P18iv.b);291
8.2.5;8.5. /..a/ and /.a/ deletion (syllable contraction): (P18v);295
8.2.5.1;8.5.1. Within inflections: (P18v.a);298
8.2.5.2;8.5.2. Before other consonants: (P18v.b);299
8.2.5.3;8.5.3. Dialect variations;300
8.2.6;8.6. CV-stem weakening: (P18vi);301
8.2.7;8.7. Lexical and affective disturbances: (P18vii);302
8.2.8;8.8. Double vowel contraction: (P18viii);304
8.3;Chapter 9. Postprosodic adjustments;307
8.3.1;9.1. /a/ raising: (P19);307
8.3.2;9.2. Vowel cluster adjustments: (P20);308
8.3.3;9.3. Postprosodic devoicing: (P21) - Kuskokwim dialect;309
8.3.4;9.4. Pre-boundary fricativization: (P22);310
8.3.5;9.5. Affective adjustments (P23);311
8.3.6;9.6. Truncation (P24);313
8.3.7;9.7. Boundaries and potential pauses in summary;314
9;Part 3: Nominals Chapter 10;317
9.1;Nominal inflection and ambivalent stems;319
9.1.1;10.1. Nominal inflections;319
9.1.2;10.2. Nominal stems;321
9.1.3;10.3. Most basic stems - \pi-\ and \ca-\;321
9.1.3.1;10.3.1. |pi-|;321
9.1.3.2;10.3.2. |ca-|;324
9.1.4;10.4. Ambivalent stems;325
9.1.5;10.5. Roots;328
9.2;Chapter 11. Nouns;341
9.2.1;11.1. Appositive nouns;333
9.2.2;11.2. Location nouns;336
9.2.2.1;11.2.1. Stems;336
9.2.2.2;11.2.2. Syntax and semantics;338
9.2.2.2.1;11.2.2.1. Stem specifics;340
9.2.2.3;11.2.3. Derivation;342
9.2.2.3.1;11.2.3.1. Nominal elaboration (NN);342
9.2.2.3.2;11.2.3.2. Verbalization;349
9.2.3;11.3. Time words;352
9.2.3.1;11.3.1. Inflection;352
9.2.3.2;11.3.2. Syntax;354
9.2.3.3;11.3.3. Derivation;359
9.2.3.4;11.3.4. Ambivalent time words;365
9.2.3.5;11.3.5. Seasons, months, and days of week;366
9.2.3.6;11.3.6. Non-native expressions of time;369
9.2.4;11.4. Kinship terms;370
9.2.4.1;11.4.1. Iroquoian type;370
9.2.4.2;11.4.2. Reciprocal relatives |-ki.l..ii./t|;373
9.2.4.3;11.4.3. ‘Part, relative, partner’ - |ila-|, |aipa..-|;375
9.2.5;11.5. Color terms;378
9.2.6;11.6. Proper names;382
9.2.6.1;11.6.1. Names;382
9.2.6.2;11.6.2. Teknonymy;386
9.2.6.3;11.6.3. Place names;392
9.2.7;11.7. Onomatopoeia;394
9.2.7.1;11.7.1. Non-nominal;395
9.3;Chapter 12. Demonstratives;397
9.3.1;12.1. Demonstrative roots;398
9.3.2;12.2. Nominal demonstratives;401
9.3.2.1;12.2.1. Morphology;401
9.3.2.2;12.2.2. Syntax;405
9.3.2.3;12.2.3. Semantics - categorization through demonstratives;406
9.3.2.3.1;12.2.3.1. Extended vs. non-extended;406
9.3.2.3.2;12.2.3.2. Categories IX and X: ‘down/below’ vs. ‘out, toward river’;408
9.3.2.3.3;12.2.3.3. Category XII: ‘outside’ (without reference to the river);409
9.3.2.3.4;12.2.3.4. Motion toward vs. away;410
9.3.2.3.5;12.2.3.5. |u-| vs. |mat-|;411
9.3.2.3.6;12.2.3.6. Anaphora;412
9.3.2.4;12.2.4. References to areas/villages;415
9.3.2.5;12.2.5. Derivation;416
9.3.3;12.3. Adverbial demonstratives;418
9.3.3.1;12.3.1. Morphology;418
9.3.3.2;12.3.2. Syntax;423
9.3.3.2.1;12.3.2.1. Adverbial adjuncts;423
9.3.3.2.2;12.3.2.2. Interjectives;425
9.3.3.3;12.3.3. Derivation;429
9.3.4;12.4. Verbal demonstratives;431
9.4;Chapter 13. Personal pronouns;434
9.4.1;13.1. Morphology;434
9.4.1.1;13.1.1. \wa(.a)-\ first person;435
9.4.1.2;13.1.2. |i..l./(i.)-|non-first person;436
9.4.2;13.2. Syntax;437
9.4.2.1;13.2.1. Anaphoric;437
9.4.2.2;13.2.2. Reflexive;439
9.4.2.3;13.2.3. Reciprocal;440
9.4.2.4;13.2.4. Other requirements;440
9.4.3;13.3. Derivation;444
9.4.4;13.4. |nakmi-|;446
9.4.4.1;13.4.1. |nakmiin|;446
9.4.4.2;13.4.2. Derivatives;447
9.5;Chapter 14. Numerals and quantifiers;449
9.5.1;14.1. Numeral stems;449
9.5.2;14.2. Inflection;454
9.5.3;14.3. Phrasal numerals;456
9.5.3.1;14.3.1. Adnominal verbs with -luku;456
9.5.3.1.1;14.3.1.1. Addition: cip-luku;457
9.5.3.1.1.1;14.3.1.1.1. Fluctuation in number agreement;459
9.5.3.1.1.2;14.3.1.1.2. ‘more than X’;460
9.5.3.1.2;14.3.1.2. Subtraction;461
9.5.3.1.3;14.3.1.3. Relational -ngu-luni and -ngu-luku;462
9.5.3.1.4;14.3.1.4. Halving : avg-u-luku/aveg-luku;463
9.5.3.2;14.3.2. Appositive phrases - multiplication;465
9.5.3.3;14.3.3. Juxtaposed phrases - combination;467
9.5.4;14.4. Higher numerals: 100, 1000, and beyond;469
9.5.5;14.5. Derivation;472
9.5.6;14.6. Syntax;473
9.5.7;14.7. Group (collective) numerals;480
9.5.8;14.8. Frequency numerals;481
9.5.9;14.9. Ordinal numerals;481
9.5.10;14.10. Quantifiers;484
9.5.10.1;14.10.1. |i.l.ma(..a)..-| ‘a little bit of amount’ (food, fish, water, etc.);484
9.5.10.2;14.10.2. laml..-| ‘(to be) many, much; to do (something) too much’;485
9.5.10.2.1;14.10.2.1. Verbal;486
9.5.10.3;14.10.3. |tama(lku)..-| ‘(to be) a whole one (sg.)/all different kinds (pl.)’;486
9.5.10.3.1;14.10.3.1. Verbal;489
9.5.10.4;14.10.4. |kii-| ‘alone, only’ (~[HBC] |ki.yi-|~[Mountain Village] |ki.zi-|);492
9.5.10.4.1;14.10.4.1. Verbal;493
9.6;Chapter 15. Ignoratives;495
9.6.1;15.1. Functions and morphology;495
9.6.2;15.2. Ignorative stems;497
9.6.2.1;15.2.1. |ca-|‘(to do) what’;497
9.6.2.1.1;15.2.1.1. Verbal |ca-| ‘to do what’;498
9.6.2.1.2;15.2.1.2. |ciin|‘why’;499
9.6.2.2;15.2.2. |k(t)-|‘who’;499
9.6.2.3;15.2.3. |na-|‘where’;501
9.6.2.3.1;15.2.3.1. |nat-| ‘where/when (in relation to), what part (of)’;502
9.6.2.3.2;15.2.3.2. |nalif-| ‘which one’;503
9.6.2.3.3;15.2.3.3. |nauwa| ‘where’;504
9.6.2.4;15.2.4. |qa(y)-| ‘when’;504
9.6.2.4.1;15.2.4.1. |qayvaf-| ‘when (in the past)’;504
9.6.2.4.2;15.2.4.2. |qaku-| ‘when (in the future); later’;505
9.6.2.5;15.2.5. |qai-| ‘how’, attested in two particles;506
9.6.2.5.1;15.2.5.1. |qailun| (particle) ‘how’;506
9.6.2.5.2;15.2.5.2. |qayu-| ‘how’;507
9.6.2.6;15.2.6. |qavcif-| ‘(to be/do) how many/much’;508
9.6.3;15.3. Non-interrogative uses;509
9.6.3.1;15.3.1. Indefinite;509
9.6.3.2;15.3.2. Negative;512
9.7;Chapter 16. Nominal phrases;514
9.7.1;16.1. Appositive phrases;515
9.7.1.1;16.1.1. Verbalization;523
9.7.2;16.2. Coordinate phrases;524
9.7.2.1;16.2.1. Reflexive third person within a coordinate phrase;526
9.7.3;16.3. Juxtaposed phrases;527
9.7.4;16.4. Attributive (genitive) phrases;529
9.7.5;16.5. Adjunctional phrases (with oblique case NP);532
9.7.6;16.6. Adnominal clauses (verbs) - appositional and stative-connective;535
10;Part 4: Nominal derivation;539
10.1;Chapter 17. Relative clauses;541
10.1.1;17.1. CAY relative clauses in general;541
10.1.1.1;17.1.1. Relativizers and arguments to be relativized;542
10.1.1.2;17.1.2. Morpho-syntactic properties;543
10.1.2;17.2. Participial relativizers;553
10.1.2.1;17.2.1. Intransitive VNrl |-l..ia..-| ~ |+1.u..*-| (variant after final /t/);553
10.1.2.2;17.3. Preterite relativizers VNrl |-l...-|;563
10.1.3;17.3. Preterite relativizers VNrl |-l...-|;568
10.1.4;17.4. Passive relativizers (P argument);571
10.1.4.1;17.4.1. VNrl |-1ki..a..-| processive (or perfective);572
10.1.4.2;17.4.2. VNrl |+.a..-|;575
10.1.4.3;17.4.3. VNrl |+.a..ka..-|;581
10.1.5;17.5. Agentive/active relativizer;584
10.1.5.1;17.5.1. VNrl \+(s)t-\;585
10.1.5.2;17.5.2. |+(s)ti.l...-|Past connotation by addition of NN |-l...-|;591
10.1.5.3;17.5.3. |+(s)ti.ka..-| Future connotation by addition of NN|+ka..-;591
10.1.6;17.6. Oblique relativizers;592
10.1.6.1;17.6.1. Locational;592
10.1.6.2;17.6.2. Instrumental;595
10.1.7;17.7. Concatenated relative clauses;604
10.1.8;17.8. Transcategorial conversions of relative clauses;606
10.1.8.1;17.8.1. Reverbalization: V.VNrl.NV;607
10.1.8.2;17.8.2. Renominalization: N.NV.VNrl/VNnm;610
10.1.9;17.9. Non-core roles in main clauses;611
10.2;Chapter 18. Nominal clauses;615
10.2.1;18.1. Nominal clauses: basic properties;616
10.2.1.1;18.1.1. Different types of verbs;619
10.2.1.2;18.1.2. Nominal clause complemented;623
10.2.1.2.1;18.1.2.1. Intransitive nominalizations;623
10.2.1.2.2;18.1.2.2. Transitive nominalizations;627
10.2.1.3;18.1.3. With no person inflection;629
10.2.1.4;18.1.4. Elaborations of nominal clauses;631
10.2.1.4.1;18.1.4.1. Verbal categories retained;632
10.2.1.4.2;18.1.4.2. Further expansions;637
10.2.1.4.3;18.1.4.3. Subordination and cosubordination to a nominalization;638
10.2.1.5;18.1.5. Indirect interrogative clauses;639
10.2.1.6;18.1.6. Deverbal nouns;640
10.2.2;18.2. Various nominalizers (VVnm);641
10.2.2.1;18.2.1. |+(u)ci..-|, etc;641
10.2.2.1.1;18.2.1.1. VNnm |+(u)ci..-|;641
10.2.2.1.2;18.2.1.2. VNnm |+(u)ci..ka..-|;646
10.2.2.1.3;18.2.1.3. Composite suffixes;646
10.2.2.2;18.2.2. |-l...-|, etc;651
10.2.2.2.1;18.2.2.1. VNnm |-l...-|;651
10.2.2.2.2;18.2.2.2. VNnm |--l.i...ka..|(future);654
10.2.2.3;18.2.3. VNnm | + 1ca..a..-;656
10.2.3;18.3. Bifunctional |-n..-|;662
10.2.3.1;18.3.1. Abstract |-n..-| vs. deverbal |+1n..-|;663
10.2.3.1.1;18.3.1.1. Abstract nominalization |-n..-|;663
10.2.3.1.2;18.3.1.2. Deverbal nouns |+1n..-|;668
10.2.3.2;18.3.2. Comparative nominal |-nj-| (~ post-apical |-1-l...-|;670
10.2.3.2.1;18.3.2.1. Comparative phrases;671
10.2.3.2.2;18.3.2.2. Comparative clauses;674
10.2.4;18.4. Nominalizations in main clauses;676
10.2.4.1;18.4.1. With absolutive-case marking;676
10.2.4.2;18.4.2. With relative-case marking;679
10.2.4.3;18.4.3. Ablative-modalis case marking;681
10.2.4.4;18.4.4. With allative-case marking for a peripheral argument;682
10.3;Chapter 19. Other deverbal nouns;683
10.3.1;19.1. Agent nouns;683
10.3.2;19.2. Miscellaneous;687
10.4;Chapter 20. Nominal elaborations;698
10.4.1;20.1. Adjectival;698
10.4.1.1;20.1.1. Qualifying;698
10.4.1.2;20.1.2. Belonging;718
10.4.2;20.2. Associative;729
10.4.3;20.3. (Dis)honorifics (HNR) (NNh/VVh);732
10.4.4;20.4. Nominal cyclical expansion ( N.V.N);752
11;Part 5: Nominal categories;759
11.1;Chapter 21. Number;761
11.1.1;21.1. Duality in kinships;763
11.1.2;21.2. Associative non-singular;764
11.1.3;21.3. Collective/generic singular;765
11.1.4;21.4. Partitive singular;765
11.1.5;21.5. Composite objects in the non-singular;767
11.1.6;21.6. Number of place names;770
11.2;Chapter 22. Person (possessor);773
11.2.1;22.1. First, second, and third persons;774
11.2.1.1;22.1.1. Third-person possessor in attributive phrases;774
11.2.2;22.2. Reflexive-third person;775
11.2.3;22.3. Possessed nominals in oblique cases;779
11.2.4;22.4. Emphasis on the possessor;779
11.2.5;22.5. Inalienability;779
11.3;Chapter 23. Absolutive case;782
11.3.1;23.1. S/P function- intransitive subject and transitive object;784
11.3.2;23.2. Absolutive vs. locative;786
11.4;Chapter 24. Relative case;789
11.4.1;24.1. G function (genitive);791
11.4.2;24.2. A function (ergative);793
11.4.2.1;24.2.1. Natural elements;794
11.4.2.2;24.2.2. Other miscellaneous nouns;795
11.4.2.3;24.2.3. Nominal clauses;795
11.4.2.4;24.2.4. Standard of comparison;796
11.4.2.5;24.2.5. Non-prototypical A arguments;797
11.4.3;24.3. Verb stems in the relative case;797
11.4.3.1;24.3.1. G function;797
11.4.3.2;24.3.2. A function;800
11.4.4;24.4. Ambivalence;800
11.5;Chapter 25. Ablative-modalis case;802
11.5.1;25.1. Starting point, etc;803
11.5.1.1;25.1.1. In adjunctional phrases;805
11.5.2;25.2. Syntactic;806
11.5.2.1;25.2.1. Demoted NPs;806
11.5.2.2;25.2.2. Stranded NPs;809
11.5.2.3;25.2.3. Ablative-modalis for pseudo-passives;816
11.5.3;25.3. Composite ablative |±ni..ni..|;818
11.6;Chapter 26. Allative case;821
11.6.1;26.1. Direction, etc;821
11.6.1.1;26.1.1. In adjunctional phrases;826
11.6.1.2;26.1.2. Allative-derived verbalizations;826
11.6.2;26.2. Syntactic;826
11.7;Chapter 27. Locative case;831
11.7.1;27.1. Location, etc;832
11.7.2;27.2. Relation/concern/judgement;834
11.7.3;27.3. Standard of comparison;836
11.7.4;27.4. Reference to a first or second person argument;838
11.7.5;27.5. Vocative;846
11.7.6;27.6. Exclamative;848
11.7.7;27.7. In adjunctional phrases;850
11.7.8;27.8. Locative verbs - NV |+m(i?)t-| ~ |+[person]n(i?)t-|;851
11.7.9;27.9. Double case-marking;860
11.7.9.1;27.9.1. Location locative + comparison locative;861
11.7.9.2;27.9.2. Location locative + comparison equalis;862
11.7.9.3;27.9.3. Temporal locative/ablative + composite ablative;864
11.8;Chapter 28. Perlative case;865
11.8.1;28.1. Location;865
11.8.1.1;28.1.1. Perlative-derived verbalizations;868
11.8.2;28.2. Instruments, etc;868
11.9;Chapter 29. Equalis case;871
11.9.1;29.1. Equality and similarity;871
11.9.2;29.2. Comparison of equaliy;874
11.9.3;29.3. Manner and time;874
11.10;Chapter 30. Case assignments;878
11.10.1;30.1. Preliminaries;879
11.10.1.1;30.1.1. Seven cases - syntactic and oblique;879
11.10.1.2;30.1.2. Core arguments and valency modification;880
11.10.2;30.2. Case assignment according to argument hierarchy;885
11.10.2.1;30.2.1. Primary (non-extended) simplex verbs;885
11.10.2.2;30.2.2. Extended simplex verbs;887
11.10.2.3;30.2.3. Complex verbs;890
11.10.3;30.3. Argument reduction and detransitivization;892
11.10.3.1;30.3.1. Reduction - demotion (two types) and agent coreference;893
11.10.3.2;30.3.2. Detransitivization;895
11.10.3.2.1;30.3.2.1. Antipassive;896
11.10.3.2.2;30.3.2.2. Passive;899
11.10.3.2.3;30.3.2.3. Medio-passive;901
11.10.3.2.4;30.3.2.4. Reflexives and reciprocals;902
11.10.4;30.4. Stranded NPs;903
11.10.4.1;30.4.1. From nominal phrases;903
11.10.4.2;30.4.2. |pi-| constructions;904
11.10.5;30.5. Cases in nominalized clauses;904
11.10.5.1;30.5.1. Nominal clauses (complementations);904
11.10.5.2;30.5.2. Relative clauses;907
11.10.6;30.6. Five syntactically relevant cases, with the locative included;908
11.11;Chapter 31. Vocatives;911
11.11.1;31.1. Final vowel doubling;911
11.11.2;31.2. Possessor marker in the relative case;913
11.11.3;31.3. Final truncation;914
12;Part 6: Verbs
;917
12.1; Chapter 32. Verb inflection;919
12.1.1;32.1. Valency and its modifications;919
12.1.1.1;32.1.1. Modifications;920
12.1.1.2;32.1.2. Intransitive vs. transitive;923
12.1.2;32.2. Subject and object persons;923
12.1.2.1;32.2.1. Verbal person markers;924
12.1.3;32.3. Cross-reference/agreement;925
12.1.3.1;32.3.1. Disagreement;926
12.1.3.2;32.3.2. Disguised person;927
12.1.4;32.4. Six moods and reflexive third person;928
12.2;Chapter 33. Monovalent (intransitive) stems;931
12.2.1;33.1. Primary monovalent stems;932
12.2.2;33.2. Denominal monovalent stems;934
12.2.3;33.3. Impersonal monovalent stems;935
12.2.4;33.4. Transitive use of monovalent stems (zero derivation);939
12.2.4.1;33.4.1. Locational P;940
12.2.4.2;33.4.2. Impersonal and personal A;941
12.2.4.3;33.4.3. Denominal stems with impersonal A;947
12.2.5;33.5. Transitivization (suffix-derived);949
12.3;Chapter 34. Bivalent (monotransitive) stems;950
12.3.1;34.1. Agentive stems (S=A);953
12.3.1.1;34.1.1. Antipassives (zero-derived);955
12.3.1.2;34.1.2. Passives;956
12.3.1.2.1;34.1.2.1. TAM-sensitive;956
12.3.1.2.2;34.1.2.2. Pseudo-passives;959
12.3.2;34.2. Patientive stems;961
12.3.2.1;34.2.1. Medio-passives;966
12.3.2.2;34.2.2. Antipassives (suffix-derived);969
12.3.3;34.3. Impersonal-patientive stems;971
12.3.3.1;34.3.1. Transitive vs. intransitive;973
12.3.3.2;34.3.2. Impersonal verbs in summary;976
12.3.4;34.4. Reflexives and reciprocals;977
12.3.4.1;34.4.1. Reflexives;978
12.3.4.2;34.4.2. Reciprocals;980
12.3.5;34.5. Causative verbs: simplex vs. complex;983
12.3.6;34.6. Contrast among various transitive verbs;985
12.3.7;34.7. |pi-| verbs;988
12.4;Chapter 35. Trivalent (ditransitive) stems;992
12.4.1;35.1. Two types of ditransitives;992
12.4.1.1;35.1.1. Secundative;994
12.4.1.2;35.1.2. Indirective;1001
12.4.1.2.1;35.1.2.1. Applicative extended;1004
12.4.1.2.2;35.1.2.2. Variable stems;1006
12.4.1.3;35.1.3. Valency rearrangements;1007
12.4.1.4;35.1.4. Valency increase (extension) of ditransitives;1010
12.4.2;35.2. Syntactic properties;1011
12.4.2.1;35.2.1. Detransitivization;1011
12.4.2.1.1;35.2.1.1. Passivization;1012
12.4.2.1.2;35.2.1.2. Antipassivization;1014
12.4.2.1.3;35.2.1.3. Reflexivization;1015
12.4.2.1.4;35.2.1.4. Reciprocalization;1015
12.4.2.2;35.2.2. Nominalization;1016
12.4.2.3;35.2.3. Relativization;1018
12.4.2.4;35.2.4. Questions;1020
12.4.3;35.3. Ditransitives compared with extended trivalents;1022
12.5;Chapter 36. Root-derived stems;1024
12.5.1;36.1. Emotional roots;1024
12.5.2;36.2. Postural roots;1027
12.5.2.1;36.2.1. Direct inflection with no expander;1029
12.5.3;36.3. Others;1031
13;Part 7: Verbal derivation;1033
13.1;Chapter 37. Relational (equational) verbs (NVrv);1035
13.1.1;37.1. Stative intransitive NVrv |+.u-| ‘to be’;1039
13.1.2;37.2. Stative transitive NVrv |-ki-|;1042
13.1.2.1;37.2.1. As VV suffix;1045
13.1.3;37.3. Inchoative intransitive NVrv |+.u..c-|;1048
13.1.3.1;37.3.1. Transitive inflection;1049
13.1.4;37.4. Inchoative transitive NVrv |-k(i.)sa.uc-|;1050
13.1.4.1;37.4.1. As VV suffix |-1k(i.)sa.uc-|;1052
13.1.5;37.5. Morphosyntactic properties of relational verbs;1052
13.1.5.1;37.5.1. Difference from non-relational denominal verbs;1052
13.1.5.2;37.5.2. Co-occurrence with deverbalized clauses;1054
13.1.5.3;37.5.3. Cyclical verbal expansion;1055
13.1.5.3.1;37.5.3.1. Verbal markers;1055
13.1.5.3.2;37.5.3.2. Verbal cyclical expansion (V.N.V);1056
13.2;Chapter 38. Non-relational verbalizations (NV);1058
13.2.1;38.1. Possession/existence/deprivation;1058
13.2.2;38.2. Action verbs;1071
13.2.3;38.3. |-li-| group;1076
13.2.4;38.4. Quantity/quality/size;1086
13.2.5;38.5. Miscellaneous;1091
13.3;Chapter 39. Simplex verb modifications (VVsm);1096
13.3.1;39.1. Agent;1099
13.3.1.1;39.1.1. I+c-I;1099
13.3.1.2;39.1.2. |+ca..-|/|+caa(..a)..-|;1105
13.3.1.3;39.1.3. |+ci..-|;1107
13.3.1.4;39.1.4. |-..i.-|;1109
13.3.2;39.2. Necessitative impersonal agent;1111
13.3.2.1;39.2.1. Impersonal;1113
13.3.2.1.1;39.2.1.1. Modality;1114
13.3.2.2;39.2.2. Further expansions;1120
13.3.3;39.3. Pseudo-passive;1122
13.3.3.1;39.3.1. VVsm|+(s)ci(u)..-|;1122
13.3.3.2;39.3.2. |+.au-| / |+.aqi.-|;1127
13.3.4;39.4. Applicative experiencer;1128
13.3.4.1;39.4.1. Applicative VVsm |+(u)c-|;1129
13.3.4.2;39.4.2. Various roles with transitive inflection;1132
13.3.4.3;39.4.3. Detransitivization of |+(u)c-|-derived stems;1140
13.3.4.4;39.4.4. |+(u)c-| antipassives;1143
13.3.4.5;39.4.5. Various derivations;1145
13.3.5;39.5. Adversative experiencer |+.i1-|;1148
13.3.5.1;39.5.1. Transitive vs. intransitive inflection;1149
13.3.5.2;39.5.2. Two ways |+.i-| is detransitivized;1157
13.3.5.3;39.5.3. A brief comparative note;1160
13.3.6;39.6. Antipassives (suffix-derived);1161
13.3.6.1;39.6.1. VVsm |+.i2-| (cf. P15iii);1162
13.3.6.2;39.6.2. VVsm|-1ki..i.-|;1166
13.3.6.3;39.6.3. Recursive modifications by E extensions;1169
13.3.7;39.7. Valency increase and rearrangement;1170
13.3.7.1;39.7.1. VVsm|+(u)tiki-|;1171
13.3.7.2;39.7.2. VVsm|+1Viki-|;1174
13.3.7.3;39.7.3. Valency rearrangement derived from suffix composite;1175
13.4;Chapter 40 Complex transitives (VVcm);1177
13.4.1;40.1. Intransitive inflections;1181
13.4.2;40.2. Six kinds;1185
13.4.2.1;40.2.1. Causative (causing/having) |-vka..-| ~ |+cic-|;1185
13.4.2.1.1;40.2.1.1. Coreferential marker (CRF);1189
13.4.2.1.2;40.2.1.2. Secondary: |+citaa..-|;1190
13.4.2.2;40.2.2. Directive (asking): |+sqi-|;1191
13.4.2.2.1;40.2.2.1. Secondary: |+squma-|;1194
13.4.2.3;40.2.3. Speculative (or jussive; thinking) |+1Cuki.-;1195
13.4.2.3.1;40.2.3.1. Secondary: |+na.uki.-|;1196
13.4.2.4;40.2.4. Reportative (saying): |+ni-|;1197
13.4.2.5;40.2.5. Ignorative (not sure/known): |+(u)ciit-|;1199
13.4.2.5.1;40.2.5.1. Other ignoratives;1201
13.4.2.6;40.2.6. Expectant VVcm |-ni...ci..-|;1202
13.4.3;40.3. Derivations of complex verbs;1204
13.4.3.1;40.3.1. Suffix orders;1206
13.4.3.2;40.3.2. Double complex transitives;1210
13.4.3.3;40.3.3. Multi-layered complex transitives;1212
13.4.4;40.4. Nominalizations of complex transitives;1215
13.4.4.1;40.4.1. Relative clauses;1216
13.4.4.2;40.4.2. Nominal clauses;1217
13.4.5;40.5. Adjuncts to complex transitives;1218
13.4.6;40.6. Periphrastic complex transitives;1219
13.4.7;40.7. Case alignments of complex transitive constructions;1223
14;Part 8: Verb elaboration;1225
14.1;Chapter 41. Adverbial (VVa);1227
14.1.1;41.1. Manner;1227
14.1.2;41.2. Time (speed/precedence);1233
14.1.3;41.3. Intensity (degree/extent);1236
14.1.3.1;41.3.1. Group 1 |-pi.| ~ |-pia..-|, etc;1237
14.1.3.2;41.3.2. Group 2 |+pa.-|, etc;1245
14.1.3.3;41.3.3. Group 3 |+.*ina..-|, etc;1251
14.1.3.4;41.3.4. Group 4 |qa..|;1254
14.1.3.5;41.3.5. Group 5 miscellaneous;1256
14.2;Chapter 42. Tense and aspect (VVt);1262
14.2.1;42.1. Tense;1263
14.2.2;42.2. Aspect;1268
14.2.2.1;42.2.1. Inceptive/inchoative (INC);1269
14.2.2.2;42.2.2. Momentaneous (MOM);1273
14.2.2.3;42.2.3. Continuous/stative/perfective;1276
14.2.2.4;42.2.4. Iterative (ITR);1287
14.2.2.5;42.2.5. Customary (CUS);1290
14.2.2.6;42.2.6. Consequential (future/present) (CSQ);1293
14.3;Chapter 43. Modality (VVm);1302
14.3.1;43.1. (Dis)honorifics (VVh/NNh);1317
14.3.2;43.2. Evidentiality (VVe);1317
14.4;Chapter 44. Negation (VVn);1324
14.4.1;44.1. Double and partial negation;1337
14.5;Chapter 45. Comparison;1339
14.5.1;45.1. Comparative degree;1340
14.5.1.1;45.1.1. Intransitive constructions;1341
14.5.1.2;45.1.2. Transitive constructions;1343
14.5.1.2.1;45.1.2.1. Superficial transitive comparatives;1346
14.5.1.3;45.1.3. Various NPs for comparee and for standard;1348
14.5.1.4;45.1.4. Various parameters;1349
14.5.1.5;45.1.5. Numerals of‘more than X’;1351
14.5.1.6;45.1.6. Relative clauses of comparative constructions;1352
14.5.2;45.2. Superlative degree;1353
14.5.2.1;45.2.1. With plural standard of comparison;1353
14.5.2.2;45.2.2. With intensifier in index;1354
14.5.3;45.3. Inchoative comparison (‘to become more than’);1356
14.5.4;45.4. Comparative clauses from comparative phrases;1358
14.5.5;45.5. Negative comparison;1361
14.5.6;45.6. Equalitive;1362
14.5.6.1;45.6.1. Intransitive VVa |+1ta-1;1362
14.5.6.2;45.6.2. Transitive constructions;1367
14.5.7;45.7. Indices of comparisons summarized;1370
14.5.8;45.8. Peculiarity of case markers |+mi|/|+tun| as standard of comparison;1370
14.5.9;45.9. Lexical comparison;1371
15;Part 9: Verb moods;1373
15.1;Chapter 46. Indicative mood;1375
15.1.1;46.1. Inflection;1375
15.1.2;46.2. Declarative role;1379
15.1.3;46.3. Non-declarative role;1380
15.2;Chapter 47. Participial mood;1381
15.2.1;47.1. Inflection;1382
15.2.2;47.2. With a non-inflecting word;1383
15.2.2.1;47.2.1. |=wa|(~|.wa|);1383
15.2.2.1.1;47.2.1.1. Occurrence with |--l?i-|;1385
15.2.2.2;47.2.2. |ima| ‘you know’;1386
15.2.2.3;47.2.3. \ta.\ ‘to see (as it’s a fact)!’;1387
15.2.2.4;47.2.4. Miscellaneous particles;1388
15.2.3;47.3. Without a non-inflecting word;1389
15.2.4;47.4. In bi-clausal sentences;1390
15.2.5;47.5. With reflexive third inflection (‘when, because’);1394
15.2.6;47.6. Converbs;1396
15.2.6.1;47.6.1. Converb 1 |-l..iim| ‘when, as’;1399
15.2.6.2;47.6.2. Converb 2 -l..ani| ‘whenever’;1400
15.3;Chapter 48. Interrogative mood;1401
15.3.1;48.1. Inflection;1401
15.3.2;48.2. Content questions;1403
15.3.2.1;48.2.1. In complex transitive constructions;1409
15.3.2.2;48.2.2. Nominal clauses;1410
15.3.2.3;48.2.3. Word order;1411
15.3.3;48.3. Indirect (rhetorical) questions ‘I wonder’: |=ki..|;1411
15.3.4;48.4. Exclamations by interrogative-mood verbs;1412
15.4;Chapter 49. Optative mood;1414
15.4.1;49.1. Inflection;1415
15.4.2;49.2. Third-person optatives;1419
15.4.2.1;49.2.1. With non-inflecting words;1419
15.4.3;49.3. First-person optatives;1421
15.4.3.1;49.3.1. With a non-inflecting word;1421
15.4.4;49.4. Second-person optatives;1423
15.4.4.1;49.4.1. With non-inflecting words;1424
15.4.4.2;49.4.2. Periphrastic optatives with |pi-|;1425
15.4.4.3;49.4.3. |-qa..-| optatives;1426
15.4.5;49.5. Future optatives: |-1ki-| (1);1427
15.4.6;49.6. Prohibitional optatives;1430
15.4.6.1;49.6.1. General prohibition;1430
15.4.6.2;49.6.2. Future prohibition;1431
15.4.6.3;49.6.3. Continuative prohibition;1433
15.4.7;49.7. Non-optative use: l-1k-|(2);1434
15.4.8;49.8. In bi-clausal sentences;1435
15.5;Chapter 50. Connective mood;1436
15.5.1;50.1. Inflection;1439
15.5.2;50.2. Causal (CNNbc): ‘because, when’;1441
15.5.3;50.3. Constantive (CNNwv): ‘whenever’;1444
15.5.4;50.4. Precessive (CNNbf): ‘before’;1447
15.5.4.1;50.4.1. Starting point (‘since before’);1448
15.5.5;50.5. Concessive (CNNth): ‘though, even if;1448
15.5.6;50.6. Conditional (CNNif): ‘if;1450
15.5.7;50.7. Indirective (CNNid);1453
15.5.8;50.8. Contemporative (CNNwn): ‘when’;1455
15.5.9;50.9. Simultaneous (CNNwl): ‘while’;1458
15.5.10;50.10. Stative (CNNst): ‘being in the state of;1459
15.5.11;50.11. Quasi-connectives (CNNqs);1462
15.5.11.1;50.11.1. |-l..-| ~ l-n..-l ~ l+1vi. with the allative marker (‘until’);1463
15.5.11.2;50.11.2. l-n..-l (~ |-l..-|) with perlative or locative marker (‘after’);1464
15.5.11.3;50.11.3. l-xaan..-l with the ablative marker (‘since’);1464
15.5.11.4;50.11.4. l+(u)t-l with the locative marker (‘as soon as, when’);1465
15.5.11.5;50.11.5. l+(u)ci..-l with the equalis marker (‘as soon as’);1466
15.6;Chapter 51. Appositional mood;1468
15.6.1;51.1. Morphological and syntactic characteristics;1473
15.6.1.1;51.1.1. Mood marker;1473
15.6.1.2;51.1.2. Suffix selectivity;1475
15.6.1.3;51.1.3. Negative appositionals;1476
15.6.1.4;51.1.4. Morpho-syntactic idiosyncracies;1479
15.6.1.4.1;51.1.4.1. First- and second person;1479
15.6.1.4.2;51.1.4.2. Third vs. reflexive third person;1481
15.6.1.4.3;51.1.4.3. Coreferential marker - lvka..l ~ |+cic|;1485
15.6.2;51.2. Cosubordinate clauses;1491
15.6.2.1;51.2.1. Concomitant circumstances;1491
15.6.2.2;51.2.2. Temporal settings;1498
15.6.2.3;51.2.3. Miscellaneous “adverbials”;1504
15.6.2.4;51.2.4. Coordinate clauses;1510
15.6.2.5;51.2.5. Cosubordination to lower clauses of complex transitives;1513
15.6.2.6;51.2.6. Reduplicative use;1515
15.6.2.7;51.2.7. lca-l and |pi-l;1515
15.6.2.8;51.2.8. Adjunct to inalienably possessed nominals;1517
15.6.3;51.3. Periphrasis with appositionals;1519
15.6.3.1;51.3.1. Cosubordination to expletive |pi-| clauses;1520
15.6.3.1.1;51.3.1.1. Different splitting;1524
15.6.3.2;51.3.2. Periphrastic complex transitives - |pi-| and full verbs;1525
15.6.4;51.4. As independent clauses;1526
15.6.4.1;51.4.1. Declarative;1527
15.6.4.2;51.4.2. Reply;1532
15.6.4.3;51.4.3. Interrogative;1533
15.6.4.4;51.4.4. Optative - command and prohibition;1534
15.6.5;51.5. Adnominal clauses;1536
15.6.6;51.6. Quasi-nominal clauses;1541
15.6.6.1;51.6.1. As an intransitive subject;1541
15.6.6.2;51.6.2. Exclamative constructions;1544
15.6.7;51.7. Nominalizations of appositional constructions;1545
15.6.7.1;51.7.1. Nominal clauses;1545
15.6.7.2;51.7.2. Relative clauses;1547
16;Part 10: Non-inflecting words;1551
16.1;Chapter 52. Non-inflecting words in general;1553
16.1.1;52.1. Particles and enclitics;1553
16.1.2;52.2. Constitution;1556
16.1.3;52.3. Functions;1561
16.1.4;52.4. Two exclamative particlizers;1560
16.1.4.1;52.4.1. VPc|+1paa|;1560
16.1.4.2;52.4.2. VPc |+naa| ~ |+nii|;1564
16.1.5;52.5. Linkers (linking suffixes);1565
16.1.5.1;52.5.1. Following non-inflecting words;1566
16.1.5.2;52.5.2. Following English words;1568
16.2;Chapter 53. Particles;1570
16.2.1;53.1. Interjectional/exclamative;1570
16.2.2;53.2. Sentence words;1574
16.2.3;53.3. Sentence adverbials;1576
16.2.4;53.4. Adverbials;1583
16.2.5;53.5. Conjunctionals;1587
16.2.6;53.6. Expletive sentence fillers;1593
16.3;Chapter 54. Enclitics;1596
16.3.1;54.1. Reactive;1596
16.3.2;54.2. Expressive;1602
16.3.3;54.3. Expressive (negative);1605
16.3.4;54.4. Reportative/quotative;1607
16.3.5;54.5. Coordinating;1611
17;Appendix;1615
17.1;Suffix list;1617
17.2;References/sources;1629
17.3;Index: Subjects;1654
17.4;Index: Authors and persons;1706
