Mittal / Pal / Kim Recent Advances in Elastomeric Nanocomposites

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-15787-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 9, 388 Seiten

Reihe: Advanced Structured Materials

'Recent Advances in Elastomeric Nanocomposites' reviews the recent progresses in the synthesis, processing as well as applications of elastomeric nanocomposites. Elastomers are a very important class of polymer materials and the generation of their nanocomposites by the incorporation of nano-filler has led to significant enhancement of their properties and, hence, expansion of their application potential. Most of the studies related with these materials are present in the form of research papers. Here, the authors present a comprehensive text covering the whole of the subject. The book is tailored more from the applications point of view, but also provide enough introductory material for research scholars new to this field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pal, Kaushik

Mittal, Vikas

Kim, Jin Kuk

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Recent Advances in ElastomericNanocomposites;2
1.1;Preface;4
1.2;Contents;6
1.3;Part IIntroduction & Preparation;8
1.3.1;1 Role of Different Nanoparticles in Elastomeric Nanocomposites;9
1.3.1.1;Abstract;9
1.3.1.2;1…Introduction;9
1.3.1.2.1;1.1 Classification of Fillers in Elastomers;10
1.3.1.2.1.1;1.1.1 Non-Reinforcing Fillers;10
1.3.1.2.1.2;1.1.2 Reinforcing Fillers;11
1.3.1.2.1.3;1.1.3 Nano-Sized Fillers;11
1.3.1.2.1.4;1.1.4 Carbonaceous Nano-Fillers;13
1.3.1.2.1.4.1;Carbon Nanotubes;13
1.3.1.2.1.4.2;Carbon Nanofibers;13
1.3.1.2.1.4.3;Layered Nano Dimensional Fillers;14
1.3.1.2.1.4.4;Nanographite;16
1.3.1.3;2…Problems Associated with Nanofillers in Elastomers;17
1.3.1.3.1;2.1 Dispersion;17
1.3.1.3.2;2.2 Low Mechanical Properties;18
1.3.1.4;3…Some Possible Solutions;20
1.3.1.4.1;3.1 Physical Techniques for Good Dispersion;20
1.3.1.4.1.1;3.1.1 Grinding and Rubbing;20
1.3.1.4.1.2;3.1.2 High Shear Mixing-Shear Stress through a Nozzle;20
1.3.1.4.1.3;3.1.3 High-Energy Ball Milling;20
1.3.1.4.2;3.2 Chemical Techniques for Good Dispersion;21
1.3.1.4.3;3.3 Analysis of Dispersion;22
1.3.1.5;4…Utility of Carbonaceous Nanofillers in Elastomers and TPE Gels;23
1.3.1.5.1;4.1 Morphology;23
1.3.1.5.1.1;4.1.1 Nanographite;23
1.3.1.5.1.2;4.1.2 Carbon Nanofibers;27
1.3.1.5.1.3;4.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes;29
1.3.1.5.2;4.2 Mechanical Properties;32
1.3.1.5.3;4.3 Fractography;35
1.3.1.5.4;4.4 Dielectric Relaxation;37
1.3.1.5.4.1;4.4.1 Impedance Analysis;38
1.3.1.5.4.2;4.4.2 Nyquist Plots;39
1.3.1.5.4.3;4.4.3 Percolation;41
1.3.1.5.5;4.5 Dynamic Mechanical Properties;43
1.3.1.5.5.1;4.5.1 Effect of Temperature on Loss Tangent;43
1.3.1.5.5.2;4.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Storage and Loss Modulus;44
1.3.1.5.5.3;4.5.3 Strain-Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Properties;46
1.3.1.5.5.3.1;Effect of Strain on tan delta and Storage Modulus at minus30degC;46
1.3.1.5.5.3.2;Effect of Strain on tan delta and Storage Modulus at Room Temperature (+30degC);48
1.3.1.5.5.3.3;Effect of Strain on tan delta and Storage Modulus at +70degC;49
1.3.1.5.6;4.6 Rheological Properties;49
1.3.1.5.6.1;4.6.1 Effect of Frequency;50
1.3.1.5.6.2;4.6.2 Effect of Temperature;52
1.3.1.5.6.3;4.6.3 Effect of MWNT Concentration on the Storage Modulus;53
1.3.1.5.7;4.7 Thermal Property;54
1.3.1.6;References;55
1.3.2;2 In Situ Synthesis of Rubber Nanocomposites;62
1.3.2.1;Abstract;62
1.3.2.2;1…Introduction;62
1.3.2.3;2…General Synthetic Strategies;65
1.3.2.4;3…Rubber Based Nanocomposites;66
1.3.2.4.1;3.1 Polydimethylsiloxane Based Nanocomposites;66
1.3.2.4.1.1;3.1.1 PDMS-Silica Nanocomposites;66
1.3.2.4.1.2;3.1.2 PDMS-Titania and PDMS-Zirconia Nanocomposites;69
1.3.2.4.1.3;3.1.3 PDMS-(mixed oxides) Nanocomposites;70
1.3.2.4.2;3.2 Natural Rubber Based Nanocomposites;71
1.3.2.4.3;3.3 Epoxidized Natural Rubber Based Nanocomposites;75
1.3.2.4.4;3.4 Isoprene Rubber Based Nanocomposites;77
1.3.2.4.5;3.5 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Based Nanocomposites;78
1.3.2.4.6;3.6 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Based Nanocomposites;80
1.3.2.4.7;3.7 Butadiene Rubber Based Nanocomposites;80
1.3.2.4.8;3.8 Acrylic Rubber Based Nanocomposites;81
1.3.2.4.9;3.9 Ethylene--Propylene--Diene Monomer Rubber Based Nanocomposites;83
1.3.2.4.10;3.10 Other Rubber Based Nanocomposites;83
1.3.2.5;4…Concluding Remarks;86
1.3.2.6;References;86
1.4;Part IICharacterization & Properties;91
1.4.1;3 Relaxation Phenomena in Elastomeric Nanocomposites;92
1.4.1.1;Abstract;92
1.4.1.2;1…Introduction;93
1.4.1.3;2…Relaxation Analysis Methods;96
1.4.1.3.1;2.1 Dynamic Mechanical;96
1.4.1.3.2;2.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy;97
1.4.1.3.3;2.3 Others;98
1.4.1.4;3…Relaxation Phenomena in Nanocomposites with Non-Polar Elastomeric Matrices;98
1.4.1.4.1;3.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Characterization;98
1.4.1.4.2;3.2 Dielectric Probing;102
1.4.1.5;4…Relaxation Phenomena in Nanocomposites with Polar Elastomeric Matrices;105
1.4.1.5.1;4.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Characterization;105
1.4.1.5.2;4.2 Dielectric Probing;109
1.4.1.6;5…Summary;115
1.4.1.7;References;116
1.4.2;4 Modeling and Simulation of Polymeric Nanocomposite Processing;122
1.4.2.1;Abstract;122
1.4.2.2;1…Introduction;123
1.4.2.3;2…Potential Energy Functions;124
1.4.2.4;3…The Molecular Dynamics Methodology;128
1.4.2.5;4…The Monte Carlo Methodology;130
1.4.2.6;5…Simulation Results;131
1.4.2.7;6…Conclusions;133
1.4.2.8;References;133
1.4.3;5 Deformation-Induced Structure Changes in Elastomeric Nanocomposites;138
1.4.3.1;Abstract;138
1.4.3.2;1…Introduction;138
1.4.3.3;2…Non-Rubber Components in Natural Rubber;139
1.4.3.4;3…Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber;142
1.4.3.5;4…Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Filled Elastomers;144
1.4.3.6;5…Carbon Nanofiber Filled Elastomer;149
1.4.3.7;6…Nano-Clay Filled Natural Rubber;152
1.4.3.8;7…Conclusions;156
1.4.3.9;Acknowledgements;156
1.4.3.10;References;156
1.4.4;6 Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant Elastomeric Nanocomposites;158
1.4.4.1;Abstract;158
1.4.4.2;1…Introduction;158
1.4.4.3;2…Basics of Flame Retardancy;159
1.4.4.4;3…Fire Behaviour of Elastomers;163
1.4.4.5;4…Flame Retardant Nanocomposites;165
1.4.4.5.1;4.1 Nanofillers in Nanocomposites;165
1.4.4.5.1.1;4.1.1 Layered Silicates;165
1.4.4.5.1.2;4.1.2 Graphene-based Nanofillers;166
1.4.4.5.1.3;4.1.3 Combinations;167
1.4.4.5.2;4.2 Influence of the Dispersion;168
1.4.4.5.2.1;4.2.1 Compatibility with the Polymeric Matrix: Influence of the Surfactant;168
1.4.4.5.2.2;4.2.2 Use of a Compatibilizer: Grafting;170
1.4.4.6;5…Nanoparticles in Elastomers;171
1.4.4.6.1;5.1 Nanofillers in Elastomers;172
1.4.4.6.1.1;5.1.1 Metal Hydrates and LDH;172
1.4.4.6.1.2;5.1.2 Calcium Carbonate and Sulphate;172
1.4.4.6.2;5.2 Synergies and Use with Conventional Fame Retardant Additives;174
1.4.4.6.2.1;5.2.1 Combinations with Conventional Flame Retardants;175
1.4.4.6.2.2;5.2.2 Synergistic Combinations of Nanofillers;176
1.4.4.7;6…Conclusion;177
1.4.4.8;References;178
1.4.5;7 Recycling of Elastomeric Nanocomposites;182
1.4.5.1;Abstract;182
1.4.5.2;1…Introduction;182
1.4.5.2.1;1.1 Elastomeric Nanocomposites;183
1.4.5.2.2;1.2 Recycling;183
1.4.5.2.3;1.3 Outline of the Chapter;184
1.4.5.3;2…Recycling of Tyres and Resource Cascading;184
1.4.5.4;3…Nanoparticles for Use in Nanocomposite Elastomers and Their Hazards to Human Health;186
1.4.5.5;4…Resource Cascading and Recycling of Nanocomposites Other Than Rubber Tyres;187
1.4.5.5.1;4.1 Preventing Degradation of Elastomeric Nanocomposites;188
1.4.5.5.2;4.2 Self Healing of Elastomers;189
1.4.5.5.3;4.3 Recycling Options for Elastomeric Nanocomposites;189
1.4.5.5.4;4.4 Reduction of the Release of Hazardous Particles Associated with the Nanocomposite Life Cycle and Reduction of Nanoparticle Hazard;191
1.4.5.6;5…Concluding Remarks;191
1.4.5.7;Box 1. Social and Economic Arrangements Conducive to Cascade-type Recycling of Nanocomposite Elastomers;192
1.4.5.8;References;192
1.5;Part IIIApplications;202
1.5.1;8 Elastomeric Nanocomposites for Tyre Applications;203
1.5.1.1;Abstract;203
1.5.1.2;1…Introduction;203
1.5.1.2.1;1.1 General;203
1.5.1.2.2;1.2 What is Tyre?;204
1.5.1.2.2.1;1.2.1 Materials for Tyre;205
1.5.1.2.3;1.3 Tyre Life and the Causes of Tyre Wear;205
1.5.1.2.3.1;1.3.1 Damage and Wear of Tyres;206
1.5.1.2.4;1.4 Phenomenon of Wear in Rubber;207
1.5.1.2.4.1;1.4.1 Relation between Abrasion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Rubber;207
1.5.1.2.4.2;1.4.2 Effect of Temperature on the Resistance to Wear;207
1.5.1.2.4.3;1.4.3 Mechanism of Wear of Tread Rubbers;208
1.5.1.2.4.4;1.4.4 Relation between Abrasion and Tensile Strength of Rubber;208
1.5.1.2.5;1.5 Development of Wear Resistant Rubber Blends;209
1.5.1.2.5.1;1.5.1 Compatibility of Polymer Blends;211
1.5.1.2.6;1.6 Nanofillers;211
1.5.1.2.6.1;1.6.1 Effects of Nanofillers;212
1.5.1.2.6.2;1.6.2 Nanofiller Reinforcement;212
1.5.1.2.6.3;1.6.3 Several Uses of Nanofillers;213
1.5.1.2.7;1.7 Tyre Retreading;214
1.5.1.2.8;1.8 Objectives and Scope of Work;214
1.5.1.2.9;1.9 Experimental;216
1.5.1.2.9.1;1.9.1 Materials Used in Rubber Preparation;216
1.5.1.2.9.2;1.9.2 Solution Mixing Method;216
1.5.1.2.9.3;1.9.3 Preparation of Nanocomposites;216
1.5.1.2.9.4;1.9.4 Experimental Techniques;217
1.5.1.2.9.4.1;Cure Characteristics of Rubber Compound;217
1.5.1.2.9.4.2;Determination of Crosslink Density;217
1.5.1.2.9.4.3;X-Ray Diffraction Measurements (XRD);218
1.5.1.2.9.4.4;Mechanical Characterization (Tensile and Tear);219
1.5.1.2.9.4.5;Thermal Characterization;219
1.5.1.2.9.4.6;Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM);219
1.5.1.2.9.4.7;Scanning Electron Microscopy;219
1.5.1.2.9.4.8;Du-Pont Abrasion Test;220
1.5.1.2.9.4.9;DIN Abrasion Test;220
1.5.1.2.9.4.10;Heat Buildup Study;220
1.5.1.2.10;1.10 Results and Discussions;220
1.5.1.2.10.1;1.10.1 Cure Characteristics of the Rubber Compounds;220
1.5.1.2.10.2;1.10.2 XRD Analysis;221
1.5.1.2.10.3;1.10.3 Mechanical Properties of the Rubber Samples;222
1.5.1.2.10.4;1.10.4 Thermal Analysis;223
1.5.1.2.10.5;1.10.5 TEM Study;224
1.5.1.2.10.6;1.10.6 SEM Study;224
1.5.1.2.10.7;1.10.7 Du-Pont Abrader Study;226
1.5.1.2.10.8;1.10.8 DIN Abrader Study;226
1.5.1.2.10.9;1.10.9 Heat Buildup Study;226
1.5.1.2.11;1.11 Summary;227
1.5.1.3;References;228
1.5.2;9 Elastomer Clay Nanocomposites for Packaging;234
1.5.2.1;Abstract;234
1.5.2.2;1…Introduction;235
1.5.2.3;2…Polyurethane Clay Nanocomposites;236
1.5.2.4;3…Epoxy-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites;240
1.5.2.5;4…Epoxy Vermiculite Nanocomposites;246
1.5.2.6;5…Effect of Excess Surface Modification;250
1.5.2.7;6…Aspect Ratio and Gas Permeation;254
1.5.2.8;References;256
1.5.3;10 Elastomeric Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications;258
1.5.3.1;Abstract;258
1.5.3.2;1…Introduction;259
1.5.3.3;2…Polymer Nanocomposites;260
1.5.3.3.1;2.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Synthesis;262
1.5.3.3.2;2.2 Dispersion Morphology;262
1.5.3.3.3;2.3 Nanocomposite Characterization;263
1.5.3.3.3.1;2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction;263
1.5.3.3.3.2;2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy;264
1.5.3.3.3.3;2.3.3 Mechanical Testing;265
1.5.3.3.4;2.4 Elastomeric Nanocomposites as Biomaterials;265
1.5.3.3.5;2.5 Polyester Elastomer Nanocomposites;266
1.5.3.3.5.1;2.5.1 Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer;267
1.5.3.3.5.2;2.5.2 Poly(trimethylene carbonate);268
1.5.3.3.5.3;2.5.3 Elastomeric Poly( epsilon -Caprolactone);268
1.5.3.3.5.4;2.5.4 Poly(Diol Citrates);269
1.5.3.3.6;2.6 Polyurethane Nanocomposites;270
1.5.3.3.7;2.7 Silicone Nanocomposites;272
1.5.3.3.8;2.8 Styrenic Elastomer Nanocomposites;274
1.5.3.4;3…Limitations and Future Directions;275
1.5.3.5;References;276
1.5.4;11 Actuators and Energy Harvesters Based on Electrostrictive Elastomeric Nanocomposites;282
1.5.4.1;Abstract;282
1.5.4.2;1…Introduction;283
1.5.4.2.1;1.1 EAPs as Actuator Materials;283
1.5.4.2.2;1.2 Energy Harvesting and EAP;284
1.5.4.3;2…Variety and Principles of EAP Actuators;285
1.5.4.3.1;2.1 Dielectric Elastomer;285
1.5.4.3.2;2.2 Electrostrictive Polymers;287
1.5.4.3.2.1;2.2.1 Energy harvesting cycles;288
1.5.4.3.2.2;2.2.2 Energy Harvesting with Pseudo Piezoelectric Behavior;289
1.5.4.4;3…Energy Harvesting Applications using EAPs;292
1.5.4.5;4…Examples of Material Development;293
1.5.4.5.1;4.1 Introduction;293
1.5.4.5.2;4.2 Drawbacks and Solution;294
1.5.4.5.3;4.3 Experimental Setup;295
1.5.4.5.4;4.4 Results;295
1.5.4.5.4.1;4.4.1 Dispersion;295
1.5.4.5.4.2;4.4.2 Overview of Typical Electrical Field-Inducted Measurement Results;297
1.5.4.5.5;4.5 Discussion;300
1.5.4.6;5…Example Study of Energy Harvesting using EAPs;302
1.5.4.6.1;5.1 Principle of Measurement of Harvested Power;302
1.5.4.6.2;5.2 Materials;303
1.5.4.6.3;5.3 Results;303
1.5.4.7;6…Conclusions;304
1.5.4.8;References;305
1.5.5;12 Elastomeric Nanocomposites for Aerospace Applications;307
1.5.5.1;Abstract;307
1.5.5.2;1…Introduction;307
1.5.5.3;2…Polymer Nanocomposites;309
1.5.5.3.1;2.1 Polyamide (PA) Nanocomposites;310
1.5.5.3.2;2.2 Polyurethane (PU) Nanocomposites;318
1.5.5.3.3;2.3 Polyaniline Nanocomposites;329
1.5.5.3.4;2.4 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Nanocomposites;330
1.5.5.3.5;2.5 Polyimide Nanocomposites;331
1.5.5.3.6;2.6 Polyarylacetylene Nanocomposites;332
1.5.5.3.7;2.7 Poly(ether ether ketone) PEEK Nanocomposites;334
1.5.5.3.8;2.8 Poly(p-phenylene benzbisoxazole) (PBO) Nanocomposites;337
1.5.5.4;3…Concluding Remarks;338
1.5.5.5;References;339
1.5.6;13 Friction and Wear of Rubber Nanocomposites Containing Layered Silicates and Carbon Nanotubes;343
1.5.6.1;Abstract;343
1.5.6.2;1…Introduction;344
1.5.6.2.1;1.1 Nanotubes;344
1.5.6.2.2;1.2 Organoclays;346
1.5.6.3;2…Friction and Wear of Elastomers;347
1.5.6.3.1;2.1 Abrasion-Type;347
1.5.6.3.1.1;2.1.1 Conventional Rubbers;348
1.5.6.3.1.2;2.1.2 Thermoplastic Rubbers;349
1.5.6.3.2;2.2 Sliding-Type;350
1.5.6.3.2.1;2.2.1 Conventional Rubbers;353
1.5.6.3.2.2;2.2.2 Thermoplastic Rubbers;357
1.5.6.3.3;2.3 Rolling-Type;364
1.5.6.3.3.1;2.3.1 Conventional Rubbers;366
1.5.6.3.3.2;2.3.2 Thermoplastic Rubbers;372
1.5.6.4;3…Outlook and Future Trends;375
1.5.6.5;Acknowledgments;376
1.5.6.6;References;376
1.6;Index;380