Mitchell Medical Physiology

Objectives and Multiple Choice Questions
2. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4181-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 166 Seiten

Medical Physiology: Objectives and Multiple Choice Questions, Second Edition defines explicitly what students should be able to accomplish at the end of a one-year course in human physiology and related biochemistry. The book contains sets of objectives, which outlines the factual knowledge required in a way that should encourage self-study, critical appraisal, and the use of many sources of information. The text presents outlines of topics on basic chemical, physical, biochemical, and physiological concepts. It also provides learning objectives for cell biochemistry, body fluids, connective and support tissue, excitable tissue, nutrition, thermoregulation, and the nervous system. A set of multiple choice questions is found at the end of each section to test the student's knowledge. Medical students, physiotherapy students, occupational therapy students, nursing students and students in related medical sciences will find the book very useful.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mitchell, Graham

Leseproben

BODY FLUIDS

SYSTEM OUTLINE

1. Distribution of body fluids

    total body water, fluid compartments, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, measurement of fluid volumes

2. Constituents of body fluids

    electrolytes, non-electrolytes, osmolality, osmotic equilibria

3. Special fluid systems

    cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, pleural fluids

4. Blood

    volume, haematocrit, plasma, serum, red blood cells, white blood cells

5. Special blood functions

    immunity, blood groups, coagulation

OBJECTIVES

1. Distribution of body fluids

1.1. Define mole, molar solution, normal solution, equivalent, osmole, fluid space.

1.2. Describe the chemical and physical structure of water.

1.2.1. State four chemical and/or physical properties of water of physiological importance.

1.2.2. Describe the physiological functions of water.

1.3. State the proportion of body mass that is water.

1.3.1. List three causes of alteration of this proportion.

1.4. Describe the distribution of total body water.

1.4.1. State the proportion of water found in the intracellular space.

1.4.2. Describe the distribution of extracellular body water.

1.4.3. Describe methods for measuring extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume, and interstitial fluid volume.

1.4.4. State the approximate volume (in litres) for each of the fluid spaces in a 70 kg man.

1.5. State the approximate amount of water taken in and lost from the body each day ( Nutrition, 2).

2. Constituents of body fluids

2.1. List five important anions and cations in the extracellular, intracellular, and interstitial fluid spaces.

2.1.1. State approximate concentrations (mmol/) for each of these ions in each space.

2.2. Define osmosis.

2.2.1. Define osmolality and osmolarity.

2.2.2. State the approximate total osmolality of body fluid.

2.2.3. Explain the difference between expected and observed osmolality for body fluids.

2.2.4. Define crystalloid and colloid osmotic pressure.

2.2.5. State the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and interstitial fluid.

2.2.6. List forces other than osmotic pressure which affect fluid and particle movement across cell membranes ( Introductory objectives, 1.15; 1.16).

2.3. Describe and explain fluid exchange between plasma and tissues ( Cardiovascular system, 4).

3. Special fluid systems

3.1. Name six special fluid systems.

3.1.1. Describe the formation, circulation, and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

3.1.1.1. List differences between constituents of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

3.1.2. Describe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

3.1.3. Describe the formation and functions of synovial fluid.

3.1.4. Describe the constituents and function of aqueous and vitreous humor ( Connective tissue, 1.5.2).

3.1.5. Describe the origin and function of pleural fluids.

3.1.6. Describe the origin, constituents and function of sweat.

3.1.7. Describe the origin, constituents and function of gastro-intestinal fluids.

4. Blood

4.1. State the approximate blood volume per kg of body mass.

4.2. Define haematocrit.

4.2.1. Give typical haematocrit values for male and female adults.

4.3. Define plasma.

4.3.1. Describe the functions of plasma proteins.

4.4. Define serum.

4.5. State the three major cellular components of blood.

4.6. Describe the morphology of an erythrocyte.

4.6.1. Give a typical value for the number of erythrocytes per litre of blood in male and female adults.

4.6.2. List sites of erythropoiesis.

4.6.3. Describe the control of erythropoiesis.

4.6.4. Name three hormones that play a role in erythropoiesis.

4.6.5. Name four intermediate cells found during the process of maturation of erythrocytes.

4.6.6. Name seven nutrients and/or gastric secretions that are essential for proper erythropoiesis.

4.6.6.1. Describe and explain the function of each of these substances in erythropoiesis ( Gastro-intestinal tract, 3.4.2).

4.6.6.2. Describe and explain the absorption of iron from the gastro-intestinal tract ( Gastro-intestinal tract, 5.4.2; Nutrition, 3.5).

4.6.7. Describe and explain red blood cell metabolism.

4.6.7.1. State the amount of glucose used by erythrocytes each day.

4.6.7.2. Describe glycolysis ( Cell Biochemistry 4.1).

4.6.7.2.1. Describe the formation of 2,3-DPG ( Cell Biochemistry 4.1.4.4).

4.6.7.3. Describe the hexose monophosphate shunt ( Cell Biochemistry 4.1.6).

4.7. Describe the chemical structure of haemoglobin.

4.7.1. Describe the biosynthesis of porphyrins.

4.7.2. Describe the biosynthesis of haem.

4.7.2.1. Name four compounds in the body which contain haem.

4.7.3. State the concentration of haemoglobin in blood in male and female adults.

4.7.4. List and describe the differences between four types of haemoglobin.

4.7.5. Name four derivatives of haemoglobin which can occur in the body.

4.7.5.1. Describe the formation of methaemoglobin.

4.7.5.2. Describe the reduction of methaemoglobin by NADH and NADPH.

4.7.6. Describe and explain the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin.

4.7.6.1. State the amount of oxygen which binds to each gram of haemoglobin.

4.7.6.2. Describe oxygen binding to haemoglobin.

4.7.6.3. List and explain three ways in which oxygen affinity for haemoglobin can be altered ( Cell biochemistry, 4.1.4.4).

4.7.6.4. Explain the physiological significance of a ‘shift to the right’ of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (Bohr effect).

4.7.6.5. Describe the facilitation of CO2 transport by haemoglobin (Haldane effect).

4.7.7. Describe, and explain the physiological significance of, the foetal oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve.

4.7.8. Explain the role of haemoglobin in acid-base balance ( Acid-base balance, 2.1).

4.7.9. Describe the chemical structure of myoglobin.

4.7.9.1. Describe the oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve.

4.8. Define anaemia.

4.8.1. Define mean cell volume.

4.8.1.1. Give typical values for mean cell volume.

4.8.2. Define mean cell haemoglobin concentration.

4.8.2.1. Give typical values for mean cell haemoglobin concentration.

4.8.3. Define mean cell haemoglobin.

4.8.3.1. Give typical values for mean cell haemoglobin.

4.8.4. Define normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic hyperchromic...