Michler Atlas of Polymer Structures

Morphology, Deformation and Fracture Structures
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-56990-558-6
Verlag: Hanser Publications
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 612 Seiten

Structure and morphology determine the properties of polymeric materials. This atlas provides, with over 2000 high-quality micrographs a comprehensive overview of the structural/morphological diversity of all classes of plastics. All microscopic techniques from light microscopy through scanning and transmission electron microscopy to atomic force microscopy are covered.
Another focus is on the changes in plastics morphology occurring under mechanical stress, i.e. the deformation and fracture structures. The extensive visual material will help professionals in research and application fields to determine structure-property correlations of polymeric materials and also improve training and teaching in universities.

Dr. rer.nat. Goerg H. Michler ist emeritierter Professor für allgemeine Werkstoffkunde an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, wo er ein Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften gegründet hat.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Michler, Goerg H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;7
2;Part.I – Introduction;13
3;1 Overview;15
3.1;1.1 Aim of the Atlas;15
3.2;1.2 Molecular Structures;19
3.2.1;1.2.1 Constitution;19
3.2.2;1.2.2 Configuration;19
3.2.3;1.2.3 Conformation;21
3.3;1.3 Supramolecular Structures and Morphology;23
3.3.1;1.3.1 Homopolymers;23
3.3.2;1.3.2 Copolymers;25
3.3.3;1.3.3 Polymer Blends;26
3.3.4;1.3.4 Composites;27
3.3.5;1.3.5 Additional Morphologies;30
3.4;1.4 Mechanical Behavior;30
3.4.1;1.4.1 Types of Deformation;30
3.4.2;1.4.2 Deformation Mechanisms;32
3.4.3;1.4.3 Fracture;34
4;2 Techniques and Methods;39
4.1;2.1 Microscopic Techniques;39
4.1.1;2.2.1 Overview;39
4.1.2;2.1.2 Optical Microscopy;40
4.1.3;2.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy;40
4.1.4;2.1.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy;43
4.1.5;2.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy;45
4.1.6;2.1.6 Image Processing and Image Analysis;45
4.2;2.2 Sample Preparation Methods;47
4.2.1;2.2.1 Overview;47
4.2.2;2.2.2 Preparation of Surfaces;51
4.2.3;2.2.3 Preparation of Thin Sections;55
4.2.4;2.2.4 Contrast Enhancement;59
4.2.5;2.2.5 Stereoscopic Imaging and 3D Analysis;63
4.3;2.3 Deformation and Fracture Tests;64
5;3 Influences of Techniques and Methods on Micrographs;69
5.1;3.1 Influence of Sample Preparation;69
5.1.1;3.1.1 Influence of Fracture Processes;69
5.1.2;3.1.2 Influence of Section Thickness;69
5.2;3.2 Influence of Investigation Parameters in.TEM;73
5.2.1;3.2.1 Influence of Electron Beam Intensity;73
5.2.2;3.2.2 High-Resolution Micrographs;77
5.2.3;3.2.3 Tilting of the Specimen in TEM;78
6;Part.II – Groups of Polymers;81
7;1 Amorphous Polymers;83
7.1;1.1 Main Characteristics;83
7.1.1;1.1.1 Structure and Morphology;83
7.1.2;1.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms;87
7.2;1.2 Homopolymers;94
7.2.1;1.2.1 Polystyrene (PS);94
7.2.2;1.2.2 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA);107
7.2.3;1.2.3 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC);111
7.2.4;1.2.4 Polycarbonate (PC);116
7.3;1.3 Copolymers;122
7.3.1;1.3.1 Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymers (SAN);122
7.3.2;1.3.2 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC);127
8;2 Semicrystalline Polymers;133
8.1;2.1 Overview;133
8.1.1;2.1.1 Lamellar Structure;135
8.1.2;2.1.2 Structural Hierarchy;139
8.1.3;2.1.3 Parameters Influencing Morphology;142
8.1.4;2.1.4 Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms;144
8.2;2.2 Polyethylenes;151
8.2.1;2.2.1 High-Density Polyethylene (Linear PE, HDPE);151
8.2.2;2.2.2 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE);168
8.2.3;2.2.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (Branched PE, LDPE);178
8.2.4;2.2.4 Linear-Low Density Polyethylenes (LLDPE, VLDPE);193
8.3;2.3 Polypropylene (a-, ß-iPP, sPP);;203
8.3.1;2.3.1 PP Morphology;203
8.3.2;2.3.2 PP Deformation and Fracture Structures;210
8.4;2.4 Additional Polymers (PA, PVDF, PBT, PEN, PEEK, POM, PEO, sPS);220
8.4.1;2.4.1 Morphology;220
8.4.2;2.4.2 Deformation and Fracture;229
9;3 Block Copolymers;235
9.1;3.1 Overview;235
9.1.1;3.1.1 Morphology of Block Copolymers;236
9.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Nanostructures via Self-Assembly;236
9.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Influence of Chain Architecture;237
9.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends;238
9.1.1.4;3.1.1.4 Processing-Induced Nonequilibrium Morphologies;239
9.1.1.5;3.1.1.5 Block Copolymer Nanocomposites;241
9.1.2;3.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms in Block Copolymers;241
9.2;3.2 Block Copolymers – Morphology;249
9.2.1;3.2.1 Morphology of Diblock and Triblock Copolymers;249
9.2.2;3.2.2 Morphology of Block Copolymer / Polymer Blends;258
9.3;3.3 Deformation and Fracture Structures;266
10;4 Polymer Blends;281
10.1;4.1 Overview;281
10.1.1;4.1.1 Morphology;282
10.1.2;4.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms;286
10.2;4.2 Blends of Amorphous Polymer Components;290
10.2.1;4.2.1 Morphology of the Blends;290
10.2.2;4.2.2 Deformation and Fracture Structures;294
10.3;4.3 Blends of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers;299
10.3.1;4.3.1 PE/PS Blends, Morphology, and Deformation Structures;299
10.3.2;4.3.2 PP Blends with PS and PEO;303
10.3.3;4.3.3 Blends of TPU with SAN and ABS;305
10.3.4;4.3.4 Blends of PBT/PET with PC;308
10.3.5;4.3.5 Blends of PA with ABS, HIPS, and sPS;311
10.3.6;4.3.6 PE Multiphase Blends;315
10.4;4.4 Blends of Semicrystalline Polymers;317
10.4.1;4.4.1 Blends of HDPE, LDPE, and VLDPE;317
10.4.2;4.4.2 PE/PP Blends;322
10.4.3;4.4.3 PP/PA Blends;325
10.4.4;4.4.4 PBT, PET Blends (with EVA, PE, PP, PA);327
10.5;4.5 Rubbers and Elastomers;329
10.5.1;4.5.1 NR and SBR Blends;329
10.5.2;4.5.2 EVA Copolymer;335
10.5.3;4.5.3 Polyurethanes (PU, TPU);335
10.5.4;4.5.4 Further Elastomers;339
11;5 Rubber-Toughened Polymers;343
11.1;5.1 Overview;343
11.1.1;5.1.1 Morphology;343
11.1.2;5.1.2 Basic Micromechanical Mechanisms;346
11.2;5.2 Systems with an Amorphous Matrix;354
11.2.1;5.2.1 High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS);354
11.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Morphology;354
11.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms;360
11.2.2;5.2.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS);370
11.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Morphology;370
11.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 ABS Deformation Mechanisms;376
11.2.3;5.2.3 Rubber-Modified SAN: SAN/EVA, SAN/CPE (ACS), SAN/PBA (ASA);390
11.2.4;5.2.4 Rubber-Toughened PMMA (RTPMMA);397
11.2.5;5.2.5 Additional Amorphous Rubber-Toughened Polymers (Rubber-Toughened PC, COC, Epoxy);404
11.2.6;5.2.6 Rubber-Toughened PVC;410
11.2.6.1;5.2.6.1 Toughened PVC with Disperse Structure;410
11.2.6.2;5.2.6.2 Toughened PVC with Network Structure;417
11.3;5.3 Systems with Semicrystalline Matrix;424
11.3.1;5.3.1 Rubber-Modified Polypropylene (PP);424
11.3.2;5.3.2 Rubber-Modified Polyamide;436
12;6 Composites;439
12.1;6.1 Main Characteristics;439
12.1.1;6.1.1 Particle-Filled Polymer Composites;439
12.1.2;6.1.2 Nanoparticle Polymer Composites;444
12.2;6.2 Particle-Filled Polymer Composites;450
12.2.1;6.2.1 Morphology;450
12.2.2;6.2.2 Deformation Structures;457
12.3;6.3 Nanoparticle-Filled Polymers (Nanocomposites);461
12.3.1;6.3.1 Morphology;461
12.3.2;6.3.2 Deformation Structures;470
13;7 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
;475
13.1;7.1 Overview;475
13.2;7.2 Inorganic and Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites;481
13.3;7.3 Polymer-Polymer Composites and Natural Fiber Composites;487
14;8 Biopolymers and Polymers for.Medical Applications;497
14.1;8.1 Overview;497
14.1.1;8.1.1 Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers;498
14.1.2;8.1.2 Biomedical Polymers;499
14.2;8.2 Biobased Polymers;509
14.3;8.3 Medical Applications;518
15;9 Special Processing Forms;539
15.1;9.1 Overview;539
15.2;9.2 Hot-Compacted Fibers and Films;551
15.3;9.3 Coextruded Multilayered Polymers;553
15.3.1;9.3.1 Morphology;553
15.3.2;9.3.2 Deformation Structures;564
15.4;9.4 Nanofibers;570
15.5;9.5 Polymeric Foams and Membranes;579
16;Part.III – Tables;589
16.1;Table.1 Connection of Polymers with Morphological Details and.Deformation Structures;591
16.2;Table.2 Appearance of Morphological Details in Polymers;598
16.3;Table.3 Deformation and Fracture Structures in Polymers;602
16.4;Table.4 Structural/Morphological Details with Culinary or Natural.Backgrounds;604
16.5;List of Abbreviations;605
17;Subject Index;611

Leseproben

Preface
I. Overview
1. Introduction
Overview of polymers, classification of the different polymer groups.
Different structures/morphology; overview on characteristic details, variety of morphology, definition of characteristic details of morphology.
Influence of morphology on mechanical behaviour, deformation structures, features of fracture, definition of deformation and fracture details.
Aim of research: understanding of structure-property correlations.
2. Techniques and methods
Overview of all relevant techniques and preparation methods to study themorphology of the different polymers: OM, SEM, TEM, AFM, ...
Overview on techniques and methods to study changes in morphologyand fracture details, including in situ microscopy based on SEM, TEM, HVEM, AFM.
II. Tables (as aid to orientation)
1. Summary of polymers
Table of all polymers with giving the section, where pictures of morphology and of deformation structures are shown
2. Summary of morphological details
Table of all structures and morphological details with giving the polymers and section of micrographs, where details are illustrated
3. Summary of deformation and fracture structures
Table of deformation structures and fracture surfaces with giving the polymers and section of micrographs, where these structures are illustrated
III. Polymer groups
1. Amorphous polymers
2. Amorphous copolymers, blockcopolymers
3. Polymer blends
4. Semicrystalline polymers
5. Rubber-toughened polymers
6. Composites, nanocomposites
References, Index

Über Autor(innen)

Michler, Goerg H.
Dr. rer.nat. Goerg H. Michler ist emeritierter Professor für allgemeine Werkstoffkunde an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, wo er ein Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften gegründet hat.