Micallef / Krastel / Savini Submarine Geomorphology

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-57852-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 554 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Geology

This book on the current state of knowledge of submarine geomorphology aims to achieve the goals of the Submarine Geomorphology working group, set up in 2013, by establishing submarine geomorphology as a field of research, disseminating its concepts and techniques among earth scientists and professionals, and encouraging students to develop their skills and knowledge in this field.
Editors have invited 30 experts from around the world to contribute chapters to this book, which is divided into 4 sections - (i) Introduction & history, (ii) Data & methods, (ii) Submarine landforms & processes and (iv) Conclusions & future directions. Each chapter provides a review of a topic, establishes the state-of-the-art, identifies the key research questions that need to be addressed, and delineates a strategy on how to achieve this.
Submarine geomorphology is a priority for many research institutions, government authorities and industries globally. The book is useful for undergraduate and graduate students, and professionals with limited training in this field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Micallef, Aaron

Krastel, Sebastian

Savini, Alessandra

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;1 Introduction;13
4.1;1 Our Blue Planet;13
4.2;2 Submarine Geomorphology;14
4.3;3 History of Submarine Geomorphology;16
4.4;References;20
5;Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology;22
6;2 Sidescan Sonar;23
6.1;Abstract;23
6.2;1 History of Sonar;23
6.3;2 Principles of Sidescan Sonar;25
6.4;3 State of the Art;27
6.5;4 Strengths and Weaknesses;32
6.6;5 Future Developments;32
6.7;Acknowledgements;33
6.8;References;33
7;3 Multibeam Echosounders;35
7.1;Abstract;35
7.2;1 Introduction;35
7.2.1;1.1 Review and History;35
7.2.2;1.2 Current Uses in Submarine Geomorphology;36
7.3;2 Physical/Technical Principles of the Method;37
7.3.1;2.1 Imaging Geometry;37
7.3.2;2.2 Range Performance;39
7.3.3;2.3 Range Resolution;40
7.3.4;2.4 Angular Resolution;41
7.3.5;2.5 Bottom Detection;42
7.3.6;2.6 Sounding Density;43
7.4;3 Integrated Sensors;43
7.4.1;3.1 Vessel Reference Frame;44
7.4.2;3.2 Orientation;45
7.4.3;3.3 Horizontal Positioning;46
7.4.4;3.4 Vertical Positioning;46
7.4.5;3.5 Sound Speed;48
7.5;4 State of the Art Tools;48
7.6;5 Strength and Weaknesses of the Method for Investigating Submarine Geomorphology;49
7.7;6 Conclusions;50
7.8;References;51
8;4 Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods;52
8.1;Abstract;52
8.2;1 History of Seismic Methods;53
8.3;2 Physical Principles;54
8.3.1;2.1 Basic Principles of the Seismic Reflection Method;54
8.3.2;2.2 Basic Principles of the Seismic Refraction Method;56
8.4;3 Survey Design and Processing;58
8.4.1;3.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys;58
8.4.1.1;3.1.1 Types of Marine Seismic Reflection Surveys;58
8.4.1.2;3.1.2 The Seismic Source;58
8.4.1.3;3.1.3 Receiver Arrays;59
8.4.1.4;3.1.4 Recording Parameters;59
8.4.1.5;3.1.5 Basic Processing Steps;59
8.4.2;3.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys;60
8.4.2.1;3.2.1 Acquisition Geometries;60
8.4.2.2;3.2.2 Receiver Types;60
8.4.2.3;3.2.3 Basic Processing Scheme;62
8.4.2.4;3.2.4 Forward and Inverse Modeling;63
8.5;4 State of the Art Tools and Methods;64
8.5.1;4.1 Overview;64
8.5.2;4.2 Parametric Single-Beam Echo-Sounding;64
8.5.3;4.3 Deep-Towed Seismic Acquisition;64
8.5.4;4.4 High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging;65
8.5.5;4.5 Broadband Imaging;66
8.5.6;4.6 Mirror Imaging of OBS Data;66
8.5.7;4.7 Joint Inversion of Refraction and Reflection Data;67
8.5.8;4.8 3D Full-Waveform Inversion of Wide-Angle, Multi-azimuth Data;68
8.6;5 Strengths and Weaknesses;68
8.7;Acknowledgements;69
8.8;References;69
9;5 Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data;72
9.1;Abstract;72
9.2;1 Mapping Submarine Morphologies;72
9.3;2 Quantitative Structures, Shapes and Their Variations;74
9.4;3 Geostatistics to Geographical Information Systems;76
9.4.1;3.1 Basic Measurements;76
9.4.2;3.2 Variations with Spatial Scales;79
9.4.3;3.3 Finding Trends and Patterns;80
9.5;4 Conclusions;81
9.6;References;82
10;6 Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling;84
10.1;Abstract;84
10.2;1 Introduction;84
10.3;2 Surface Sediment Sampling;85
10.3.1;2.1 Dredging;85
10.3.2;2.2 Box Corer;85
10.3.3;2.3 Grab Sampler;85
10.3.4;2.4 ROV Push Cores;86
10.4;3 Shallow Sediment Coring;87
10.4.1;3.1 Gravity Corer;87
10.4.2;3.2 Piston Corer;89
10.4.3;3.3 Kasten Corer;90
10.4.4;3.4 Vibrocorer;90
10.4.5;3.5 Multi-corer and Mega Corer;92
10.4.6;3.6 Giant Piston Corer and the CALYPSO Corer;93
10.5;4 Seafloor Drilling;94
10.5.1;4.1 Oil and Gas Industry Operations;94
10.5.2;4.2 International Ocean Discovery Program;96
10.5.3;4.3 Seafloor Drill Rigs;98
10.6;5 Core Handling;99
10.7;References;100
11;7 ROVs and AUVs;102
11.1;Abstract;102
11.2;1 Method Descriptions;103
11.2.1;1.1 Remotely Operated Vehicles;103
11.2.2;1.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles;104
11.2.3;1.3 Using Robotic Vehicles to Study Seafloor Geomorphology;106
11.3;2 Different Applications of ROVs and AUVs for Geomorphological Studies;107
11.3.1;2.1 High-Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry;107
11.3.2;2.2 True 3-Dimensional Morphology;108
11.3.3;2.3 Sidescan and Synthetic Aperture Sonar;110
11.3.4;2.4 Photomosaicking and Photogrammetry;110
11.3.5;2.5 Laser Line Scan;111
11.4;3 Future Directions;113
11.5;Acknowledgements;113
11.6;References;114
12;Submarine Landforms and Processes;118
13;8 Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins;119
13.1;Abstract;119
13.2;1 Introduction;119
13.2.1;1.1 Definition of Terms—Ocean Basins and Bathymetric Basins;120
13.2.2;1.2 Tectonic Origin of Ocean Basins;121
13.2.3;1.3 Multiple Origins of Bathymetric Ocean Basins;123
13.2.4;1.4 Aims of This Study;124
13.3;2 Methods;125
13.4;3 Results;126
13.5;4 Discussion;129
13.5.1;4.1 Key Drivers of Basin Evolution;129
13.5.2;4.2 Seamount Frequency of Occurrence and Sediment Thickness;135
13.5.3;4.3 Geomorphology and Global Bottom Water Circulation;137
13.6;5 Conclusions;140
13.7;Acknowledgements;141
13.8;References;141
14;9 Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change;143
14.1;Abstract;143
14.2;1 Introduction;143
14.3;2 Plate Tectonics—Continental Break-up and Fate of the Oceanic Lithosphere at Convergent Plate Boundaries;145
14.3.1;2.1 Oceanic Spreading Centres;145
14.3.2;2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones;146
14.3.3;2.3 Subduction Zones;146
14.3.4;2.4 Volcanic Islands;146
14.4;3 Sediment Types;148
14.4.1;3.1 Terrigenous Sediments (Also: Lithogenous);148
14.4.2;3.2 Biogenic Sediments (Also: Biogenous);148
14.4.3;3.3 Authigenic Sediments (Also: Hydrogenous);149
14.4.4;3.4 Volcanogenic Sediments;149
14.4.5;3.5 Cosmogenous Sediments;149
14.4.6;3.6 Plastics;149
14.5;4 Gravity—Density Currents, Slope Instability and Mass Transport Deposits;150
14.5.1;4.1 The Ocean as a Sediment Sink;150
14.5.2;4.2 Density Currents, Erosion, Transport and Deposition;150
14.5.3;4.3 Submarine Slope Instability and Mass-Transport Deposits;152
14.6;5 Ice–Ice Bull-Dozing Effect from Land to the Sea on Polar Continental Margins;153
14.6.1;5.1 Ice Streams;153
14.6.2;5.2 Ice Grounding at the Continental Shelf Edge;155
14.6.3;5.3 Ice Retreating During Deglaciations;155
14.7;6 Compaction Disequilibrium—Pore Fluids Overpressure in Marine Sedimentary Sequences;156
14.8;7 Oceanic Circulation, Waves and Tides, and Sea Level Change;158
14.8.1;7.1 Bottom Currents;158
14.8.2;7.2 Waves and Tides;160
14.8.3;7.3 Sea Level Change;160
14.9;8 Chemical Precipitation/Dissolution and Bioconstructions;161
14.9.1;8.1 Methane-Derived Carbonate Precipitation;162
14.9.2;8.2 Weathering at Hydrothermal Vents;162
14.9.3;8.3 Salt Deformation;164
14.9.4;8.4 Submarine Karst;164
14.9.5;8.5 Benthic Organisms;165
14.10;9 Human Activity;166
14.11;Suggested Reading;166
14.12;Section 2;166
14.13;Section 3;166
14.14;Section 4;167
14.15;Section 5;167
14.16;Section 6;167
14.17;Section 7;167
14.18;Section 8;167
14.19;Section 9;167
15;10 Shallow Coastal Landforms;168
15.1;Abstract;168
15.2;1 Introduction;168
15.3;2 Depositional Shallow Coastal Landforms;171
15.3.1;2.1 Ripples, Dunes, Sand Waves and Antidunes;171
15.3.2;2.2 Sand Ribbons, Sand Patches, Sand Banks;174
15.4;3 Erosional Shallow Coastal Landforms;176
15.4.1;3.1 Scours Produced by Vortex Flow: Flute Marks, Gutter Marks, and Furrows;178
15.4.2;3.2 Other Erosional Bedforms Produced by Turbulent Flow: Channels and Rills;179
15.4.3;3.3 Erosional Bedforms Caused by Imprints of Objects: Bounce, Brush, Skip, Prod, Groove, Roll and Chevron Marks;180
15.4.4;3.4 Bedforms Produced by Objects Lying on the Seafloor: Obstacle Marks and Current Crescents;181
15.5;4 Addressing Key Issues in Shallow Coastal Landform Evolution;182
15.5.1;4.1 Shallow Coastal Landform Changes: Geomorphometric Measurements;183
15.5.2;4.2 Shallow Coastal Landforms and Sediments: A New Approach to Benthic Habitat Mapping;184
15.6;5 Conclusions;184
15.7;References;185
16;11 Continental Shelf Landforms;191
16.1;Abstract;191
16.2;1 Introduction;191
16.3;2 Brief History of Research on Continental Shelf Landforms;193
16.4;3 Processes;195
16.5;4 Continental Shelf Landforms;196
16.5.1;4.1 Consolidated Bottoms;196
16.5.2;4.2 Erosive Morphologies;197
16.5.3;4.3 Prograding Landforms;199
16.5.4;4.4 Bedforms;200
16.5.5;4.5 Gas-Related Features;204
16.5.6;4.6 Anthropogenic Features;205
16.6;5 Key Research Questions and Future Directions;206
16.7;Acknowledgements;207
16.8;References;207
17;12 Submarine Glacial Landforms;213
17.1;Abstract;213
17.2;1 Introduction;214
17.3;2 Landforms Produced in Different Glacial-Process Environments;216
17.3.1;2.1 Subglacial Landforms;216
17.3.1.1;2.1.1 Mega-Scale Glacial Lineations and Other Streamlined Subglacial Landforms;216
17.3.1.2;2.1.2 Hill-Hole Pairs;222
17.3.1.3;2.1.3 Crevasse-Fill Ridges;223
17.3.1.4;2.1.4 Subglacial Glacifluvial Landforms;223
17.3.2;2.2 Ice-Marginal Landforms;224
17.3.2.1;2.2.1 Moraine Ridges;224
17.3.2.2;2.2.2 Grounding-Zone Wedges;226
17.3.2.3;2.2.3 Ice-Proximal Fans;226
17.3.2.4;2.2.4 Lateral Moraines;227
17.3.2.5;2.2.5 Trough-Mouth Fans;227
17.3.3;2.3 Glacimarine Landforms;228
17.3.3.1;2.3.1 Iceberg Ploughmarks;228
17.3.3.2;2.3.2 Smooth Basin Fill from Meltwater Plumes;229
17.3.4;2.4 Marine Landforms;229
17.4;3 Glacial Landforms on the Norwegian Margin: A Case Study;230
17.4.1;3.1 Landforms in Cross-Shelf Troughs;230
17.4.2;3.2 Landforms on Inter-Trough Banks;232
17.4.3;3.3 Landsystem Models for Fast- and Slow-Flowing Ice;232
17.5;4 Future Research Objectives;234
17.6;Acknowledgements;234
17.7;References;234
18;13 Submarine Landslides;241
18.1;Abstract;241
18.2;1 Introduction;242
18.3;2 Geomorphic Expression of Submarine Landslides;243
18.4;3 Investigating Submarine Landslides;244
18.4.1;3.1 Geomorphometric Analyses;245
18.4.2;3.2 Landslide Population Statistics;246
18.4.3;3.3 Very High Resolution Imaging and Repeat Surveying;248
18.4.4;3.4 3D Seismic Geomorphology of Submarine Landslides;251
18.5;4 Major Challenges and Future Directions;251
18.6;5 Conclusions;253
18.7;References;253
19;14 Submarine Canyons and Gullies;257
19.1;Abstract;257
19.2;1 Introduction;258
19.2.1;1.1 Definitions and Nomenclature;258
19.2.2;1.2 The Origin of Submarine Canyons;259
19.3;2 Submarine Canyon Morphology and Evolution;261
19.3.1;2.1 The Physiography of Submarine Canyons;261
19.3.2;2.2 A Brief Comparison with Fluvial Systems;262
19.3.3;2.3 Global Distribution of Submarine Canyons;263
19.3.4;2.4 Geomorphic Processes in Submarine Canyons;267
19.3.4.1;2.4.1 Sea Level and Regional Tectonic Forcing;267
19.3.4.2;2.4.2 Sedimentary and Hydrodynamic Processes;268
19.3.4.3;2.4.3 The Human Imprint;269
19.3.4.4;2.4.4 Marine Geohazards;271
19.4;3 Towards an Integrated Approach to Submarine Canyon Research;272
19.5;Acknowledgments;273
19.6;References;273
20;15 Submarine Fans and Their Channels, Levees, and Lobes;279
20.1;Abstract;279
20.2;1 Introduction;280
20.3;2 Five Decades of Submarine Fan Research—Challenges and Progress;282
20.4;3 Processes;284
20.5;4 Morphology of Submarine Channels and Their Levees;287
20.6;5 Morphology of Submarine Lobes;295
20.7;6 Key Research Questions and Future Directions;297
20.8;Acknowledgements;299
20.9;References;299
21;16 Contourite Drifts and Associated Bedforms;306
21.1;Abstract;306
21.2;1 Introduction;307
21.2.1;1.1 Scope and Terminology;307
21.2.2;1.2 Brief History of Study;308
21.3;2 Contourite Drifts;309
21.3.1;2.1 Sheeted Drifts;310
21.3.2;2.2 Mounded-Elongate Drifts;313
21.3.3;2.3 Channel-Related Drifts;314
21.3.4;2.4 Patch Drifts;315
21.3.5;2.5 Confined Drifts;315
21.3.6;2.6 Infill Drifts;315
21.3.7;2.7 Fault-Controlled Drifts;316
21.3.8;2.8 Mixed Drift Systems;316
21.4;3 Contourite Erosional Elements;317
21.4.1;3.1 Depositional Hiatuses;317
21.4.2;3.2 Regional Erosive Surface;318
21.4.3;3.3 Linear Erosional Features;319
21.5;4 Seismic Characteristics;320
21.5.1;4.1 First-Order Seismic Element (i.e. Drift Scale);321
21.5.2;4.2 Second-Order Seismic Element (i.e. Depositional Seismic Units);324
21.5.3;4.3 Third-Order Seismic Element (i.e. Seismic Facies);325
21.6;5 Bottom Current Bedforms;325
21.6.1;5.1 Longitudinal Bedforms;327
21.6.2;5.2 Transverse Bedforms;328
21.7;6 Future Research;330
21.8;References;332
22;17 Volcanic Islands and Seamounts;337
22.1;Abstract;337
22.2;1 Introduction;338
22.3;2 Submarine Geomorphology of Volcanic Islands and Seamounts;339
22.4;3 Volcanic and Erosive-Depositional Landforms;339
22.4.1;3.1 Volcanic Cones;340
22.4.2;3.2 Lava Flows and Lava-Fed Deltas;342
22.4.3;3.3 Caldera Collapses;343
22.4.4;3.4 Landforms Associated to Wave Erosion and Sea-Level Fluctuations;344
22.4.5;3.5 Landforms Related to Gravity-Driven Instability Processes;345
22.4.6;3.6 Landforms Related to Confined/Unconfined Density Gravity Flows;346
22.5;4 Gaps in Present-Day Knowledge and Perspectives for the Future;347
22.6;Acknowledgements;348
22.7;References;349
23;18 Mid-ocean Ridges;352
23.1;Abstract;352
23.2;1 Introduction;353
23.3;2 Regional Geomorphology;355
23.4;3 Faults;356
23.5;4 Landslides;359
23.6;5 Volcanic Geomorphologic Features;359
23.7;6 Hydrothermal Springs;362
23.8;7 Sediment Transport and Deposition;362
23.9;8 Remaining Issues and Developments;362
23.10;References;365
24;19 Cold Seep Systems;369
24.1;Abstract;369
24.2;1 Introduction;372
24.3;2 Methods to Detect Cold Seeps Systems;374
24.4;3 Geomorphological Indicators of Cold Seeps;376
24.4.1;3.1 Mud Volcanoes;376
24.4.2;3.2 Pockmarks;380
24.4.3;3.3 Carbonate-Related Structures;382
24.4.3.1;3.3.1 Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonates (MDACs);382
24.4.3.2;3.3.2 “Forest” of Carbonate Chimneys;382
24.5;4 Geohazards and Ecosystem Habitats;384
24.6;5 Gaps in Knowledge and Key Research Questions;384
24.7;Acknowledgements;385
24.8;References;385
25;20 Abyssal Hills and Abyssal Plains;390
25.1;Abstract;390
25.2;1 Abyssal Hills;391
25.2.1;1.1 Abyssal Hills Are Shaped by Extensional Tectonics;391
25.2.2;1.2 Influence of the Thermal Structure of the Lithosphere;395
25.2.3;1.3 Influence of Spreading Rate;396
25.2.4;1.4 Influence of Mantle Hot Spots and Cold Spots;398
25.2.5;1.5 Influence of Ridge Segmentation;398
25.3;2 The Abyssal Plains;401
25.4;3 Some Outstanding Questions;404
25.4.1;3.1 What Is the Width of the Plate Boundary Zone at Mid-Ocean Ridges?;404
25.4.2;3.2 Do Abyssal Hills Offer Long-Lived Pathways for Fluids Through the Oceanic Crust?;405
25.4.3;3.3 How Does Mass Wasting Affect Abyssal Hill Morphology?;405
25.4.4;3.4 Are the Abyssal Plains as Featureless as We Think?;405
25.5;Acknowledgements;406
25.6;References;406
26;21 Oceanic Trenches;410
26.1;Abstract;410
26.2;1 Introduction;411
26.2.1;1.1 Discovery of Oceanic Trenches;411
26.2.2;1.2 Outer Rise and Trench Outer Slope;412
26.2.3;1.3 Trench Depression;413
26.2.4;1.4 Trench Inner Slope;417
26.3;2 Results;418
26.3.1;2.1 Sediment Starved Trench Off Northern Chile;418
26.3.2;2.2 Partly Sediment Filled Trench Off Central Chile;419
26.3.3;2.3 Sediment Flooded Trench off Cascadia;421
26.4;3 Discussion;421
26.4.1;3.1 Impact of Lower Plate Morphology on Earthquake Rupture;422
26.4.2;3.2 Transport and Redistribution of Sediment in Oceanic Trenches;422
26.4.3;3.3 Outer Rise Seismicity;423
26.5;4 Conclusion;424
26.6;References;424
27;22 Cold-Water Carbonate Bioconstructions;426
27.1;Abstract;426
27.2;1 Introduction;427
27.3;2 Coralligenous Bioconstructions;429
27.3.1;2.1 Geomorphology of Coralligenous Bioconstructions;431
27.3.2;2.2 Coralligenous Distribution;435
27.4;3 Cold-Water Coral Reefs and Carbonate Mounds;435
27.4.1;3.1 Cold Water Corals and Physical Habitats;435
27.4.2;3.2 Cold Water Coral Reefs;438
27.4.3;3.3 Development of Cold Water Coral Reefs and Mounds;440
27.5;4 Biodiversity of Deep-Sea Bioconstructions: Environmental Issues, Management Strategies and Future Perspectives;444
27.6;References;446
28;Applied Submarine Geomorphology;457
29;23 Applied Geomorphology and Geohazard Assessment for Deepwater Development;458
29.1;Abstract;458
29.2;1 Introduction;459
29.3;2 Approach;459
29.4;3 Datasets;463
29.5;4 Morphology Mapping and Geomorphology Assessment;464
29.6;5 Geohazard Assessment;468
29.7;6 Implications for Development;472
29.8;7 Conclusions;476
29.9;Acknowledgements;476
29.10;References;477
30;24 Seabed Mining;479
30.1;Abstract;479
30.2;1 Introduction;479
30.2.1;1.1 Marine Mineral Deposits;480
30.2.2;1.2 General Exploration Methods for Resource and Environmental Impact Assessment;481
30.3;2 Resource Description;482
30.3.1;2.1 Sand and Gravel;482
30.3.2;2.2 Mn Nodules;482
30.3.3;2.3 Seafloor Massive Sulphides (SMS);483
30.4;3 Exploration Methods;484
30.4.1;3.1 Sand and Gravel;484
30.4.2;3.2 Mn-Nodules;486
30.4.3;3.3 Seafloor Massive Sulphides;489
30.5;4 Exploitation Methods;492
30.5.1;4.1 Sand and Gravel;492
30.5.2;4.2 Mn Nodules;493
30.5.3;4.3 Seafloor Massive Sulphides;494
30.6;5 Monitoring Exploitation and Environmental Impact;496
30.6.1;5.1 Sand and Gravel;496
30.6.2;5.2 Mn Nodules;497
30.6.3;5.3 Seafloor Massive Sulphides;498
30.7;References;498
31;25 Fishing Activities;501
31.1;Abstract;501
31.2;1 Introduction;502
31.2.1;1.1 A Brief History;503
31.3;2 Results;506
31.3.1;2.1 Spatial Distribution and Frequency of Bottom Trawling Efforts;506
31.3.2;2.2 Bottom Trawling Affected Sediment Transport;507
31.3.3;2.3 Lithological Effects of Bottom Trawling;511
31.3.4;2.4 Geochemical Effects of Bottom Trawling to the Seabed Sediment;515
31.3.5;2.5 Geochemical Effects of Bottom Trawling to the Water Column;515
31.3.6;2.6 Effects of Bottom Trawling on Biota;516
31.3.7;2.7 Bottom Trawling-Induced Changes to Soft Sediment Seascapes;518
31.3.8;2.8 Bottom Trawling-Induced Changes to Reefs and Other Biogenic Seascapes;521
31.4;3 Conclusion and Outlook;522
31.4.1;3.1 Adding the Effects of Bottom Trawling to the Geological Framework;522
31.4.2;3.2 Outlook;523
31.5;References;524
32;26 National Programmes: Geomorphological Mapping at Multiple Scales for Multiple Purposes;533
32.1;Abstract;533
32.2;1 Introduction;534
32.3;2 Geomorphological Mapping—Approaches and Challenges;536
32.4;3 Seabed Geomorphological Classification;538
32.5;4 Case Studies;541
32.5.1;4.1 MAREANO, Norway—Automated Identification of Biogenic Reefs on the Norwegian Shelf;541
32.5.2;4.2 INFOMAR, Ireland—Reprocessing of Bathymetric Data for Geomorphological Mapping;544
32.5.3;4.3 MAREMAP, UK—Addressing Multiple End-Users at Multiple-scales;545
32.6;References;549
33;Conclusion;551
34;27 Conclusion;552
35;28 Erratum to: Submarine Geomorphology;554
35.1;Erratum to:A. Micallef et al. (eds.), Submarine Geomorphology, Springer Geology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1;554