Meuser Contaminated Urban Soils

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9328-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 18, 320 Seiten

Reihe: Environmental Pollution

With more than 50% of the world's population already living in towns and cities, migration from rural areas continuing at an alarming rate in developing countries and suburbanisation using more and more land in developed countries, the urban environment has become supremely important with regard to human health and wellbeing. For centuries, urbanisation has caused relatively low level soil conta- nation mainly by various wastes. However, from the time of the Industrial Revolution onwards, both the scale of urban development and the degree of soil contamination rapidly increased and involved an ever widening spectrum of c- taminants. With constraints on the supply of land for new urban development in many countries, it is becoming increasingly necessary to re-use previously dev- oped (brownfield) sites and to deal with their accompanying suites of contaminants. It is therefore essential to fully understand the diversity and properties of urban soils, to assess the possible risks from the contaminants they contain and devise ways of cleaning up sites and/or minimizing hazards. The author, Helmut Meuser, is Professor of Soil Protection and Soil Clean-up at the University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück and is one of Europe's foremost experts on contamination from technogenic materials in urban soils. He has many years' experience of research in Berlin, Essen, Osnabrück, other regions of Germany, and several other countries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Meuser, Helmut

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;8
2;Acknowledgement;12
3;Contents;14
4;Abbreviations;18
5;Chapter 1: Introduction;22
5.1;References;23
6;Chapter 2:Geographical Basics;25
6.1;2.1 Definitions;25
6.2;2.2 Historical Development of Urbanization;26
6.3;2.3 Present Urbanization Process;31
6.4;2.4 City Structures and Their Impacts on Contamination;37
6.5;References;46
7;Chapter 3: Causes of Soil Contamination in the Urban Environment;48
7.1;3.1 Overview;48
7.2;3.2 Extensive Contamination;50
7.2.1;3.2.1 Bedrock and Parent Material Concentration;50
7.2.2;3.2.2 Dust Deposition;52
7.3;3.3 Linear Contamination;65
7.3.1;3.3.1 Traffic Routes;65
7.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Roadland;65
7.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Railway Embankment;70
7.3.2;3.3.2 Utility Networks Pipes;72
7.3.3;3.3.3 Floods in Alluvial Floodplains;73
7.4;3.4 Horticultural and Agricultural Influence;83
7.4.1;3.4.1 Fertilizing;83
7.4.2;3.4.2 Application of Sewage Sludge and Wastewater;86
7.4.3;3.4.3 Pesticide Application;91
7.5;3.5 Urban Influence;92
7.5.1;3.5.1 Derelict Land;92
7.5.2;3.5.2 Accident Sites;102
7.5.3;3.5.3 Deposits and Fills;104
7.6;3.6 Identification of Soil Contamination;108
7.7;References;110
8;Chapter 4: Man-Made Substrates;114
8.1;4.1 Origin;114
8.1.1;4.1.1 Construction Debris and Construction and Demolition Waste;114
8.1.2;4.1.2 Slag and Ashes;116
8.1.3;4.1.3 Mining Waste;117
8.1.4;4.1.4 Municipal Solid Waste;118
8.1.5;4.1.5 Sludges;119
8.1.6;4.1.6 Cleaned-up Substrates;119
8.2;4.2 Characteristics;120
8.2.1;4.2.1 Recognition During Field Work;120
8.2.2;4.2.2 Chemical Properties;120
8.2.3;4.2.3 Physical Properties;124
8.2.4;4.2.4 Biological Properties;124
8.3;4.3 Contamination Potential;125
8.3.1;4.3.1 Texture Influence;125
8.3.2;4.3.2 Substrate Differences;127
8.4;4.4 Distribution;134
8.5;References;137
9;Chapter 5: Anthropogenic Soils;139
9.1;5.1 Definitions;139
9.2;5.2 Artificial Soils;141
9.3;5.3 Cultivated Soils (Anthrosols);144
9.3.1;5.3.1 Plaggen Soils;144
9.3.2;5.3.2 Garden Soils;146
9.3.3;5.3.3 Cemetery Soils;152
9.4;5.4 Deposited Soils (Technosols);156
9.4.1;5.4.1 Soils of Urban Built-up Areas;156
9.4.2;5.4.2 Landfill Soils;163
9.4.3;5.4.3 Soils of Industrial Deposits;177
9.4.4;5.4.4 Mining Soils;183
9.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 Coal Mining;183
9.4.4.2;5.4.4.2Ore Mining;192
9.4.5;5.4.5 Sludge Fields;198
9.4.5.1;5.4.5.1 Sewage Sludge Treatment Fields;198
9.4.5.2;5.4.5.2 Resource Extraction Tailing Ponds;199
9.4.5.3;5.4.5.3 Dredged Harbour Sediment Fields;203
9.4.5.4;5.4.5.4 Industrial Sludge Fields;205
9.5;References;209
10;Chapter 6: Contamination Influencing Soil Properties;212
10.1;6.1 Physical Properties;212
10.1.1;6.1.1 Sealing;212
10.1.2;6.1.2 Erosion and Deflation;217
10.1.3;6.1.3 Compaction;219
10.1.4;6.1.4 Skeleton Enrichment;223
10.1.5;6.1.5 Altered Groundwater Table;225
10.1.6;6.1.6 Subsidence;225
10.2;6.2 Chemical Properties;228
10.2.1;6.2.1 Total Concentration: Methodological Aspects;228
10.2.2;6.2.2 pH Value;235
10.2.3;6.2.3 Carbon Content and Biological Activity;238
10.2.4;6.2.4 Texture and Binding Compounds;241
10.2.5;6.2.5 Nutrients;243
10.3;6.3 Pedogenesis;249
10.3.1;6.3.1 Humus Formation and Pedoturbation;251
10.3.2;6.3.2 Physical Weathering;252
10.3.3;6.3.3 Chemical Weathering;254
10.3.4;6.3.4 Aggregation;256
10.3.5;6.3.5 Reductomorphose;256
10.4;References;257
11;Chapter 7: Assessment of Urban Soils;260
11.1;7.1 Classification;260
11.2;7.2 Functional Assessment;263
11.2.1;7.2.1 Habitat Function;264
11.2.2;7.2.2 Function as Component of Ecological Cycles;265
11.2.3;7.2.3 Filter, Buffer and Transformation Function for Contaminants;270
11.2.4;7.2.4 Archival Functions;272
11.2.5;7.2.5 Use Functions;273
11.3;7.3 Pathway-Oriented Soil Assessment;273
11.3.1;7.3.1 Risk Assessment Scheme;273
11.3.2;7.3.2 Calculation of the Risk Assessment;277
11.3.3;7.3.3 Main Pathways;280
11.3.3.1;7.3.3.1 Direct Contact;280
11.3.3.2;7.3.3.2 Food Chain Pathway;281
11.3.3.3;7.3.3.3 Groundwater Pathway;287
11.4;7.4 Assessment Based on Quality Standards;289
11.4.1;7.4.1 Definitions;289
11.4.2;7.4.2 Published Quality Standard Catalogues;290
11.5;References;306
12;Chapter 8: Outlook;309
13;Appendix;315
14;Index;319