Menon Transmission Pipeline Calculations and Simulations Manual

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-85617-831-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 612 Seiten

Transmission Pipeline Calculations and Simulations Manual is a valuable time- and money-saving tool to quickly pinpoint the essential formulae, equations, and calculations needed for transmission pipeline routing and construction decisions. The manual's three-part treatment starts with gas and petroleum data tables, followed by self-contained chapters concerning applications. Case studies at the end of each chapter provide practical experience for problem solving. Topics in this book include pressure and temperature profile of natural gas pipelines, how to size pipelines for specified flow rate and pressure limitations, and calculating the locations and HP of compressor stations and pumping stations on long distance pipelines. - Case studies are based on the author's personal field experiences - Component to system level coverage - Save time and money designing pipe routes well - Design and verify piping systems before going to the field - Increase design accuracy and systems effectiveness

E. Shashi Menon, Vice President of SYSTEK Technologies, Inc is a Registered Professional Engineer based in USA for the last 40 years with Bachelors and Masters degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He has extensive experience in Oil and Gas Pipeline Design and construction in USA and South America, having worked for leading US companies. He is the author of several popular technical publications on the subject. He has also coauthored over a dozen software programs in Liquid and Gas Pipeline Hydraulics used by engineers in the industry since 1992. He lives in Lake Havasu City, Arizona

Autoren/Hrsg.

Menon, E. Shashi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;TRANSMISSION PIPELINE CALCULATIONS AND SIMULATIONS
MANUAL;4
3;Copyright;5
4;CONTENTS;6
5;PREFACE;12
6;Chapter One - Introduction to Transmission Pipelines;14
6.1;1. TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE (NORTH AMERICA);18
6.2;2. TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE (NORTH AMERICA);20
6.3;3. ROCKIES EXPRESS PIPELINE (NORTH AMERICA);20
6.4;4. TRANSCANADA PIPELINE (NORTH AMERICA);21
6.5;5. THE BOLIVIA–BRAZIL PIPELINE (SOUTH AMERICA);21
6.6;6. GASANDES PIPELINE (SOUTH AMERICA);22
6.7;7. BALGZAND BACTON PIPELINE (EUROPE);22
6.8;8. TRANS-MEDITERRANEAN NATURAL GAS PIPELINE (EUROPE–AFRICA);22
6.9;9. YAMAL–EUROPE PIPELINE (EUROPE–ASIA);23
6.10;10. SOUTH CAUCASUS PIPELINE (ASIA);24
6.11;11. WEST-EAST NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (CHINA–ASIA);24
6.12;12. THE CASPIAN PIPELINE (RUSSIA–ASIA);25
6.13;REFERENCES;26
7;Chapter Two - Standards and Codes;28
7.1;1. CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS;28
7.2;2. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE;32
7.3;3. FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS;33
7.4;4. ASME COUNCIL FOR CODES AND STANDARDS;34
7.5;5. API STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES;35
7.6;6. MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY;36
7.7;7. PIPE FABRICATION INSTITUTE STANDARDS;37
7.8;8. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION;37
7.9;9. AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE;38
7.10;10. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORROSION ENGINEERS;39
7.11;11. FLUID CONTROL INSTITUTE STANDARDS;39
7.12;12. HYDRAULICS INSTITUTE PUMP STANDARDS;39
8;Chapter Three - Physical Properties;42
8.1;1. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES;42
8.2;2. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT;43
8.3;3. MASS, VOLUME, DENSITY, AND SPECIFIC WEIGHT;47
8.4;4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND API GRAVITY;50
8.5;5. VISCOSITY;54
8.6;6. VAPOR PRESSURE;64
8.7;7. BULK MODULUS;64
8.8;8. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF FLUID FLOW;66
8.9;9. GAS PROPERTIES;69
8.10;10. MASS;69
8.11;11. VOLUME;70
8.12;12. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC WEIGHT;71
8.13;13. SPECIFIC GRAVITY;71
8.14;14. VISCOSITY;72
8.15;15. IDEAL GASES;77
8.16;16. REAL GASES;82
8.17;17. NATURAL GAS MIXTURES;82
8.18;18. PSEUDO CRITICAL PROPERTIES FROM GRAVITY;84
8.19;19. ADJUSTMENT FOR SOUR GAS AND NONHYDROCARBON COMPONENTS;85
8.20;20. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR;85
8.21;21. HEATING VALUE;92
8.22;22. SUMMARY;94
8.23;23. PROBLEMS;94
9;Chapter Four - Pipeline Stress Design;96
9.1;1. ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE AND HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE;96
9.2;2. BARLOW'S EQUATION FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE;98
9.3;3. GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE: CLASS LOCATION;102
9.4;4. LINE FILL VOLUME AND BATCHES;106
9.5;5. GAS PIPELINES;108
9.6;6. BARLOW'S EQUATION;109
9.7;7. THICK WALL PIPES;110
9.8;8. DERIVATION OF BARLOW'S EQUATION;112
9.9;9. PIPE MATERIAL AND GRADE;114
9.10;10. INTERNAL DESIGN PRESSURE EQUATION;115
9.11;11. MAINLINE VALVES;116
9.12;12. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE;117
9.13;13. BLOWDOWN CALCULATIONS;157
9.14;14. DETERMINING PIPE TONNAGE;158
9.15;15. SUMMARY;161
10;Chapter five - Fluid Flow in Pipes;162
10.1;1. LIQUID PRESSURE;162
10.2;2. LIQUID: VELOCITY;167
10.3;3. LIQUID: REYNOLDS NUMBER;169
10.4;4. FLOW REGIMES;171
10.5;5. FRICTION FACTOR;172
10.6;6. PRESSURE DROP FROM FRICTION;178
10.7;7. COLEBROOK–WHITE EQUATION;180
10.8;8. HAZEN–WILLIAMS EQUATION;181
10.9;9. SHELL-MIT EQUATION;183
10.10;10. MILLER EQUATION;185
10.11;11. T.R. AUDE EQUATION;186
10.12;12. MINOR LOSSES;188
10.13;13. INTERNALLY COATED PIPES AND DRAG REDUCTION;192
10.14;14. FLUID FLOW IN GAS PIPELINES;194
10.15;15. FLOW EQUATIONS;196
10.16;16. GENERAL FLOW EQUATION;197
10.17;17. EFFECT OF PIPE ELEVATIONS;200
10.18;18. AVERAGE PIPE SEGMENT PRESSURE;201
10.19;19. VELOCITY OF GAS IN A PIPELINE;202
10.20;20. EROSIONAL VELOCITY;205
10.21;21. REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW;207
10.22;22. FRICTION FACTOR;210
10.23;23. COLEBROOK–WHITE EQUATION;211
10.24;24. TRANSMISSION FACTOR;215
10.25;25. MODIFIED COLEBROOK–WHITE EQUATION;219
10.26;26. AGA EQUATION;222
10.27;27. WEYMOUTH EQUATION;226
10.28;28. PANHANDLE A EQUATION;229
10.29;29. PANHANDLE B EQUATION;232
10.30;30. INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY EQUATION;235
10.31;31. SPITZGLASS EQUATION;238
10.32;32. MUELLER EQUATION;240
10.33;33. FRITZSCHE EQUATION;241
10.34;34. EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS;242
10.35;35. COMPARISON OF FLOW EQUATIONS;244
10.36;36. SUMMARY;246
11;Chapter Six - Pressure Required to Transport;248
11.1;1. TOTAL PRESSURE DROP REQUIRED TO PUMP A GIVEN VOLUME OF FLUID THROUGH A PIPELINE;249
11.2;2. FRICTIONAL COMPONENT;250
11.3;3. EFFECT OF PIPELINE ELEVATION;250
11.4;4. EFFECT OF CHANGING PIPE DELIVERY PRESSURE;254
11.5;5. PIPELINE WITH INTERMEDIATE INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES;255
11.6;6. SYSTEM HEAD CURVES: LIQUID PIPELINES;268
11.7;7. HYDRAULIC PRESSURE GRADIENT: LIQUID PIPELINE;271
11.8;8. TRANSPORTING HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE LIQUIDS;276
11.9;9. HYDRAULIC PRESSURE GRADIENT: GAS PIPELINE;277
11.10;10. PRESSURE REGULATORS AND RELIEF VALVES;281
11.11;11. SUMMARY;284
12;Chapter Seven - Thermal Hydraulics;286
12.1;1. TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT FLOW;286
12.2;2. FORMULAS FOR THERMAL HYDRAULICS: LIQUID PIPELINES;290
12.3;3. ISOTHERMAL VERSUS THERMAL HYDRAULICS: GAS PIPELINES;302
12.4;4. TEMPERATURE VARIATION AND GAS PIPELINE MODELING;305
12.5;5. REVIEW OF SIMULATION MODEL REPORTS;307
12.6;6. SUMMARY;328
12.7;7. PRACTICE PROBLEMS;329
13;Chapter eight - Power Required to Transport;330
13.1;1. HORSEPOWER REQUIRED;330
13.2;2. EFFECT OF GRAVITY AND VISCOSITY;334
13.3;3. GAS: HORSEPOWER;335
13.4;4. SUMMARY;340
14;Chapter nine - Pump Stations;342
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;342
14.2;2. LIQUID-PUMP STATIONS;342
14.3;3. SUMMARY;380
15;Chapter Ten - Compressor Stations;382
15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;382
15.2;2. COMPRESSOR STATION LOCATIONS;382
15.3;3. HYDRAULIC BALANCE;389
15.4;4. ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION;389
15.5;5. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION;391
15.6;6. POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION;394
15.7;7. DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE OF COMPRESSED GAS;395
15.8;8. COMPRESSION POWER REQUIRED;396
15.9;9. OPTIMUM COMPRESSOR LOCATIONS;400
15.10;10. COMPRESSORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL;406
15.11;11. TYPES OF COMPRESSORS: CENTRIFUGAL AND POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT;410
15.12;12. COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE CURVES;411
15.13;13. COMPRESSOR HEAD AND GAS FLOW RATE;413
15.14;14. COMPRESSOR STATION PIPING LOSSES;414
15.15;15. COMPRESSOR STATION SCHEMATIC;417
15.16;16. SUMMARY;417
16;Chapter Eleven - Series and Parallel Piping;418
16.1;1. SERIES PIPING;418
16.2;2. PARALLEL PIPING;428
16.3;3. LOCATING PIPE LOOP: GAS PIPELINES;442
17;Chapter Twelve - Meters and Valves;444
17.1;1. HISTORY;444
17.2;2. FLOW METERS;445
17.3;3. VENTURI METER;446
17.4;4. FLOW NOZZLE;449
17.5;5. ORIFICE METER;450
17.6;6. TURBINE METER;452
17.7;7. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METER;453
17.8;8. PURPOSE OF VALVES;456
17.9;9. TYPES OF VALVES;457
17.10;10. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION;459
17.11;11. CODES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;460
17.12;12. GATE VALVE;461
17.13;13. BALL VALVE;462
17.14;14. PLUG VALVE;463
17.15;15. BUTTERFLY VALVE;463
17.16;16. GLOBE VALVE;465
17.17;17. CHECK VALVE;465
17.18;18. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE;466
17.19;19. PRESSURE REGULATOR;466
17.20;20. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE;468
17.21;21. FLOW MEASUREMENT;468
17.22;22. FLOW METERS;469
17.23;23. VENTURI METER;480
17.24;24. FLOW NOZZLE;482
17.25;25. SUMMARY;483
18;Chapter Thirteen - Pipeline Economics;486
18.1;1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS;486
18.2;2. CAPITAL COSTS;488
18.3;3. OPERATING COSTS;493
18.4;4. FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND ECONOMIC PIPE SIZE;493
18.5;5. GAS PIPELINE;500
18.6;6. CAPITAL COSTS;502
18.7;7. OPERATING COSTS;508
18.8;8. DETERMINING ECONOMIC PIPE SIZE;512
18.9;9. SUMMARY;527
18.10;10. PROBLEMS;529
19;Chapter Fourteen - Case Studies;532
19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;532
19.2;2. CASE STUDY 1: REFINED PRODUCTS PIPELINE (ISOTHERMAL FLOW) PHOENIX TO LAS VEGAS PIPELINE;532
19.3;3. CASE STUDY 2: HEAVY CRUDE OIL PIPELINE 2 MILES LONG WITHOUT HEATERS;540
19.4;4. CASE STUDY 3: HEAVY CRUDE OIL PIPELINE FROM JOPLIN TO BEAUMONT (THERMAL FLOW WITH HEATERS AND NO BATCHING);550
19.5;5. CASE STUDY 4: HEAVY CRUDE OIL PIPELINE (THERMAL FLOW WITH HEATERS AND DRA);556
19.6;6. CASE STUDY 5: WATER PIPELINE FROM PAGE TO LAS CRUCES;559
19.7;7. CASE STUDY 6: GAS PIPELINE WITH MULTIPLE COMPRESSOR STATIONS FROM TAYLOR TO JENKS;562
19.8;8. CASE STUDY 7: GAS PIPELINE HYDRAULICS WITH INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES;571
19.9;9. CASE STUDY 8: GAS PIPELINE WITH TWO COMPRESSOR STATIONS AND TWO PIPE BRANCHES;575
19.10;10. SAMPLE PROBLEM 9: A PIPELINE WITH TWO COMPRESSOR STATIONS, TWO PIPE BRANCHES, AND A PIPE LOOP IN THE SECOND SEGMENT OF THE ...;580
19.11;11. SAMPLE PROBLEM 10: SAN JOSE TO PORTAS PIPELINE WITH INJECTION AND DELIVERY IN SI UNITS;584
20;Appendix;590
20.1;A.1 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS;590
20.2;A.2 COMMON PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS;591
20.3;A.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND API GRAVITY;592
20.4;A.4 VISCOSITY CONVERSIONS;592
20.5;A.5 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES;593
20.6;A.6 ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE;594
20.7;A.7 TYPICAL HAZEN–WILLIAMS C-FACTORS;595
20.8;A.8 FRICTION LOSS IN VALVES;595
20.9;A.9 EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF VALVES AND FITTINGS;597
20.10;A.10 SEAM JOINT FACTORS FOR PIPES;597
20.11;A.11 ANSI PRESSURE RATINGS;598
20.12;A.12 APPROXIMATE PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION COST;598
21;REFERENCES;600
22;Index;602

Leseproben

Chapter One Introduction to Transmission Pipelines
Abstract
Pipelines are used to transport liquids or gases from origin to end users. These pipelines may range from 4 in to 32 in or more in diameter. Over the last several years, pipelines have been built in the World ranging from 48 to 60 in or larger. These pipelines may be short lines, such a few feet to as much as a few thousand miles long. In addition to providing the necessary pipe material, we must also provide the necessary pressure in terms of pumping equipment and drivers as well as other related appurtenances such as valves, regulators, and scraper traps. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is a well-known large-diameter pipeline built in the United States during the past 40 years at a cost of more than $8 billion (US) dollars. Pipelines are used to transport liquids or gases from point of origin to point of consumption of liquids or gases. Transmission pipelines may be small diameter such as 4 in or the average size may range from 24 to 32 in or more in diameter. Over the course of several years, much larger pipelines have been built in the United States and abroad ranging from 48 to 60 in or larger diameter. These pipelines may be short lines, such as gathering lines ranging from a few feet to as much as a couple of miles. They may also be long trunk lines a few thousand miles long. In addition to providing the necessary pipe material, we must also provide the necessary pressure in terms of pumping equipment and drivers as well as other related appurtenances such as valves, regulators, and scraper traps. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is a well-known large-diameter pipeline built in the United States during the past 25 years at a cost of more than $8 (US Billion) dollars. In this book, we will concentrate on transmission pipelines used to transport liquids such as water, refined petroleum products as well as natural gas or compressible fluids such as propane and ethane. More sophisticated pipelines have also been built to transport exotic gases and liquids such as ethylene or compressed high-density carbon dioxide (CO2). The latter pipelines require extensive hydraulic simulation or modeling taking into account the thermodynamic properties of CO2 including liquid vapor diagrams as well as the complex formulas that define the behavior of high density CO2. Starting with 1866 in Pennsylvania, United States, when the first practical pipeline was constructed by the entrepreneur and scientist Edwin Drake, the United States set the stage for the proliferation of practical utilization of pipelines ranging from a few miles to tens of thousands of miles all over the world. It must be noted that although the US pioneered pipeline efforts in the 1800s, credit must be given to engineers, technicians, and scientists that paved the way for progress in transporting “black gold” to satisfy the twentieth century requirements of mankind, which has reached a level unimaginable particularly during the past few decades. Considering that oil was available for about $20 per barrel (bbl) in the 1800s, we are now experiencing a tremendous price increase of $100 to $150 bbl in recent years. There does not seem to be a let up in the consumption of crude oil and petroleum products despite the fact that the industrialized nations have spent enormous amounts of research and development efforts in replacing oil with a more renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. The largest consumption by the public for crude oil is the application of diesel and gasoline for motor vehicles. Despite the enormous progress made with electric cars and non–crude oil–based fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquified natural gas, and hydrogen gas, for a long time to come crude oil and their derivatives will remain a major portion of the energy source for worldwide use. For comparison, consider the cost of crude oil today at $100–120 per bbl versus electricity at $0.15 per KWH compared with natural gas cost of $8–10 per MCF. Of course these are only approximations and can vary from country to country depending on Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and other natural gas and crude oil price regulating organizations. The most important oil well ever drilled in the United States was in the middle of quiet farm country in northwestern Pennsylvania in a town called Titusville. In 1859, the newly formed Seneca Oil Company hired retired railroad conductor Edwin L. Drake to investigate suspected oil deposits. Drake used an old steam engine to drill a well that began the first large-scale commercial extraction of petroleum. This was one of the first successful oil wells drilled for the sole purpose of finding oil. This was known as the Drake Well. By the early 1860s, western Pennsylvania had been transformed by the oil boom. This started an international search for petroleum, and in many ways eventually changed the way we live. The reason Drake chose Titusville as the spot to drill for oil was the many active oil seeps in the region. As it turns out, there had already been wells drilled that had struck oil in the region. The only problem was, they were not drilling for oil. Instead, they were looking for salt water or drinking water. When they struck oil, they considered it a nuisance and abandoned the well. At the time, no one really knew how valuable oil was. Later on, they hoped that “rock oil” could be recovered from the ground in large enough quantities to be used commercially as a fuel for lamps. Oil had already been used, refined, and sold commercially for one of its byproducts: kerosene. Along came a gentleman named Bissell who would try to extract the rock oil from the ground by drilling, using the same techniques as had been used in salt wells. Bissell was simply looking for a better, more reliable, and plentiful source. Table 1.1 shows a list of long-distance pipelines being used around the world to transport gas, crude oil, and products from the fields to areas of use. Sometimes these fields are located in one country or continent and then transported by pipeline for distribution through several countries. Table 1.1 Various Transmission Pipelines in North America – Bakersfield Los Angeles – – – – Chicago Cushing 2 × 12, 22 – – – Clearbrook Minneapolis 16 – – – Clearbrook Bismark 10 – – – Cushing Wood River 22 703 275 – Dallas Lima 20 – – – Guernsey Chicago 8, 12, 20, 24 – – – Los Angeles San Juan 16 – – – Los Angeles San Francisco 34 – – – Louisiana Lima 22 – – – Midland Corpus Christi 10, 12 – – – Midland Cushing 2 × 16 – – – Midland Borger 12 – – – Midland Houston 1, 24 742 310 – Minneapolis St. Louis 20 – – – Minneapolis St. Louis 24 – – – New Mexico Cushing 20, 24 832 350 – Port Arthur Midland 10 – – – Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Valdez 34 – – – San Juan Houston 12, 16 – – – Santa Barbara Houston 10 – – – Saint James Patoka 40 1068 1175 – Wichita Kansas City 34 – – Portland natural gas transmission Westbrook Colebrook – – – – Hugoton Denver 2 × 20 – – – Los Angeles San Diego 36 – – – Los...