McClellan / Jimenez / Koutitas Smart Cities

Applications, Technologies, Standards, and Driving Factors
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-59381-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 234 Seiten

This book reviews the applications, technologies, standards, and other issues related to Smart Cities. The book is divided into broad topical sections including Vision & Reality, Technologies & Standards, Transportation Considerations, and Infrastructure & Environment. In these sections, authors who are experts in their fields present essential aspects of applications, technologies, requirements, and best-practices. In all cases, the authors have direct, substantive experience with the subject and present an important viewpoint driven by industry or governmental interests; the authors have each participated in the development and/or deployment of constituent technologies, standards, and applications, and share unique perspectives on key areas of the Smart City.

Professor Stan McClellan is the Director of the Ingram School of Engineering at Texas State University, where he is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and researches advanced communication & networking technologies. Dr. McClellan has held notable positions in the commercial, military/aerospace, and academic industries, including Hewlett Packard, ZNYX Networks, SBE, Inc., General Dynamics, LTV Aerospace, and Rockwell International. He served as chief technologist, chief architect, or lead engineer for several distributed real-time systems, developing technologies including real-time interactive telepathology, highly available systems for telecommunications networks, real-time flight simulators using reconnaissance imagery, and a flight-worthy digital terrain system for the AFTI/F-16 testbed aircraft. He has also served as a technology & business consultant for commercial entities including BellSouth, Motorola, Cisco, 3Com, Newbridge/Alcatel, BNR/Nortel, Network Equipment Technologies (NET), MCI/Worldcom, LSU Medical Center, and others. Most recently, Dr. McClellan was a founder and Chief Technology Officer for a startup company in the Smart Grid space, where he developed a revolutionary approach to Smart Grid systems using advanced signal processing, on-wire communications, and a sophisticated system architecture incorporating endpoint mobility, autonomous device registration, and command/control capability. As the author of numerous peer-reviewed technical publications and US/international patents, Dr. McClellan is an expert in networking and distributed system optimization, particularly for voice/video transport with quality of service constraints (QoS). He has made invited contributions to well-known references including Advances in Computers, The IEEE/CRC Electrical Engineering Handbook, and The Encyclopedias of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Dr. Jesus Jimenez is an Associate Professor in the Ingram School of Engineering at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas. Dr. Jimenez received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona in 2006. He has research interests in sustainable production systems and supply chains, as well as in data-intensive analysis and simulation, and in modeling and analysis of manufacturing systems. Due to his emphasis in applied research, Dr. Jimenez has collaborations with several manufacturing companies. His research has been funded by state and federal agencies, such as the US Department of Agriculture, the US Department of Education, and Texas SECO, as well as by companies such as 3M, Lanner Group, SEMATECH, and Simio. Dr. Jimenez has more than 20 publications, including journal papers and conference articles. His research has been published in the IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, International Journal of Production Research, and the Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings, among others.
Dr. George Koutitas George Koutitas is an academic and entrepreneur in Wireless Networks and Smart Grids. He received the B.Sc. degree in Physics from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, 2002 and the M.Sc. degree (with distinction) in Mobile and Satellite Communications from the University of Surrey UK, 2003. During his studies, he received the 'Nokia Prize' and 'Advisory Board Prize' 2003 for the best overall performance and best MSc Thesis. He defended his Ph.D. in radio channel modeling at the Centre for Communications Systems Research (CCSR) of the University of Surrey in2007 under a full scholarship (EPSRC). His main research interests are in the area of Wireless Communications (modeling and optimization), Energy Efficient Networking and Smart Grids. He is involved in research activities concerning energy efficient network deployments and design, Green IT and sensor networks/actuators for smart grid applications. He is also the founder of Gridmates, a Transactive Energy Platform designed to end energy poverty. Currently, he is a postdoc researcher at the University of Thessaly (Dept. Computer Engineering and Telecommunications) and a visiting professor at Texas State University.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mcclellan, Stan

Jimenez, Jesus A.

Koutitas, George

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Abstract;7
3;Vision & Reality;8
4;1 Smart Cities: Vision on-the-Ground;9
4.1;Introduction;9
4.2;Vision;10
4.3;The Role of the Private Sector, Universities, and Nonprofits;11
4.3.1;Private Sector;11
4.3.2;Universities;12
4.3.3;Nonprofits;12
4.4;Smart Technologies: Generating and Consuming Data;12
4.4.1;Austin, Texas: A Smart City;13
4.4.2;Smart City Imperatives;13
4.5;Three Dimensions of Smart: Projects, Policies, and Language;14
4.5.1;Smart Projects;14
4.5.2;Smart Policies: A Smart Kiosk Example;17
4.5.3;Smart Language: Assets, Valuations, Cost and Projects;17
4.5.4;Data as an Asset;18
4.5.5;Assigning Costs to the Data Assets;19
4.5.6;Designating and Measuring the Value Returned from the Asset;19
4.5.7;Attaching the Data Assets to Projects;19
4.6;Do Not Forget to Consider the Data Market;20
4.7;Conclusion;20
4.8;References;20
5;2 Funding a Smart City: From Concept to Actuality;22
5.1;Introduction;22
5.2;Creating the Smart City Vision;23
5.2.1;Location, Location, Location;24
5.2.2;What Are the Long-Term Visions of a Smart City Program?;24
5.2.3;Who Are the Stakeholders?;25
5.2.4;Understanding “Lighthouse” Projects;25
5.2.5;Smart City Project Considerations;26
5.2.6;Planning a Realistic Path to Reach the Vision;27
5.3;Funding Sources: Lighthouse Projects and Smart City Programs;27
5.3.1;Government-Level Funding;28
5.3.2;Local-Level Funding;29
5.3.3;Community-Focused Funding;29
5.3.4;Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs);29
5.3.5;Loans and Municipal Bonds;30
5.3.6;Private Funding;30
5.3.7;User Charges and Pay for Performance;31
5.3.8;Smart City Challenges and Competitions;31
5.3.9;Stay Creative and Vigilant for New Funding Sources;32
5.4;Matching Project Elements with Accessible Funding Sources;33
5.4.1;Specific Project Components;33
5.4.2;Clustering Entire Program Elements;34
5.4.3;The Social, Environmental, and Economic Values;34
5.4.4;Prioritize Projects and Design Your Funding Approach Using an AFM: Accessible Funding Matrix;36
5.5;Aligning Deadlines, Awards, and Project Pacing;37
5.5.1;Proposing with Project Pacing in Mind;38
5.5.2;Aligning Project Scopes with a Realistic Funding Source;38
5.5.3;Cost–Benefit Analysis: Definition and Importance to the Smart Project;38
5.5.4;Funding Management;40
5.6;Conclusion;42
5.7;References;43
6;3 The System Complexities of Smart Cities and the Systems Approach for Standardization;45
6.1;Evolution of the Element;45
6.2;The Evolution of an Element to a Complex System;46
6.3;From Meter to Smart Grid to Smart City;47
6.4;Role of Standards Within Smart Cities and Other Complex Systems;48
6.5;SDOs on Systems;49
6.6;Systems Approach;51
6.7;Collaboration, Traceability, and Iteration;52
6.8;Concluding Remarks;53
6.9;References;54
7;Technology & Architecture;55
8;4 The Smart Grid: Anchor of the Smart City;56
8.1;Introduction;56
8.2;Existing Architecture;57
8.2.1;Players, Regions, and Markets;57
8.2.2;Network Architecture;58
8.2.3;Drawbacks of the Existing Power Grid;59
8.3;Evolution Toward a Smarter Grid;60
8.3.1;Utility of the Future;61
8.3.2;Utility Customer Beyond 2020;62
8.3.3;Smart Grid Elements;62
8.3.4;Standards;65
8.4;Transition to an Application Development Platform;68
8.4.1;Open Data;69
8.4.2;Cloud-Based Services;70
8.4.3;Evolution of Customer-Centric Services;71
8.5;Transactive Grids;73
8.5.1;Energy in the Sharing Economy;73
8.5.2;Transactive Energy Modes and the New Roles;73
8.5.3;Smart Citizens in the Smart Grid;75
8.6;Conclusion;76
8.7;References;76
9;5 The Internet of Things: Nervous System of the Smart City;78
9.1;The Internet of Things;78
9.1.1;Challenges of IoT;78
9.1.1.1;System Issues;79
9.1.1.2;Application Requirements;79
9.1.2;Power Consumption;80
9.2;Sensor Nodes;82
9.2.1;Testing Sensors in IoT Devices;82
9.2.2;Working Toward Industry-Wide Solutions;83
9.2.3;Successful Testing;84
9.3;Battery Life;86
9.3.1;Challenges of IoT Battery Drain Analysis (BDA);86
9.3.1.1;Low-Level Current Measurement;86
9.3.1.2;High Dynamic Range Current Measurement;87
9.3.1.3;High Bandwidth Current Measurements;87
9.3.1.4;Effects of Firmware Decisions on Battery Life;87
9.3.2;Instruments Used for Battery Drain Analysis;88
9.3.2.1;Digital Multimeters;88
9.3.2.2;Oscilloscopes and Current Probes;88
9.3.2.3;DC Power Analyzers;89
9.3.2.4;Precision Source/Measure Units;89
9.3.2.5;Device Current Waveform Analyzers;89
9.3.2.6;Software Tools for BDA;89
9.3.2.7;Complementary Current Distribution Function (CCDF);90
9.3.2.8;Automatic Current Profile;90
9.3.3;Additional Considerations;92
9.3.3.1;Temperature Considerations;92
9.3.3.2;Architectural Optimization;92
9.3.3.3;MCU Firmware Programming;93
9.3.3.4;Energy Harvesting;93
9.4;Narrowband IoT: Overview and Test Challenges;93
9.4.1;Overview and Key Parameters;94
9.4.2;Design and Test Challenges;95
9.4.2.1;Reliability;95
9.4.2.2;Coverage;95
9.4.2.3;Battery Life;96
9.4.3;Feature Enhancements;96
9.4.3.1;Positioning Technology;96
9.4.3.2;Other Enhancements;98
9.5;Conclusion;98
9.6;References;98
10;6 The Cloud: A Critical Smart City Asset;100
10.1;Introduction;100
10.2;Architecture of the Cloud;101
10.2.1;Security;101
10.2.2;Scalability;102
10.2.3;Reliability;104
10.2.4;Performance;105
10.2.5;Power;106
10.3;Conclusion;107
10.4;References;107
11;Transportation Considerations;109
12;7 Transportation Electrification;110
12.1;Introduction;110
12.2;BENEFITS: The Smart City Business Case for Transportation Electrification;110
12.2.1;Cleaner Air and Climate Protection;111
12.2.2;Affordability;111
12.2.3;Supports Grid Reliability and Renewable Energy;113
12.2.4;SOLUTIONS: Smart City Transportation Electrification Projects and Programs;114
12.2.5;Providing Public Charging Stations;114
12.2.6;Ensure Affordable Electric Fuel Costs;116
12.2.7;Launch an Outreach/Marketing Campaign;116
12.2.8;Partner with Auto Dealerships and Manufacturers;117
12.2.9;Integrate Electric Vehicles into the Grid;117
12.2.10;Support EV Adoption of Transportation Network Companies (TNC) and Taxi Fleets;118
12.2.11;Support Autonomous Vehicles and Their Electrification;119
12.2.12;Electrify Public Fleets;119
12.2.13;Provide EV-Related Consumer Incentives/Rebates;120
12.2.14;Develop a Multifamily EV Program;120
12.2.15;Establish a Public Space for Electrification;121
12.2.16;Electrify Public Transit/Buses;121
12.2.17;Go After Grants/External Funding Sources;122
12.3;Conclusion;123
12.4;References;123
13;8 Smart Transportation Systems;124
13.1;Introduction;124
13.2;Smart Transportation Components;124
13.2.1;V2V and V2I;126
13.2.2;GPS;126
13.2.3;Dedicated Short Range Communication;126
13.2.4;3G, 4G, 5G;126
13.2.5;RCR;127
13.2.6;PV/PD;127
13.3;Issues Motivating ITS;127
13.3.1;High Traffic Density;127
13.3.2;Long Transportation Times and High Costs;128
13.3.3;High Carbon Dioxide Emissions;128
13.3.4;Expanded Supply Chains;128
13.4;Challenges;129
13.4.1;Information Safety and Privacy;129
13.4.2;Coordination, Easy Access and Universality;129
13.4.3;Funding;130
13.4.4;Rebuild Road Network;130
13.4.5;Training the ITS Workforce;130
13.5;Major Players in Smart Cities and Transportation;131
13.5.1;Alignment with ITS Goals;131
13.5.2;Alignment with ITS Technologies;132
13.6;Conclusion;133
13.7;Acknowledgement;133
13.8;References;133
14;9 Reconfigurable Computing for Smart Vehicles;135
14.1;Introduction;135
14.2;Automotive Communication Systems;137
14.2.1;In-Vehicle Communication;137
14.2.2;Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication;138
14.2.3;Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication;140
14.3;Reconfigurable Computing for Next Generation Automotive Computing Platforms;142
14.4;Conclusion;146
14.5;References;146
15;Infrastructure & Environment;148
16;10 Smart Buildings and Grid Distribution Management;149
16.1;Introduction and Overview;149
16.2;Electrical Energy Management Systems;150
16.3;Architecture;152
16.3.1;Voltage Controller Considerations;155
16.3.2;On-Wire Communications [1–3];156
16.3.3;Off-Wire Communications;156
16.3.4;Feeder Information Module (FIM);157
16.3.4.1;Primary Data Collection;159
16.3.4.2;Secondary Data Collection [4];160
16.3.5;Key Analytics and Applications;160
16.3.5.1;Connectivity Information;161
16.3.5.2;Geographic Mapping;162
16.3.5.3;Power Mapping;162
16.3.6;Data Storage;163
16.4;Energy Analytics: The Engine for IOT Value [5];164
16.4.1;Software Engine;165
16.4.2;Monitoring Benefits [7];166
16.5;Economics of Smart Building IOT 101 [14];167
16.5.1;Simple Present Worth Analysis Method;168
16.5.2;Economics of Demand and Energy Efficiency;169
16.5.3;Economics of IOT Hardware/Software Design;170
16.5.4;Customer and Business Economics;172
16.6;“Virtual Grid” Development Example;173
16.6.1;Virginia Commonwealth University Campus Network;173
16.6.2;Building a Network Test;174
16.6.3;State of the Economic Evaluation;176
16.7;Summary;177
16.8;References;177
17;11 Smart City Lighting;179
17.1;Introduction;179
17.2;Urban Smart City Lighting Vision, 2050;180
17.3;Elements that Could Enable This Future;182
17.4;The Current Reality;183
17.4.1;Lighting and IoT Pilot Programs in Cities;184
17.4.2;Companies Leading Projects in Smart City Lighting;185
17.4.2.1;Acuity;185
17.4.2.2;GE;186
17.4.2.3;Philips Lighting;186
17.4.3;Sensity;186
17.4.4;Leading Cities with Smart City Lighting Projects;186
17.4.4.1;Barcelona, Spain;187
17.4.4.2;Boston, Massachusetts;187
17.4.4.3;Charlotte, North Carolina;187
17.4.4.4;Eindhoven, Holland;187
17.4.4.5;Fujisawa City, Japan;188
17.4.4.6;Kansas City, Missouri;188
17.4.4.7;Los Angeles County, California, and Huntington Beach;188
17.4.4.8;Oslo, Norway, Dresden, and Klingenthal in Germany;188
17.4.4.9;New York, New York;188
17.4.4.10;San Diego, California;189
17.4.4.11;San Jose, California;189
17.4.4.12;Singapore, Indonesia;189
17.5;Obstacles to Development of Smart City Lighting;189
17.6;The Revolution Begins;190
17.6.1;Dystopia;191
17.6.2;Utopia;191
17.7;Conclusion;192
17.8;Acknowledgements;192
17.9;References;192
18;12 Smart Water Solutions for Smart Cities;194
18.1;Introduction;194
18.2;Definitions and Drivers;194
18.2.1;Transportation and Mobility;195
18.2.2;Energy;195
18.2.3;Information and Communications Technology;196
18.2.4;Humanity;196
18.2.5;Deployment Considerations;196
18.3;Municipal Water Management;198
18.3.1;Challenges;199
18.3.2;A Sensor Network;200
18.3.3;The Business Case;202
18.3.4;Consumer Benefits;203
18.4;Conclusion;204
18.5;References;204
19;13 Technology-Enhanced Infrastructure;205
19.1;Introduction;205
19.2;Sensor Technology;209
19.2.1;Fiber Bragg Gratings;210
19.2.2;Self-monitoring Concrete;212
19.3;Radio Wave Measurements;212
19.4;Thermal Techniques;214
19.5;Embedded Electrical Sensors;216
19.6;Communications, Power, and Asset Management;217
19.6.1;Communication Networks;217
19.6.2;Power Conservation, Supply, and Storage;219
19.6.3;Infrastructure Management;221
19.7;Examples;223
19.7.1;Preventative TEI System;224
19.7.2;Targeted TEI System;225
19.8;Conclusion;226
19.9;References;227
20;Index;230