Mathian / Sanders Spatio-temporal Approaches

Geographic Objects and Change Process
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-118-64923-7
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 176 Seiten, E-Book

Spatio-temporal Approaches presents a well-built set of concepts, methods and approaches, in order to represent and understand the evolution of social and environmental phenomena within the space. It is basedon examples in human geography and archeology (which will enable us to explore questions regarding various temporalities) and tackles social and environmental phenomena. Chapter 1 discusses how to apprehend change: objects, attributes, relations, processes.
Chapter 2 introduces multiple points of view about modeling and the authors try to shed a new light on the different, but complementary approaches of geomaticians and thematicians. Chapter 3 is devoted to the construction of spatio-temporal indicators, to various measurements of the change, while highlighting the advantage of an approach crossing several points of view, in order to understand the phenomenon at hand. Chapter 4 presents different categories of simulation model in line with complexity sciences. These models rely notably on the concepts of emergence and self-organization and allow us to highlight the roles of interaction within change. Chapter 5 provides ideas on research concerning the various construction approaches of hybrid objects and model couplings.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mathian, Hélène

Sanders, Lena

Inhaltsverzeichnis

INTRODUCTION ix
CHAPTER 1. BUILDING OBJECTS IN TIME 1
1.1. Different points of view on ontology 4
1.1.1. Defining ontology 4
1.1.2. Qualification of the objects from an ontologicalperspective: "bona fide" versus "fiat"objects 8
1.1.3. Specification of ontologies in the field of spatialanalysis and geographical sciences: objects versus fields 10
1.1.4. An example of empirical objects' construction: thecase of cities 13
1.2. Locating spatial objects in time 16
1.2.1. Objects' formalization in time:"endurant" and "perdurant" entities ofphilosophers 17
1.2.2. From change to objects' life 21
1.3. Conclusion 28
CHAPTER 2. FROM EMPIRICAL QUESTIONING TO SPATIO-TEMPORALMODELING 29
2.1. From the conception of entities to their analysis ofresponding to thematic issues 30
2.1.1. Building the spatio-temporal objects from the empiricalobservations (challenge 1) 32
2.1.2. Representing and exploring change and movement (challenge2) 35
2.1.3. Analyzing the evolution of statistical and spatialrelationships (challenge 3) 38
2.1.4. Identifying the underlying processes of change:simulation and scenario testing (challenge4) 41
2.2. Challenges and models: the possible misunderstandings44
2.3. Application examples 46
2.3.1. Cities' dynamics: construction and follow-up ofcomposite objects in time 47
2.3.2. Distribution of urban functions in the intra-urban space:construction of spatio-temporal
functional objects 53
2.3.3. Evaluating the impact of mobile objects on a spatialsupport 56
2.3.4. What factors are behind the emergence and/or thereinforcement of school segregation? Construction of multilevel andmultidate information 60
2.4. Conclusion 64
CHAPTER 3. ANALYZING SPATIO-TEMPORAL DATA: EMPIRICAL ANDSTATISTICAL APPROACHES 65
3.1. Statistical data and spatio-temporal analysis 66
3.1.1. Spatial analysis evolution in a context influenced bystatistics and computer science 66
3.1.2. Different ways to take time and space into account toanalyze spatio-temporal processes 70
3.1.3. From entities' dynamics to that of organizations:what is it that changes and relative to what frame of reference?73
3.2. Following the evolution of the structure of spatial systems76
3.2.1. Describing the evolution of space and hierarchicalorganizations 76
3.2.2. Change, temporalities and statistical explanations 82
3.3. Understanding the evolution of a spatial system'sentities 86
3.3.1. Constructing, describing and categorizing trajectories ofevolution 87
3.3.2. Identifying a priori defined types of change to classifyevolutions 91
3.3.3. "Unfolded" time and forecast 93
3.4. Conclusion 97
Chapter 4. Exploring the Underlying Processes of Change:Simulation Models 99
4.1. Computer simulation versus statistical approach: differentpoints of view about explanation 99
4.1.1. From covariation to interaction, from differentiation toemergence 102
4.1.2. Different types of explanation: from the percentage ofvariance explained to the generation of mechanisms 104
4.1.3. Different points of view on multilevel phenomena 105
4.2. Microsimulation models107
4.3. Computing models: simulation and emergence 112
4.3.1. Modeling the diffusion of a migratory wave front 113
4.3.2. Cellular automata approaches: the case of land usechanges 115
4.3.3. Agent-based models applied to simple entities 120
4.3.4. Agent modeling on composite entities 124
4.4. Conclusion 129
CONCLUSION 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY 139
INDEX 155