Masubuchi / Hopkins Analysis of Welded Structures

Residual Stresses, Distortion, and Their Consequences
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8843-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 654 Seiten, Web PDF

Analysis of Welded Structures: Residual Stresses, Distortion, and their Consequences encompasses several topics related to design and fabrication of welded structures, particularly residual stresses and distortion, as well as their consequences. This book first introduces the subject by presenting the advantages and disadvantages of welded structures, as well as the historical overview of the topic and predicted trends. Then, this text considers residual stresses, heat flow, distortion, fracture toughness, and brittle and fatigue fractures of weldments. This selection concludes by discussing the effects of distortion and residual stresses on buckling strength of welded structures and effects of weld defects on service behavior. This book also provides supplementary discussions on some related and selected subjects. This text will be invaluable to metallurgists, welders, and students of metallurgy and welding.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Masubuchi, Koichi

Hopkins, D. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analysis of Welded Structures: Residual Stresses, Distortion, and their Consequences;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Units;10
7;Notations;11
8;References;12
9;Chapter 1. Introduction;14
9.1;1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Structures and Major Objective of this Textbook;14
9.2;1.2 Historical Overview and Future Trends;17
9.3;1.3 Requirements for the Selection of Materials;23
9.4;1.4 Structural Steels;26
9.5;1.5 Aluminum Alloys;41
9.6;1.6 Titanium Alloys;49
9.7;1.7 Welding Processes;60
9.8;References;70
10;Chapter 2. Heat Flow in Weldments;73
10.1;2.1 Generation and Dissipation of Welding Heat;73
10.2;2.2 Mathematical Analysis of Heat Flow in Weldments—Basic Considerations and Present State-of-the-art;75
10.3;2.3 Some Simple Solutions Useful for Analyzing Heat Flow in Weldments;82
10.4;2.4 Thermal history of the heat-affected zone;88
10.5;2.5 Heat Flow Problems of Electrode and Weld Metal;98
10.6;References;99
11;Chapter 3. Fundamental Information on Residual Stresses;101
11.1;3.1 Stresses, Strains, and Mechanical Properties of Metals;101
11.2;3.2 Residual Stresses;105
11.3;3.3 Analysis of Residual Stress and Distortion in Weldments and Their Effects on Service Performance;121
11.4;References;123
12;Chapter 4. Measurement of Residual Stresses in Weldments;125
12.1;4.1 Classification of Techniques for Measuring Residual Stresses;125
12.2;4.2 Measurement of Residual Stresses by Stress-relaxation Techniques;127
12.3;4.3 Measurement of residual stresses by X-ray diffraction;138
12.4;4.4 Determination of Residual Stresses by Measuring Stress-sensitive Properties;143
12.5;4.5 Determination of Residual stresses by Hydrogen-induced and Stress-corrosion Cracking Techniques;146
12.6;4.6 Selection and Use of Appropriate Measurement Techniques and Evaluation of Results;149
12.7;4.7 Strain Measurement of Transient Strains During Welding;153
12.8;4.8 Use of Mathematical Analysis in the Experimental Study of Residual Stress and Distortion;157
12.9;References;159
13;Chapter 5. Transient Thermal Stresses and Metal Movement During Welding;161
13.1;5.1 Thermal Stresses During Welding—How They are Produced;161
13.2;5.2 Historical Development of Studies of Thermal Stresses and Metal Movement During Welding;163
13.3;5.3 One-dimensional Analyses;164
13.4;5.4 Two-dimensional Analyses;169
13.5;5.5 Analyses of Stresses in Three-dimensional Cases;175
13.6;5.6 Experimental Studies on Thermal Stresses and Metal Movement;177
13.7;5.7 Experiments on Thermal Stresses in Weldments in High-strength Steels;179
13.8;5.8 Experiments on Thermal Stresses and Metal Movement During Welding Along the Longitudinal Edge of a Strip;186
13.9;5.9 Computer Simulation;193
13.10;5.10 Assessment of the Current Status and Future Prospects;199
13.11;References;200
14;Chapter 6. The Magnitude and Distribution of Residual Stresses in Weldments;202
14.1;6.1 Development of Techniques for Analyzing Residual Stresses in Weldments;202
14.2;6.2 Residual Welding Stresses and Reaction Stresses;204
14.3;6.3 Analysis of Residual Stresses in Restrained Butt Welds;206
14.4;6.4 The Distribution of Residual Stress: Some Typical Cases;214
14.5;6.5 Residual Stresses in Weldments in Various Materials;221
14.6;6.6 Effect of Specimen Size on Residual Stresses;235
14.7;6.7 Residual Stresses in Heavy Weldments;238
14.8;6.8 Effects of Welding Sequence;242
14.9;References;246
15;Chapter 7. Distortion in Weldments;248
15.1;7.1 Fundamental Types of Distortion;248
15.2;7.2 General Introduction to Weld Distortion;249
15.3;7.3 Existing Allowable-Distortion Standards;258
15.4;7.4 Transverse Shrinkage of Butt Welds;266
15.5;7.5 Transverse Shrinkage in Fillet Welds;287
15.6;7.6 Angular Changes of Butt Welds;288
15.7;7.7 Angular Changes of Fillet Welds and the Resulting Out-of-plane Distortion;290
15.8;7.8 How Various Parameters Affect the Angular Distortion of Fillet Weld; Methods of Reducing Distortion;301
15.9;7.9 Longitudinal Shrinkage of Butt Welds;307
15.10;7.10 Longitudinal Shrinkage of Fillet Welds;307
15.11;7.11 Longitudinal Bending Distortion;308
15.12;7.12 Buckling Distortion;313
15.13;7.13 Methods of Distortion-reduction in Weldments;325
15.14;7.14 Methods of Removing Distortion;335
15.15;References;338
16;Chapter 8. The Strength of Welded Structures: Fundamentals;341
16.1;8.1 Strength of "Idealistic" and "Realistic" Structures;341
16.2;8.2 Changes in Residual Stress in Weldments Subjected to Tensile Loading;342
16.3;8.3 Local Stress Concentration Caused by Out-of-plane Distortion;343
16.4;8.4 Instability of Columns Under Compressive Loading;344
16.5;References;348
17;Chapter 9. Fracture Toughness;349
17.1;9.1 Elementary Concepts of Fracture;349
17.2;9.2 Brittle Fractures of Welded Structures;354
17.3;9.3 Evaluation of Notch Toughness;363
17.4;9.4 Various Tests for Evaluating Notch Toughness;376
17.5;9.5 Low Applied-stress Fracture of Welded Structures;386
17.6;9.6 Effects of Chemical Composition and Manufacturing Processes;391
17.7;9.7 Notch Toughness Requirements and Fracture Control;397
17.8;9.8 Notch Toughness of Weld Metals;398
17.9;References;410
18;Chapter 10. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Brittle Fracture of Welded Structures;413
18.1;10.1 Theories of Brittle Fracture;413
18.2;10.2 Fracture Mechanics Theory;417
18.3;10.3 Values of Fracture Toughness and Critical Crack Length of Various Materials;427
18.4;10.4 Catastrophic Failures of Welded Structures from Subcritical Cracks;431
18.5;10.5 Analytical Studies of the Brittle Fracture of Weldments;442
18.6;References;460
19;Chapter 11. The Fatigue Fracture of Weldments as it Relates to Residual Stress;462
19.1;11.1 Introduction to Fatigue Fracture;462
19.2;11.2 High-cycle Fatigue;466
19.3;11.3 Low-cycle Fatigue;471
19.4;11.4 Studies on Fatigue Crack Growth;473
19.5;11.5 Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints;477
19.6;11.6 Effects of Residual Stresses on Fatigue Fracture;479
19.7;11.7 Some Methods of Improving the Fatigue Strength of Weldments;481
19.8;References;489
20;Chapter 12. The Role of Residual Stress in Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement;491
20.1;12.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking;491
20.2;12.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement;492
20.3;12.3 Role of Residual Stresses in the Stress Corrosion Cracking and the Hydrogen-induced Cracking of Weldments;493
20.4;12.4 Analysis of Crack Pattern;495
20.5;References;503
21;Chapter 13. Effects of Distortion and Residual Stresses on Buckling Strength of Welded Structures;504
21.1;13.1 Columns under Compressive Loading;505
21.2;13.2 Plates and Plate Structures Under Compressée Loading;507
21.3;13.3 Corrugation Damage of Welded Ships and Allowable Distortion of Ship Bottom Plating;513
21.4;13.4 Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Subjected to External Pressure;520
21.5;References;526
22;Chapter 14. Weld Cracking and Joint Restraint;531
22.1;14.1 Classification of Weld Cracks;531
22.2;14.2 Hot Cracking;533
22.3;14.3 Cold Cracking;541
22.4;14.4 Weld-Cracking Tests;556
22.5;14.5 Analytical and Experimental Determination of the Degree of Restraint of Weld-Cracking Test Specimens and Joints in Actual Structures;573
22.6;14.6 Further Advancement of Mechanical Analysis of Cracking Especially by Use of Fracture Mechanics Theories;582
22.7;References;588
23;Chapter 15. Effects of Weld Defects on Service Behavior;590
23.1;15.1 Weld Defects;591
23.2;15.2 Stress Concentration Caused by Weld Defects;594
23.3;15.3 Effect of Defects on Ductile Fracture;599
23.4;15.4 How Defects Affect Brittle Fracture;604
23.5;15.5 How Defects Affect Fatigue Fracture;607
23.6;15.6 Non-destructive Inspection of Welds;615
23.7;15.7 Evaluation of Reliability of Welded Structures;620
23.8;References;628
24;Chapter 16. Further Discussion on Some Selected Subjects;631
24.1;16.1 Welding Design;632
24.2;16.2 Welding Fabrication;639
24.3;References;646
25;Index;648