Martos / Jorgenson Economic Control Structures

A Non-Walrasian Approach
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9073-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 188, 258 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Contributions to Economic Analysis

This monograph is the result of research work carried out over a decade with the purpose of adopting a new approach to the theory of economic mechanisms. The study focuses on economies which are not in and do not tend to Walrasian equilibrium. Both formal mathematics and verbal argumentation have been used by the author to explain a more general theory of economic mechanisms.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Martos, B.

Jorgenson, D. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Economic Control Structures: A Non-Walrasian Approach;4
3;Copyriht Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Introduction to the Series;6
6;PREFACE;8
7;LIST OF FIGURES;12
8;NOTATION;14
9;PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND MATHEMATICAL CONTROL THEORY;18
9.1;Chapter 1. MOTIVATIONS, GOALS, INSTRUMENTS;20
9.1.1;1. A foretaste;20
9.1.2;2. Is there a choice of economic mechanisms?;22
9.1.3;3. Control theory, economic policy and control structures;24
9.1.4;4. On the use of mathematics;25
9.1.5;5. An outline of the book;25
9.2;Chapter 2. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM;28
9.2.1;1. Enumeration;28
9.2.2;2. Classification of processes and objects;28
9.2.3;3. Structuring the agents;29
9.2.4;4. Classification of the agents;29
9.2.5;5. The monetary sphere;30
9.2.6;6. Significance of the dichotomy;31
9.2.7;7. The real sphere;32
9.2.8;8. Dynamics in the real sphere;33
9.2.9;9. The control sphere. First comparisons;34
9.2.10;10. Dynamics in the control sphere;34
9.2.11;11. The contents of the control signals;35
9.2.12;12. The market;35
9.2.13;13. The assumption of "voluntary exchange";36
9.2.14;14. The assumption of the orderly market. The short-side rule;36
9.2.15;15. Reasons for the existence of orderless markets;37
9.3;Chapter 3. THE ECONOMIC CONTROL: PRINCIPLES AND EXPERIENCES;40
9.3.1;1. Optimization or survival;40
9.3.2;2. The "control by norm" principle;40
9.3.3;3. Other principles;41
9.3.4;4. The dynamics of norms;42
9.3.5;5. Empirical support;43
9.3.6;6. The scope of the inquiry;43
9.3.7;7. The questions asked;44
9.3.8;8. The methods and the data;45
9.3.9;9. Selected numerical results;46
9.3.10;10. What do the numerical results show?;46
9.4;Chapter 4. CONTROL STRUCTURES: VEGETATIVE FUNCTIONING AND COORDINATION;48
9.4.1;1. Insufficiency of the binary concept of centralization vs decentralization;48
9.4.2;2. Dissection of control processes. The transfer element;49
9.4.3;3. The functioning of the transfer element;49
9.4.4;4. Classification of signal generation;51
9.4.5;5. Classification of signal transmission;51
9.4.6;6. Combination of signal generation and transmission;52
9.4.7;7. Vegetative functioning of a transfer element;52
9.4.8;8. The start and the end of the control process;53
9.4.9;9. Assumption: The sensor is introspective;54
9.4.10;10. Assumption: The manipulator is introactive;54
9.4.11;11. The identity transfer element;54
9.4.12;12. The complex controller;54
9.4.13;13. First stage: Vegetative non-communicative control;55
9.4.14;14. Second stage: Vegetative control with transactional communication;55
9.4.15;15. Third stage: Interactive control;56
9.4.16;16. Fourth stage: Partially centralized control;56
9.4.17;17. Fifth stage: Monocentric control;57
9.4.18;18. A comparison of the stages;57
9.5;Chapter 5. SYSTEMS CONTROL;60
9.5.1;1. Control systems;60
9.5.2;2. Signals;61
9.5.3;3. Open-loop control;61
9.5.4;4. Feedback control;63
9.5.5;5. Classification of controls;63
9.5.6;6. Continuously and intermittently operating systems;65
9.5.7;7. Single-loop and multi-loop systems;65
9.5.8;8. Time invariant and time-variant, linear and nonlinear systems;66
9.5.9;9. Deterministic and stochastic systems;67
9.5.10;10. Externally commanded and higher order systems;67
9.5.11;11. Anticipatory and non-anticipatory systems;68
9.6;Chapter 6. STATE EQUATIONS OF THE TRANSFER ELEMENT AND THE CONTROL CIRCUIT;70
9.6.1;1. Methods;70
9.6.2;2. General differential equation form of a linear transfer element;70
9.6.3;3.;71
9.6.4;4. PID elements;71
9.6.5;5.;71
9.6.6;6.;72
9.6.7;7. State equation of a linear transfer element;72
9.6.8;8.;72
9.6.9;9.;72
9.6.10;10. Transformation of the general differential equation form to state equation form;73
9.6.11;11.;73
9.6.12;12.;73
9.6.13;13. The case when the state equals the output;73
9.6.14;14. The solution of the state equation: the time-variant case;74
9.6.15;15.;74
9.6.16;16.;74
9.6.17;17. The state transition matrix in time-invariant case;74
9.6.18;18.;74
9.6.19;19.;74
9.6.20;20. The solution of the state equation: the time-invariant case;74
9.6.21;21.;74
9.6.22;22.;75
9.6.23;23. The zero-input equilibrium state;75
9.6.24;24.;75
9.6.25;25. The constant-input equilibrium state for time-invariant linear elements;75
9.6.26;26.;75
9.6.27;27. The zero-input steady state;76
9.6.28;28.;76
9.6.29;29.;76
9.6.30;30. The constant-input steady state of time-invariant elements;76
9.6.31;31.;76
9.6.32;32.;76
9.6.33;33.;76
9.6.34;34. The control circuit;77
9.6.35;35. Assumption: Both the sensor and the manipulator are identity transfer
elements;77
9.6.36;36. Assumption: The controller contains a subtracting transfer element;77
9.6.37;37. Assumption: The external effect may affect the controller directly ;78
9.6.38;38. Notation;78
9.6.39;39. State equation of the control circuit;78
9.6.40;40.;78
9.6.41;41.;78
9.6.42;42. The control circuit as a transfer element;78
9.7;Chapter 7. STABILITY AND VIABILITY;80
9.7.1;1. The quality of the control system;80
9.7.2;2. The norm of a vector;81
9.7.3;3. The norm of a square matrix;81
9.7.4;4. The natural matrix norm induced by a vector norm;81
9.7.5;5.;81
9.7.6;6.;81
9.7.7;7. The cube-norm;82
9.7.8;8.;82
9.7.9;9.;82
9.7.10;10. Remark;82
9.7.11;11. Bounded time-functions;82
9.7.12;12.;82
9.7.13;13. Simple matrices, spectral decomposition;83
9.7.14;14.;83
9.7.15;15.;83
9.7.16;16.;83
9.7.17;17. On the stability analysis of time-invariant systems;83
9.7.18;18.;83
9.7.19;19. Instability;84
9.7.20;20. Instability theorem;84
9.7.21;21. Stability;84
9.7.22;22. Stability theorem;84
9.7.23;23. The borderline case;84
9.7.24;24. The response to bounded input;85
9.7.25;25. Bounded input theorem;85
9.7.26;26. Remark to Theorem 25;85
9.7.27;27. Concluding remarks on stability from the economist's point of view;86
9.7.28;28. Motivations for the viability concept;86
9.7.29;29. The state trajectory and the input trajectory;87
9.7.30;30.;87
9.7.31;31. The admissible input set and the viability set;88
9.7.32;32. The viability problem;88
9.7.33;33.;88
9.7.34;34. The degree of stability and the modal condition number;88
9.7.35;35.;88
9.7.36;36.;88
9.7.37;37.;89
9.7.38;38.;89
9.7.39;39.;89
9.7.40;40. Lemma If the system 18 is stable (36) and the system matrix P is simple (13) then;89
9.7.41;41.;89
9.7.42;42. Proof of Lemma 40;89
9.7.43;43.;90
9.7.44;44. Assumption;90
9.7.45;45. Open ball;90
9.7.46;46.;90
9.7.47;47.;91
9.7.48;48.;91
9.7.49;49.;91
9.7.50;50. Compatible sets, compatible states;91
9.7.51;51.;91
9.7.52;52.;91
9.7.53;53.;91
9.7.54;54. Viability Theorem (See Figure 4);92
9.7.55;55.;92
9.7.56;56.;92
9.7.57;57. Interpretation of and remarks on the Viability Theorem 54;92
9.7.58;58.;94
9.7.59;59. Proof of Theorem;95
9.7.60;60.;95
9.8;BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO PART ONE;96
10;PART TWO: THE CONTROL OF AN OPEN LEONTIEF - ECONOMY WITHOUT COORDINATION;98
10.1;Chapter 8. THE COMMON REAL SPHERE AND THE COMMON FORM OF THE BEHAVIOURAL EQUATIONS;100
10.1.1;Real organizations;100
10.1.2;2. Time;101
10.1.3;3. Assumption;101
10.1.4;4. The end use;101
10.1.5;5. Real activities: production, transfer, stockpiling;101
10.1.6;6. The technology;102
10.1.7;7. Assumptions:;103
10.1.8;8.;103
10.1.9;9.;104
10.1.10;10. Equations of the real processes;104
10.1.11;11.;104
10.1.12;12.;105
10.1.13;13. The common form of the controllers;105
10.1.14;14. The controllers are linear;105
10.1.15;15. The controllers are of the proportional plus integrating (PI) type (Cf. 6.4);105
10.1.16;16. The actuating signal (Cf. 6.36);106
10.1.17;17.;106
10.1.18;18. A differential operator;106
10.1.19;19.;107
10.1.20;20.;107
10.1.21;21.;107
10.1.22;22. Uniform parameters;107
10.1.23;23. The reduced form;108
10.1.24;24.;108
10.1.25;25.;108
10.1.26;26.;108
10.1.27;27.;108
10.1.28;28.;108
10.1.29;29. Notation;109
10.1.30;30.;109
10.1.31;31. Stability theorem of the reduced form;109
10.1.32;32. Comments;110
10.1.33;33. Proof of theorem 31;110
10.1.34;34.;111
10.1.35;35.;111
10.1.36;36.;111
10.1.37;37.;111
10.1.38;38.;111
10.1.39;39.;112
10.1.40;40.;112
10.1.41;41.;112
10.2;Chapter 9. THE STOCK SIGNAL (MODEL S);114
10.2.1;1. Inventories;114
10.2.2;2. Stock signals;114
10.2.3;3. The behavioural equations of Model S;115
10.2.4;4.;115
10.2.5;5.;115
10.2.6;6. Interpretation of the behavioural equations;115
10.2.7;7. Assumptions and notation concerning irrelevant variables;118
10.2.8;8.;118
10.2.9;9. Structural analysis;119
10.2.10;10.;119
10.2.11;11.;119
10.2.12;12. Stability analysis;119
10.2.13;13. Transformation to the reduced form;120
10.2.14;14.;120
10.2.15;15.;120
10.2.16;16.;120
10.2.17;17.;120
10.2.18;18.;120
10.2.19;19.;120
10.2.20;20. Stability analysis of the reduced form;120
10.2.21;21.;121
10.2.22;22. Stability analysis of the original system;121
10.2.23;23. Stability theorem of Model S;122
10.2.24;24. An example;122
10.2.25;25. The constant-input steady state;123
10.2.26;26.;123
10.2.27;27.;123
10.2.28;28.;123
10.2.29;29.;123
10.2.30;30. Viability analysis;124
10.2.31;31. Definition of the viability set and the admissible input set;125
10.2.32;32.;125
10.2.33;33.;125
10.2.34;34.;125
10.2.35;35. Compatibility;125
10.2.36;36.;125
10.2.37;37.;125
10.2.38;38.;126
10.2.39;39.;126
10.2.40;40.;126
10.2.41;41. Viability theorem for Model S;126
10.2.42;42. Conclusions;127
10.3;Chapter 10. THE ORDER SIGNAL (MODEL B);130
10.3.1;1. Production for stock vs production to order;130
10.3.2;2. Assumption;131
10.3.3;3. The real processes;131
10.3.4;4.;131
10.3.5;5.;131
10.3.6;6. Notation;131
10.3.7;7. The bookkeeping of orders;132
10.3.8;8.;132
10.3.9;9. The behavioural equations of Model B;132
10.3.10;10.;132
10.3.11;11.;133
10.3.12;12. The end use;133
10.3.13;13. Interpretation of the behavioural equations, structural analysis and market relations;134
10.3.14;14. Stability analysis: transformation to the reduced form;136
10.3.15;15.;136
10.3.16;16.;136
10.3.17;17.;136
10.3.18;18.;136
10.3.19;19.;136
10.3.20;20.;136
10.3.21;21. Stability of the reduced form;136
10.3.22;22. Lemma;137
10.3.23;23.;137
10.3.24;24.;137
10.3.25;25. Proof of Lemma 22;137
10.3.26;26.;137
10.3.27;27.;137
10.3.28;28. Discussion of condition 23;138
10.3.29;29. Empirical study of condition 23;140
10.3.30;30. Stability analysis of the original system;141
10.3.31;31. Stability theorem for Model B;142
10.3.32;32. The constant-input steady state;142
10.3.33;33.;142
10.3.34;34.;142
10.3.35;35. Viability analysis;143
10.3.36;36. Definition of the viability set and the admissible input set;143
10.3.37;37.;143
10.3.38;38.;143
10.3.39;39. Interpretation of the viability conditions;143
10.3.40;40.;143
10.3.41;41. Compatibility;144
10.3.42;42.;144
10.3.43;43.;144
10.3.44;44.;144
10.3.45;45.;144
10.3.46;46. Viability Theorem for Model B;144
10.3.47;47. Conclusions;144
10.4;Chapter 11. THE COMBINATION OF STOCK AND ORDER SIGNALS (MODEL SB);146
10.4.1;1. Motivation;146
10.4.2;2. The real processes;146
10.4.3;3.;146
10.4.4;4.;146
10.4.5;5. The control processes;146
10.4.6;6.;146
10.4.7;7.;147
10.4.8;8.;147
10.4.9;9.;147
10.4.10;10. Interpretation of the controller;147
10.4.11;11. Structural analysis. The orderless market;147
10.4.12;12. Stability analysis: transformation to the reduced form;149
10.4.13;13.;149
10.4.14;14.;149
10.4.15;15. Lemma;149
10.4.16;16. Proof of lemma 15;150
10.4.17;17.;150
10.4.18;18.;150
10.4.19;19. Stability analysis of the original system;150
10.4.20;20. Stability theorem for Model SB;151
10.4.21;21. The constant-input steady state;151
10.4.22;22.;151
10.4.23;23.;151
10.4.24;24.;151
10.4.25;25. Viability analysis;152
10.4.26;26.;152
10.4.27;27.;152
10.4.28;28.;152
10.4.29;29.;152
10.4.30;30. Viability theorem for Model SB;152
10.4.31;31. Conclusions;152
10.5;Chapter 12. THE COMMERCIAL STOCK SIGNAL (MODEL C);154
10.5.1;1. Introduction of the commercial sector;154
10.5.2;2. Assumptions on the commercial sector;155
10.5.3;3. Informal interpretation of the real processes;155
10.5.4;4. The equations of the real processes;156
10.5.5;5.;156
10.5.6;6.;156
10.5.7;7. Notation;156
10.5.8;8. The bookkeeping of the backlog of orders;156
10.5.9;9.;156
10.5.10;10. The behavioural equations of Model C;157
10.5.11;11.;157
10.5.12;12.;157
10.5.13;13.;157
10.5.14;14. Structural analysis. The market structure;157
10.5.15;15. Stability analysis;159
10.5.16;16.;159
10.5.17;17.;159
10.5.18;18. Stability Theorem for Model C;160
10.5.19;19. The constant-input steady state;160
10.5.20;20.;160
10.5.21;21.;160
10.5.22;22. Viability analysis;161
10.5.23;23.;161
10.5.24;24.;161
10.5.25;25.;161
10.5.26;26.;161
10.5.27;27. Conclusions;161
10.6;Chapter 13. THE SUPPLY-SIDE PRICE SIGNAL (MODEL P);164
10.6.1;1. The role of the price signal;164
10.6.2;2. Price and profitability;165
10.6.3;3.;165
10.6.4;4. The real processes;166
10.6.5;5.;166
10.6.6;6.;166
10.6.7;7. Assumption on the input stock equilibrium;166
10.6.8;8.;166
10.6.9;9.;166
10.6.10;10.;166
10.6.11;11. Reformulation of the real processes;167
10.6.12;12.;167
10.6.13;13. The control process;167
10.6.14;14.;167
10.6.15;15.;167
10.6.16;16.;167
10.6.17;17. Structural analysis;168
10.6.18;18. Stability analysis;170
10.6.19;19.;170
10.6.20;20.;170
10.6.21;21.;170
10.6.22;22.;171
10.6.23;23. Lemma;171
10.6.24;24.;171
10.6.25;25. Proof of Lemma 23;171
10.6.26;26.;171
10.6.27;27.;171
10.6.28;28. Stability theorem for Model P
;172
10.6.29;29 The constant-input steady state;172
10.6.30;30.;172
10.6.31;31.;172
10.6.32;32.;173
10.6.33;33. Viability analysis;173
10.6.34;34.;173
10.6.35;35.;173
10.6.36;36.;173
10.6.37;37.;173
10.6.38;38. The non-negativity of the prices;173
10.6.39;39.;174
10.6.40;40.;174
10.6.41;41. Conclusions;174
10.7;Chapter 14. SUMMARY OF PART TWO;176
10.7.1;1. Why precisely were these models analysed?;176
10.7.2;2. Common starting points of the models;178
10.7.3;3. Tabular survey of the deviations among the models;178
10.7.4;4. What was I able to demonstrate?;180
10.7.5;5. And in what did I fail?;181
10.7.6;6. The controversy about "free market forces" vs "state intervention";181
10.8;BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO PART TWO;184
11;PART THREEE: QUIVALENT CONTROLLERS, PARTIAL COORDINATION;188
11.1;Chapter 15. THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION;190
11.1.1;1. On the Laplace-transform: economic interpretation;190
11.1.2;2.;191
11.1.3;3.;192
11.1.4;4. Some properties of the Laplace-transform;192
11.1.5;5. Laplace-transform of the transfer element;193
11.1.6;6.;193
11.1.7;7. Transition from the state equation form to the £-transform;194
11.1.8;8.;194
11.1.9;9.;194
11.1.10;10.;194
11.1.11;11.;194
11.1.12;12.;194
11.1.13;13.;194
11.1.14;14. £-transform of a control circuit
;194
11.1.15;15.;195
11.1.16;16.;195
11.1.17;17.;195
11.1.18;18.;195
11.1.19;19. The simplified £ transform of a control circuit;195
11.1.20;20.;195
11.1.21;21.;195
11.1.22;22.;196
11.1.23;23. Another form: command transfer and disturbance transfer;196
11.1.24;24.;196
11.1.25;25.;196
11.1.26;26.;196
11.1.27;27.;196
11.2;Chapter 16. EQUIVALENCE OF CONTROLLERS;198
11.2.1;1. The concept of equivalence;198
11.2.2;2. Equivalence of controllers: the basic set;199
11.2.3;3. Definition of the basic set;199
11.2.4;4. Interpretation of Definition;199
11.2.5;5. Definition of (operationally) equivalent controllers;200
11.2.6;6.;200
11.2.7;7. Comments on Definition ;200
11.2.8;8. Further comments;201
11.2.9;9. Theorem on the equivalence conditions;202
11.2.10;10.;202
11.2.11;11.;202
11.2.12;12. Remark on Theorem;202
11.2.13;13. Proof of Theorem
;202
11.2.14;14. Corollary to Theorem 9: special cases;203
11.2.15;15.;203
11.2.16;16.;203
11.2.17;17.;203
11.2.18;18.;203
11.2.19;19. Application to Models S and P;203
11.2.20;20. £ -transformation of Model P;203
11.2.21;21.;203
11.2.22;22.;203
11.2.23;23.;204
11.2.24;24.;204
11.2.25;25.;204
11.2.26;26.;204
11.2.27;27.;204
11.2.28;28.;204
11.2.29;29.;204
11.2.30;30.;205
11.2.31;31.;205
11.2.32;32.;205
11.2.33;33.;205
11.2.34;34.;205
11.2.35;35. £-transformation of Model SM;205
11.2.36;36.;205
11.2.37;37.;205
11.2.38;38.;205
11.2.39;39.;205
11.2.40;40.;206
11.2.41;41.;206
11.2.42;42.;206
11.2.43;43. Testing the equivalence;206
11.2.44;44.;206
11.2.45;45.;206
11.2.46;46. Well what of it?;207
11.3;Chapter 17. PARTIALLY COORDINATED EQUIVALENT CONTROLLERS (MODEL E);208
11.3.1;1. The order of the discussion;208
11.3.2;2. Notation;208
11.3.3;3. Theorem on the diagonality of treble matrix products;209
11.3.4;4. Proof;209
11.3.5;5. Subprocesses in the controller of Model P;210
11.3.6;6.;210
11.3.7;7.;210
11.3.8;8.;210
11.3.9;9.;210
11.3.10;10.;210
11.3.11;11.;210
11.3.12;12.;210
11.3.13;13. Constructing Model E;211
11.3.14;14.;211
11.3.15;15.;211
11.3.16;16.;211
11.3.17;17.;211
11.3.18;18.;211
11.3.19;19. The analysis of equivalence;212
11.3.20;20.;212
11.3.21;21.;212
11.3.22;22.;212
11.3.23;23.;212
11.3.24;24.;212
11.3.25;25. Three structural variants of Model E;213
11.3.26;26.;213
11.3.27;27. Stability and viability;213
11.3.28;28. Preliminary remarks;213
11.3.29;29. The purchasing decision;214
11.3.30;30. Variant EP: coordinated price setting;215
11.3.31;31. First interpretation: centralized price setting in variant EP;216
11.3.32;32. Second interpretation: interactive price setting in variant EP
;216
11.3.33;33. Variant EP: summary of the interpretation;217
11.3.34;34. Variant ER: coordinated production decision;218
11.3.35;35. First interpretation: public technology in Variant ER;218
11.3.36;36. Second interpretation: secret technology in Variant ER
;219
11.3.37;37. Variant ER: summary of the interpretation;219
11.3.38;38. The duality between EP and ER;220
11.3.39;39. Variant EM: the mixed case;220
11.3.40;40. A particular EM structure;221
11.3.41;41.;221
11.3.42;42.;222
11.4;Chapter 18. SUMMARY OF PART THREE;224
11.4.1;1. Contrasting Part Three with Part Two;224
11.4.2;2. Characterization of the economy under study;225
11.4.3;3. The viability of the economy;225
11.4.4;4. The variety of economic mechanisms;226
11.4.5;5. Alternative interpretation possibilities;226
11.4.6;6. Indifference to history?;228
11.4.7;7. The stone age is present;228
11.4.8;8. The sequence of models vs historical chronology;229
11.5;Chapter 19. AFTERWORD: EQUILIBRIA WITH RATIONING RECONSIDERED;232
11.5.1;1. Preliminaries;232
11.5.2;2. General Equilibrium Theory: a bird's-eye view;233
11.5.3;3. GET without tâtonnement;234
11.5.4;4. The birth of TER;235
11.5.5;5. The perceived constraint (CLOWER, 1965);236
11.5.6;6.;236
11.5.7;7.;236
11.5.8;8.;236
11.5.9;9. The effective demand BENASSY (1977, 1982);237
11.5.10;10.;237
11.5.11;11.;237
11.5.12;12.;237
11.5.13;13.;237
11.5.14;14.;237
11.5.15;15. The rationing scheme;238
11.5.16;16.;238
11.5.17;17. Properties of the rationing scheme;238
11.5.18;18.;238
11.5.19;19.;238
11.5.20;20.;238
11.5.21;21.;239
11.5.22;22. Perceived constraints revisited;240
11.5.23;23.;240
11.5.24;24.;240
11.5.25;25.;240
11.5.26;26. The K-equilibrium (BENASSY, 1982);240
11.5.27;27. An attempt at interpretation: the story of the quantity auctioneer;241
11.5.28;28. Comments on the Q.A. story;243
11.5.29;29. First comparison: purposes and motivations;244
11.5.30;30. Second comparison: the contents of the quantity signals;244
11.5.31;31. Third comparison: decision and information structure, the organizational setup;245
11.5.32;32. Fourth comparison: the extension and generality of the apprehended real processes;246
11.5.33;33. Summary of the comparisons;247
11.6;BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO PART THREE;248
12;REFERENCES;250
13;INDEX;256