Maramorosch / Kurstak Comparative Virology

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6969-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 600 Seiten

Comparative Virology provides an integrated comparison of viruses, based on their chemical and morphological characteristics. These descriptions will not only give the reader a background but also a detailed analysis of the various groups. In some instances the groups are still host related, as in the case of bacteriophages and polyhedral insect viruses. In others, for instance in pox viruses, the group comprises viruses of vertebrates and invertebrates. The hosts of the bacilliform Rhabdovirales range from man and other warm-blooded vertebrates through invertebrate animals to plants. A special chapter is devoted to viruses devoid of protein-a group that is of great interest and that has only recently been recognized. Since there is historical and practical interest in écologie groupings, such as arboviruses and oncogenic viruses, chapters on such groups have also been included. The book opens with a discussion on the classification of viruses. Chapters dealing with DNA viruses and RNA viruses follow, and the ecologically and disease-oriented groups complete the volume. It is hoped that ''Comparative Virology'' will help bring unity to the science of virology through the comparative approach that is not dependent on virus-host interactions. The combined efforts of eminent contributors to discuss and evaluate new information will hopefully benefit all who are interested in virology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Maramorosch, Karl

Kurstak, Edouard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Comparative Virology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;List of Contributors;12
6;Preface;14
7;Chapter 1. Remarks on the Classification of Viruses;18
7.1;I. Introduction;19
7.2;II. The LHT System;21
7.3;III. Pros and Cons of the LHT System;32
7.4;IV. Phanerogram, Cryptogram, and Gymnogram;35
7.5;V. Evaluation of Characteristics;39
7.6;VI. Categories and Taxons, Nomenclature;42
7.7;VII. Lanni's System;46
7.8;VIII. Bellett's System;47
7.9;IX. Miscellaneous Remarks;52
7.10;X. Gibbs' Classification;55
7.11;XI. Classification of the Classifications;55
7.12;XII. Conclusions;58
7.13;References;58
8;Chapter 2. Small DNA Viruses;60
8.1;I. Introduction;60
8.2;II. Classification and Nomenclature: General Considerations;61
8.3;III. Specific Properties of Various Parvoviruses and Parvovirus Candidates;62
8.4;IV. Discussion and Conclusions;91
8.5;References;93
9;Chapter 3. The Papovavirus Group;98
9.1;I. Introduction;98
9.2;II. Biology of Papovaviruses;99
9.3;III. Chemical Composition of SV40 and Polyoma Virus;102
9.4;IV. The Structure of the Papovaviruses;110
9.5;References;119
10;Chapter 4. Adenoviruses;122
10.1;I. Introduction;122
10.2;II. Definition of an Adenovirus;123
10.3;III. Summary of Identified Adenoviruses;124
10.4;IV. Structural Characteristics of Virions and Virion Components of Adenoviruses;126
10.5;V. Hemagglutinating Activity of Adenoviruses; Association with Virus Products;128
10.6;VI. Comparison of Immunological Characteristics of Adenovirus-Specific Proteins;132
10.7;VII. Some Aspects on Adenovirus-Cell Interactions; Cytopathology, Lytic, and Nonlytic Multiplication;138
10.8;VIII. Concluding Remarks;144
10.9;References;147
11;Chapter 5. Herpesviruses: Current Information on the Composition and Structure;152
11.1;I. Introduction;152
11.2;II. Chemical Composition of the Herpesvirion;154
11.3;III. The Architecture of the Herpesvirion;173
11.4;IV. Conclusions;180
11.5;References;181
12;Chapter 6. Comparative Observations on Poxviruses of Invertebrates and Vertebrates;186
12.1;I. Introduction;188
12.2;II. Comparative Observations on the Structure and Composition of Poxviruses;188
12.3;III. The Replicative Cycle;194
12.4;IV. Detailed Comparisons of Insect Poxviruses;202
12.5;References;220
13;Chapter 7. A Comparative Study of the Structure and Biological Properties of Bacteriophages;224
13.1;I. Introduction;225
13.2;II. Morphology of Bacteriophages;229
13.3;III. Bacteriophage Nucleic Acids;246
13.4;IV. The Infective Cycle of Bacteriophages;250
13.5;V. Host Ranges of Bacteriophages;258
13.6;VI. Bacteriophages as Antigens;258
13.7;VII. The Taxonomy of Bacteriophages;261
13.8;VIII. The Comparison of Bacteriophages with Bacteriocins and Related Entities;262
13.9;IX. Extrachromosomal Elements;265
13.10;X. The Origin and Evolution of Bacteriophages;265
13.11;References;267
14;Chapter 8. Picornaviral Architecture;272
14.1;I. Classification;273
14.2;II. Morphology;277
14.3;III. Physicochemical Properties;279
14.4;IV. Antigens and Viral Derivatives;294
14.5;V. Structure of the Virion;302
14.6;VI. Biosynthesis and Assembly;312
14.7;VII. Conclusion;315
14.8;References;317
15;Chapter 9. Arboviruses: Incorporation in a General System of Virus Classification;324
15.1;I. Introduction;324
15.2;II. Arboviruses;325
15.3;III. Properties of the Virions;333
15.4;IV. Arboviruses in a General System of Classification;340
15.5;V. Conclusions;346
15.6;References;348
16;Chapter 10. Comparative Properties of Rod-Shaped Viruses;352
16.1;I. Introduction;352
16.2;II. Rigidoviridales;353
16.3;III. Flexiviridales;366
16.4;IV. Alfalfa Mosaic Virus;367
16.5;V. Conclusion;375
16.6;References;376
17;Chapter 11. Bullet-Shaped Viruses;378
17.1;I. Introduction;378
17.2;II. Structure;382
17.3;III. Biochemical and Biophysical Properties;387
17.4;IV. Antigenic Properties;389
17.5;V. Morphogenesis;393
17.6;VI. Summary;401
17.7;References;402
18;Chapter 12. Structure and Transcription of the Genomes of Double-Stranded RNA Viruses;404
18.1;I. Structure of the Reovirus Genome;406
18.2;II. Transcription of the Reovirus Genome;414
18.3;III. Biological Significance of a Segmented Genome;421
18.4;References;422
19;Chapter 13. The Structure and Assembly of Influenza and Parainfluenza Viruses;424
19.1;I. Introduction;424
19.2;II. Structure of Influenza Viruses;426
19.3;III. Structure of Parainfluenza Viruses;433
19.4;IV. The Assembly Process;439
19.5;V. Other Enveloped Viruses with Helical Nucleocapsids;444
19.6;VI. Summary and Conclusions;445
19.7;References;447
20;Chapter 14. A Plant Virus with Properties of a Free Ribonucleic Acid: Potato Spindle Tuber Virus;450
20.1;I. Introduction;451
20.2;II. Previous Studies on Potato Spindle Tuber Disease;452
20.3;III. Properties of Crude Extracts from PSTV-Infected Tissue;454
20.4;IV. Nature and Subcellular Location of PSTV in Situ;460
20.5;V. Properties of PSTV Nucleic Acid;466
20.6;VI. Attempted Purification of PSTV RNA;486
20.7;VII. Discussion and Conclusions;489
20.8;VIII. Summary;494
20.9;References;495
21;Chapter 15. The Viruses Causing the Polyhedroses and Granuloses of Insects;496
21.1;I. Introduction;496
21.2;II. The Virus Particles (Virions);498
21.3;III. The Inclusion Bodies;512
21.4;IV. Serological Relationships;521
21.5;References;522
22;Chapter 16. Oncogenic Viruses: A Survey of their Properties;526
22.1;I. Introduction;527
22.2;II. Distribution of Oncogenic Viruses;528
22.3;III. Virus-Host Cell Interaction;535
22.4;IV. Polyoma Virus, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), and Adenovirus;537
22.5;V. RNA Oncogenic Viruses;542
22.6;VI. Possible Human Tumor Viruses;548
22.7;VII. Concluding Remarks;551
22.8;VIII. Summary;552
22.9;References;553
23;Author Index;556
24;Subject Index;578

Leseproben

CHAPTER 2 Small DNA Viruses
M. DAVID HOGGAN Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the specific properties of various parvoviruses and parvovirus candidates. It discusses the classification and nomenclature of viruses. The detailed classification of the small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses has as yet not been finalized; however, the generic name, that is, parvovirus has been approved by the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses, while the name, picodnavirus has not. One property that seems to hold true for most parvovirus candidates, which may relate to the osteolytic activity of some of its members, is that they all seem to require actively multiplying cells for replication. Either non-confluent actively dividing primary cultures or, in some cases, malignant cells that are not susceptible to contact inhibition have been shown to satisfy this requirement for a number of the parvovirus candidates. One characteristic of the adeno-associated viruses (AAV) subgroup, which on the surface sets it apart from other members of the group, is its dependence on adenovirus for the production of infectious virus. I Introduction II Classification and Nomenclature: General Considerations III Specific Properties of Various Parvoviruses and Parvovirus Candidates A Biological Properties B Morphology C Hemagglutination of Various Parvovirus Candidates D Relative Specific Density of Various Parvovirus Candidates in CsCl E Pilot Comparative Study of Nine Parvovirus Candidates F Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of the Nucleic Acid of Various Parvovirus Candidates G Immunological Characterization and Relatedness between Various Parvovirus Candidates IV Discussion and Conclusions References I Introduction
The first of a rapidly growing list of small (18–25 nm) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-containing viruses known as parvoviruses (Andrews, 1970) was first isolated about 10 years ago by Kilham and Olivier (1959) and was, at that time, thought to be a member of another group of slightly larger (35–45 nm) DNA viruses known to be tumorigenic, called papova–viruses. It was called rat virus or RV since it had been isolated in rat cell culture from a number of rat tumors. This was soon followed by the isolation of a similar but serologically distinct virus (H-1) from fractions of transplantable human tumors passed into rats and injected into newborn hamsters (Toolan et al., 1960). Since that time, similar viruses have been isolated from many diverse hosts. These include the hemadsorbing enteric virus (Haden) from cattle (Abinanti and Warfield, 1961; Storz and Warren, 1970); feline panleukopenia virus of cats (Johnson, 1965; Johnson et al., 1967); mink enteritis virus (Burger et al., 1963; Johnson et al., 1967; Gorham et al., 1966); minute virus of mice (MVM) (Crawford, 1966); adeno-associated viruses (AAV) from humans and simians (Blacklow et al., 1967b); porcine parvovirus (Mayr and Mahnel, 1966; Mayr et al., 1967, 1968; and Horzinek et al., 1967); minute virus of canines (MVC) (Binn et al., 1968); and the densonucleosis virus (DNV) of the insect Galleria mellonella L. (Meynadier et al., 1964). Although the bacteriophage ?X174 (Sinsheimer, 1959) will not be considered in detail in this report, it should be pointed out that it shares a number of properties with the other small DNA viruses under consideration (Payne et al., 1964; Mayor and Melnick, 1966). Since a number of the small DNA viruses have been the subject of recent reviews (Toolan, 1968; Rapp, 1969; and Hoggan, 1970) no attempt will be made to give an exhaustive survey of the literature, but I do hope to consider some of the early, as well as more recent findings, on these agents and show how these agents, even though quite distinct, have many common properties even though they come from widely divergent phylogenetic hosts. II Classification and Nomenclature: General Considerations
The detailed classification of the small DNA viruses has as yet not been finalized, but the generic name, parvovirus (Anonymous, 1965), has been approved by the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (Andrewes, 1970), while the name, picodnavirus (Mayor and Melnick, 1966), has not. Although no final classification system has been approved, many features of these agents are obvious to workers in the field. These include the following general characteristics: They contain DNA; they show icosahedral symmetry with a mean diameter between 15 and 30 nm; they are resistant to high temperature (e.g., 56°C for 30 minutes); they contain no essential lipid since they are resistant to ether and chloroform; and all show a high relative specific density in CsCl (1.38–1.46 gm/cm3). Many of the basic ideas relating to the classification emanated from the report of the Provisional Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses with Sir Christopher Andrewes as President (1965) and from a working subcommittee of the nomenclature of these small DNA viruses which is currently studying the problems and is assigned to make recommendations. I wish to emphasize that the thoughts and ideas presented here have in fact been influenced by the deliberations of this committee, but this report should not be construed as an official report by this committee, but is only an attempt by the author to better understand some of the interesting facts about these viruses and present a comparative study of these viruses in the light of current knowledge. Some of the viruses considered have as yet not been sufficiently studied to be unequivocably placed into the parvovirus group. I wish to thank those who provided me with preprints and unpublished data, including Drs. Robert W. Atchison, L. Crawford, and J. Storz. I should also point out that the excellent attempt to classify all vertebrate viruses by Wilner (1969) also influenced my thinking in approaching this present communication. It should be emphasized that the presentation will be somewhat biased and limited with most of the comparisons being made between the AAV and other potential members of the group. The author’s personal laboratory experience has been limited to the four known types of AAV (Atchison et al., 1965; Hoggan et al., 1966a,b; Parks et al., 1967b), the prototype member of the parvovirus group, RV (Kilham and Olivier, 1959), H-1 (Toolan et al., 1960), Haden virus (Abinanti and Warfield, 1961; Storz and Warren, 1970), DNV (Meynadier et al., 1964), and MVM (Crawford, 1966). III Specific Properties of Various Parvoviruses and Parvovirus Candidates
A BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
The biological properties of the various candidate members of the parvovirus group of viruses are not the primary consideration of this report and the interested reader is referred to the recent reviews by Toolan (1968), Rapp (1969), and Hoggan (1970). There are, however, a number of biological properties that should be considered in comparing these viruses. Perhaps the best known property of the RV and the H viruses which first brought these viruses to the attention of laboratory workers, is the osteolytic activity of some of these agents when injected into newborn hamsters (Toolan, 1960a,b; Kilham, 1961a,b). Attempts in our laboratory to induce such osteolytic activity with the various AAV have not been successful but whether such activity may be found with other new candidate members is not known. One property which seems to hold true for most parvovirus candidates, which may relate to the osteolytic activity of some of its members is that they all seem to require actively multiplying cells for replication (Toolan, 1968; Mayr et al., 1968; Storz and Warren, 1970; Kilham, 1961a,b; Tennant et al., 1969). Either nonconfluent actively dividing primary cultures or, in some cases, malignant cells which are not susceptible to contact inhibition have been shown to satisfy this requirement for a number of the parvovirus candidates. One characteristic of the AAV subgroup, which on the surface sets it apart from other members of the group, is its dependence on adenovirus for the production of infectious virus (Atchison et al., 1965; Hoggan et al., 1966b; Smith et al., 1966; Parks et al., 1967a). On the other hand, some of the nondefective parvovirus candidates are helped by adenoviruses when grown under restrictive conditions as described for the H-1...