Mansoori / George / Assoufid Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology

From Diamondoids to Nanoscale Materials and Applications
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-39938-6
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 109, 426 Seiten

Reihe: Topics in Applied Physics

This book takes a 'bottom-up' approach, beginning with atoms and molecules - molecular building blocks - and assembling them to build nanostructured materials. Coverage includes Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Diamondoids. The applications presented here will enable practitioners to design and build nanometer-scale systems. These concepts have far-reaching implications: from mechanical to chemical processes, from electronic components to ultra-fine sensors, from medicine to energy, and from pharmaceuticals to agriculture and food.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Assoufid, Lahsen

Zhang, Guoping

Mansoori, G. Ali

George, Thomas F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;List of Contributors;9
4;Introduction;13
4.1;References;18
5;Thermodynamic Properties of Diamondoids;19
5.1;1.1. Introduction;19
5.2;1.2. Pure Component Thermodynamic Properties;19
5.3;1.3. Solubilities of Diamondoids and Phase Behavior of the Binary Systems;24
5.3.1;1.3.1. Solubilities of Diamondoids in Supercritical Solvents;24
5.3.2;1.3.2. Solubilities of Adamantane in Near and Supercritical Fluids by Using a New Equation of State;28
5.3.3;1.3.3. Solubilities of Diamondoids in Liquid Organic Solvents;32
5.3.4;1.3.4. High-Pressure Phase Behavior of the Binary Systems;32
5.4;References;38
6;Development of Composite Materials Based on Improved Nanodiamonds;41
6.1;2.1. Introduction;41
6.2;2.2. Description of the Existing and Improved Techniques of Diamond Nanopowder Synthesis;41
6.2.1;2.2.1. Properties of Nanodiamonds Demonstrating Their Diamondlike Structure;45
6.2.2;2.2.2. Dispersity;46
6.2.3;2.2.3. Density;46
6.2.4;2.2.4. Chemical Composition;46
6.3;2.3. Fields of Application of Nanodiamond Powders;47
6.4;2.4. Conclusion;55
6.5;References;55
7;Diamondoids as Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology;56
7.1;3.1. Introduction;56
7.2;3.2. Molecular Building Blocks (MBBs) in Nanotechnology;56
7.2.1;3.2.1. Diamondoid Molecules;58
7.2.2;3.2.2. Synthesis of Diamondoids;62
7.3;3.3. General Applications of Diamondoids;63
7.3.1;3.3.1. Application of Diamondoids as MBBs;64
7.3.2;3.3.2. Diamondoids for Drug Delivery and Drug Targeting;67
7.4;3.4. DNA-Directed Assembly and DNA- Adamantane- Amino acid Nanostructures;69
7.5;3.5. Diamondoids for Host-Guest Chemistry;72
7.6;3.6. Discussion and Conclusions;77
7.7;References;79
8;Surface Modification and Application of Functionalized Polymer Nanofibers;84
8.1;4.1. Attractiveness of Nanofibers;84
8.1.1;4.1.1. Affinity Membranes;84
8.1.2;4.1.2. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds;85
8.1.3;4.1.3. Sensors;85
8.1.4;4.1.4. Protective Clothing;85
8.2;4.2. Polymer Surface Modification;86
8.3;4.3. Blending and Coating;88
8.3.1;4.3.1. Application;88
8.4;4.4. Chemical Methods;90
8.4.1;4.4.1. Applications;90
8.5;4.5. Graft Polymerization;91
8.5.1;4.5.1. Radiation-Induced Graft Co-Polymerization;91
8.5.2;4.5.2. Plasma-Induced Graft Co-Polymerization;96
8.6;4.6. Advantages and Disadvantageous;99
8.7;4.7. Summary;100
8.8;References;101
9;Zinc Oxide Nanorod Arrays: Properties and Hydrothermal Synthesis;104
9.1;5.1. Introduction ;104
9.1.1;5.1.1. Properties of ZnO Nanorods;104
9.2;5.2. Synthesis Methods for ZnO Nanorod Arrays ;106
9.2.1;5.2.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition Methods;106
9.2.2;5.2.2. Solution Phase Methods Based on Hydrothermal Synthesis;106
9.2.3;5.2.3. Self-Assembly of Aligned ZnO Nanorods on Any Substrates via a Mineral Interface;109
9.2.4;5.2.4. Field Emission;114
9.2.5;5.2.5. Selected Area Assembly;116
9.2.6;5.2.6. Oriented Assembly of ZnO on Curved Surfaces;117
9.3;5.3. Characterization of ZnO Nanorods ;120
9.3.1;5.3.1. Morphology of ZnO Nanorods;120
9.3.2;5.3.2. Crystalline Property of ZnO Nanorods;121
9.3.3;5.3.3. Optical Properties of ZnO Nanorods;121
9.3.4;5.3.4. Growth Mechanism of ZnO Nanorods;123
9.3.5;5.3.5. Effect of ZnO Nanorod Morphology on Growth Temperature: From Nanoneedles to Nanorods;124
9.4;5.4. Conclusion;126
9.5;References;127
10;Nanoparticles, Nanorods, and Other Nanostructures Assembled on Inert Substrates;130
10.1;6.1. Introduction;130
10.2;6.2. Geometry and Surface Structures of Supported Nanostructures;130
10.3;6.3. Experimental Procedure and Considerations;133
10.4;6.4. Nanostructures Assembled on Graphite;136
10.4.1;6.4.1. Antimony on Graphite;136
10.4.2;6.4.2. Aluminum on Graphite;144
10.4.3;6.4.3. Germanium on Graphite;148
10.5;6.5. Silicon and Germanium on Silicon Nitride;151
10.6;6.6. From Clusters and Nanocrystallites to Continuous Film;153
10.7;6.7. Conclusions and Future Outlook;157
10.8;References;158
11;Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes;166
11.1;7.1. Introduction;166
11.2;7.2. Background ;167
11.2.1;7.2.1. Physical Structure;167
11.2.2;7.2.2. Electrical Properties;169
11.3;7.3. Thermal Conductivity ;171
11.3.1;7.3.1. Theory;171
11.3.2;7.3.2. Measurements;175
11.4;7.4. Thermal Conductivity Simulations ;180
11.4.1;7.4.1. Molecular Dynamic Approach;180
11.4.2;7.4.2. Single-Wall Nanotubes;185
11.4.3;7.4.3. Y-Junction Nanotubes;186
11.4.4;7.4.4. CNT-Polymer Composites;188
11.5;7.5. Heat Pulse Propagation in SWNT;190
11.6;References;197
12;Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organized Architectures of Carbon Nanotubes for Applications;200
12.1;8.1. Introduction;200
12.2;8.2. CVD: The Process and the Structures Grown via CVD ;201
12.2.1;8.2.1. History and State of the Art of CVD of Carbon Nanotubes;201
12.2.2;8.2.2. Floating Catalyst Method for Selective Growth of Carbon Nanotube Layers Using Ferrocene as a Catalyst;203
12.3;8.3. Carbon Nanotube Structures Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition;204
12.4;8.4. Directed Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by Floating Catalyst Method on 3- D Substrates;206
12.5;8.5. Freestanding Macroscopic Tubes Made of Carbon Nanotubes;207
12.5.1;8.5.1. Microbrushes Made from Carbon Nanotubes;209
12.5.2;8.5.2. Controlled Fabrication of Hierarchically Branched Carbon Nanotubes in Pores of Porous Alumina;210
12.6;8.6. Applications of the Structures;211
12.6.1;8.6.1. Electron Field Emission Sources;212
12.6.2;8.6.2. Ionization Sensors;213
12.6.3;8.6.3. Membrane Filters;213
12.6.4;8.6.4. Nanocomposites;215
12.7;8.7. Future Perspectives, Challenges, and Possible Solutions;218
12.8;References;220
13;Online Size Characterization of Nanofibers and Nanotubes;224
13.1;9.1. Introduction;224
13.2;9.2. Size Classification of Nanofibers;225
13.2.1;9.2.1. Diameter Classification;225
13.2.2;9.2.2. Length Classification;227
13.3;9.3. Online Size Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes;235
13.3.1;9.3.1. Background on Carbon Nanotubes;235
13.3.2;9.3.2. Theory of Electrical Mobility;237
13.3.3;9.3.3. Semi-Empirical Estimate of Nanotube Charging;239
13.3.4;9.3.4. Experimental;240
13.3.5;9.3.5. Results;240
13.4;9.4. Size Characterization of Nanofibers and Nanotubes by Microscopy;247
13.4.1;9.4.1. Microscopy Specimen Prep and Sampling;247
13.4.2;9.4.2. Obtaining and Interpreting Information from the Sample;249
13.5;9.5. Conclusions;251
13.6;Nomenclature;251
13.7;Greek Letters;252
13.8;References;253
14;Theoretical Investigations in Retinal and Cubane;258
14.1;10.1. Introduction;258
14.2;10.2. Semiclassical and Empirical Method;259
14.3;10.3. First-Principles Calculations;260
14.3.1;10.3.1. Segment of Retinal Molecule;260
14.3.2;10.3.2. Cubane;263
14.4;References;266
15;Polyhedral Heteroborane Clusters for Nanotechnology;268
15.1;11.1. Introduction;268
15.2;11.2. Structural and Electronic Properties ;269
15.2.1;11.2.1. Borane Clusters;269
15.2.2;11.2.2. Carborane Clusters;271
15.2.3;11.2.3. Metallacarborane Clusters;272
15.3;11.3. Applications ;275
15.3.1;11.3.1. Nanoparticles;275
15.3.2;11.3.2. Nanomedicine;276
15.3.3;11.3.3. Molecular Machines;277
15.3.4;11.3.4. Nanoelectronics;278
15.3.5;11.3.5. Nanostructured Materials;280
15.4;11.4. Computational Design of Materials;283
15.5;11.5. Summary;284
15.6;References;284
16;Squeezing Germanium Nanostructures;287
16.1;12.1. Introduction;287
16.2;12.2. Experimental Techniques;288
16.3;12.3. Germanium Quantum Dots;289
16.3.1;12.3.1. Raman Peak Assignments;290
16.3.2;12.3.2. High-Pressure Raman Studies;291
16.3.3;12.3.3. Resonance Raman Scattering via High Pressure;296
16.4;12.4. Germanium Nanocrystals;297
16.4.1;12.4.1. Ge/ SiO2/ Quartz Nanosystem;298
16.4.2;12.4.2. Ge/ SiO2/ Si Nanosystem;301
16.5;12.5. Conclusion;309
16.6;References;310
17;Nanoengineered Biomimetic Bone- Building Blocks;313
17.1;13.1. Introduction;313
17.2;13.2. Nanostructural Strategy of Bone ;314
17.2.1;13.2.1. Nanoscale Bone-Building Blocks;314
17.2.2;13.2.2. Cellular Functions of Bone Tissue;315
17.2.3;13.2.3. Hierarchical Tactics of Bone;316
17.2.4;13.2.4. Mechanism of Biological Mineralization;318
17.3;13.3. Current Scenario of Bone Grafting;320
17.4;13.4. Key Factors of an Ideal Bone Graft;323
17.4.1;13.4.1. Osteoconductive Bone Grafts;323
17.4.2;13.4.2. Osteoinductive Bone Grafts;334
17.4.3;13.4.3. Osteogenic Bone Grafts;335
17.5;13.5. Biomimetic Nanocomposites-A New Approach;336
17.6;13.6. Biomimetic Bone Grafts-Designs from Nature's Lessons ;340
17.6.1;13.6.1. Rationale and Benefits of Biomimetics;340
17.6.2;13.6.2. Design Strategy of Biomimetic Nanocomposite Bone Grafts;342
17.7;13.7. Bone Tissue Engineering;347
17.8;13.8. Challenges and Future Directions;350
17.9;13.9. Conclusions;351
17.10;Acronyms;352
17.11;Glossry;352
17.12;References;357
18;Use of Nanoparticles as Building Blocks for Bioapplications;365
18.1;14.1. Introduction;365
18.2;14.2. Synthesis and Surface Modification of Nanoparticles;365
18.2.1;14.2.1. Synthesis of Nanoparticles;366
18.2.2;14.2.2. Surface Modification of Nanoparticles;367
18.3;14.3. Conjugation of Biomolecules to Nanoparticles;369
18.3.1;14.3.1. Attachment of Biomolecules to Nanoparticles;370
18.3.2;14.3.2. Biofunctionality of Biomolecules on Nanoparticles;371
18.4;14.4. Nanoparticles as Building Blocks for Bioapplications ;373
18.4.1;14.4.1. Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles Using Biomolecules as Templates;373
18.4.2;14.4.2. Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles on Solid Substrates;376
18.4.3;14.4.3. Preparation of Hollow Spheres and Porous Materials Using Nanoparticles as Templates;378
18.5;References;380
19;Polymer Nanofibers for Biosensor Applications;389
19.1;15.1. Biosensors: Definition;389
19.2;15.2. Classification and Types;389
19.2.1;15.2.1. Electrochemical Sensors;389
19.2.2;15.2.2. Optical Sensors;391
19.2.3;15.2.3. Acoustic Sensors;391
19.2.4;15.2.4. Immunosensors;392
19.3;15.3. Limitations of Biosensors;393
19.4;15.4. Significance of Nanofibers for Biosensor Applications;393
19.5;15.5. Biosensors from Polymer Nanofibers-Review;394
19.5.1;15.5.1. Fabrication of Biosensors Using Polymer Nanofibers;395
19.5.2;15.5.2. Glucose Sensor;396
19.6;15.6. Application;401
19.6.1;15.6.1. Biomedical Application;401
19.6.2;15.6.2. Environmental Monitoring;401
19.6.3;15.6.3. Multicomponent Analyzers;402
19.7;15.7. Conclusion;402
19.8;References;402
20;High-Pressure Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructured Superhard Materials;405
20.1;16.1. Introduction;405
20.2;16.2. Synthesis of Superhard Materials;406
20.3;16.3. Structure of Superhard Materials;407
20.4;16.4. Hardness;419
20.5;16.5. Elastic Properties of C60- Based Polymerized Fullerites;424
20.6;16.6. Electrical Conductivity of 3-D-Polymerized Fullerites C60 Obtained by HPHT Treatment;426
20.7;16.7. Conclusion;429
20.8;References;430
21;Index;431