Mancini / Martensson / Johannsen Analysis, Design & Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems

Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference, Verese, Italy, 10-12 September 1985
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9809-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 374 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: IFAC Symposia Series

Provides a valuable overview of human-machine interaction in technological systems, with particular emphasis on recent advances in theory, experimental and analytical research, and applications related to man-machine systems. Topics covered include: Automation and Operator - task analysis, decision support, task allocation, management decision support, supervisory control, artificial intelligence, training and teaching, expert knowledge; System Concept and Design - software ergonomics, fault diagnosis, safety, design concepts; Man-machine Interface - interface design, graphics and vision, user adaptive interfaces; Systems Operation - process industry, electric power, aircraft, surface transport, prostheses and manual control. Contains 53 papers and three discussion sessions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mancini, G.

Martensson, L.

Johannsen, G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;8
6;PART I: KEYNOTE ACORESS;14
6.1;Chapter 1. Forty-five Years of Man-Machine Systems:;14
6.1.1;ABSTRACT;14
6.1.2;HISTORY: FROM A TO B TO C;14
6.1.3;FOUR CURRENT TRENDS;16
6.1.4;CONCLUSION;21
6.1.5;REFERENCES;21
7;PART II: SURVEY LECTURES;24
7.1;Chapter 2. Flexible Autamtion - New Options for Men, Fmnrny and Society;24
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;24
7.1.2;WHAT IS "FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION"?;24
7.1.3;ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS;25
7.1.4;ORGANISATIONAL IMPLICATIONS;25
7.1.5;WORK ORGANISATION AND WORKERS' QUALIFICATION;25
7.1.6;MODEL FOR A PRODUCTION COOPERATIVE USING A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING CENTRE;25
7.1.7;THE MISSING LINK;26
7.1.8;MAN-MACHINE RELATIONSHIP;26
7.2;Chapter 3. Qualification Based production - The Superior Choice to the "UrmaMed Factory";28
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION: TWO APPROACHES TOWARDS THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE;28
7.2.2;"UNMANNED FACTORY": THE TECHNOCENTRIC APPROACH;28
7.2.3;SKILL BASED PRODUCTION: THE ANTHROPOCENTRIC APPROACH;29
7.2.4;CONCLUSIONS: THE BETTER CHOICE;31
7.2.5;REFERENCES;31
7.3;Chapter 4. The Use of Rule-based System Technology for the Design of M-Machine Systems;34
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;34
7.3.2;2. RULE-BASED SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION;35
7.3.3;3. EXPERT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY;40
7.3.4;4. MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS ANALYSED: A RULE-BASED SYSTEM APPROACH;45
7.3.5;5. TWO CASE STUDIES;47
7.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;52
7.3.7;REFERENCES;52
7.4;Chapter 5. Expert logic V. operator logic;56
7.4.1;BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE, MODES OF REASONING, AND COGNITIVE STRATEGIES;56
7.4.2;CONCLUSIONS;60
7.4.3;REFERENCES;61
7.5;Chapter 6. Matching User Needs and Technologies of Displays and Graphics;64
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;64
7.5.2;INFORMATION NEEDS OF USERS;64
7.5.3;STATE-OF-THE-ART IN DISPLAY AND GRAPHICS TECHNOLOGY;69
7.5.4;PERCEPTIONAL AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS;71
7.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;73
7.5.6;REFERENCES;73
8;PART III: AURXWICNANDOPERM'OR;76
8.1;Chapter 7. Task Analysis and the Definition of User Needs;76
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;76
8.1.2;A SURVEY OF TASK ANALYSIS METHODS IN PRACTICE;76
8.1.3;OPEN SYSTEM TASK ANALYSIS;77
8.1.4;OPEN SYSTEMS TASK ANALYSIS AND USER NEEDS;77
8.1.5;CASE STUDIES IN THE SPECIFICATION OF USER REQUIREMENTS;77
8.1.6;CONCLUSION;78
8.1.7;REFERENCES;79
8.2;Chapter 8. Experhsntal Evaluation of Adaptive Task Allocation in an Aerial Search mvimt;80
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;80
8.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH;81
8.2.3;EXPERIMENTAL METHOD;82
8.2.4;RESULTS;82
8.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;84
8.2.6;REFERENCES;85
8.3;Chapter 9. An Operator4riented Analysis of the Process Operator's Job;86
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;86
8.3.2;METHOD;87
8.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;88
8.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;89
8.3.5;REFERENCES;90
8.4;Chapter 10. Decision Support in Supervisory Control;92
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;92
8.4.2;DECISION MAKING;93
8.4.3;COOPERATIVE DECISION MAKING;93
8.4.4;HIERARCHICAL DECISION SPACE;93
8.4.5;CONTENT OF DESIGNER-OPERATOR COMMUNICATION;94
8.4.6;INTERACTIVE DECISION MAKING;97
8.4.7;CONCLUSION;98
8.4.8;REFERENCES;99
8.5;Chapter 11. Investigation of Display Contents and Decision Support i n a Rule-based Fault Correction Task;104
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;104
8.5.2;SIMULATED TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND DISPLAY DESIGN;105
8.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN;106
8.5.4;RESULTS;108
8.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;110
8.5.6;REFERENCES;110
8.6;Chapter 12. Design Reqyiraents for a User-friendly Canputer-aided Decision Support
System in Laboratory Medicine;112
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;112
8.6.2;STRUCTURE OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE;112
8.6.3;ACCESSIBILITY TO THE KNOWLEDGE BASE;113
8.6.4;EXAMPLES;113
8.6.5;DESIGN REQUIREMENTS;114
8.6.6;REFERENCES;115
8.7;Chapter 13. operator Decision Making Under Stress;118
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;118
8.7.2;METHOD;119
8.7.3;RESULTS;119
8.7.4;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;120
8.7.5;REFERENCES;120
8.8;Chapter 14. A Task Allocatian ppproach for the Man-Machine Intelligence Synergetic system;122
8.8.1;INTRODUCTION;122
8.8.2;INTELLIGENCE SYNERGISM;123
8.8.3;MAX-MIN PRINCIPLE OF TASK ALLOCATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND COMPUTER;124
8.8.4;CONCLUSION;125
8.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;125
8.8.6;REFERENCE;125
8.9;Chapter 15. Computer Assistance - Inplicaticns for Memry Perfomce as a Function
of Control Responsibility Assigned to Man;128
8.9.1;INTRODUCTION;128
8.9.2;METHOD;129
8.9.3;RESULTS;131
8.9.4;DISCUSSION;132
8.9.5;CONCLUSIONS;133
8.9.6;REFERENCES;133
8.10;Chapter 16. Task Analysis in Interactive System Design and Evaluatim;136
8.10.1;INTRODUCTION;136
8.10.2;TASK ANALYSIS FOR KNOWLEDGE DESCRIPTIONS;137
8.10.3;TAKD FOR SYLLABUS DESIGN;137
8.10.4;TAKD AS A METHOD OF EVALUATING TRAINING SYLLABI;138
8.10.5;TAKD IN SYSTEM DESIGN;138
8.10.6;TAKD IN SYSTEM EVALUATION;139
8.10.7;CONCLUSION;139
8.10.8;REFERENCES;140
8.11;Chapter 17. Analysis of Preprocessors and Decision Aids in Organizations;142
8.11.1;INTRODUCTION;142
8.11.2;THE PREPROCESSOR MODEL;143
8.11.3;THE DUAL-TASK PROBLEM;144
8.11.4;CONCLUSIONS;147
8.11.5;REFERENCES;147
8.12;Chapter 18. Design of a Hierarchical Multiobjective Decision-support System for Inventory Planning and ccpltrol;148
8.12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;148
8.12.2;2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE;149
8.12.3;3. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER-AIDED DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM;151
8.12.4;4. CONCLUSION;153
8.12.5;REFERENCES;153
8.13;Chapter 19. Modelling Human Operator Perfomce, Possibilities and Limitations;154
8.13.1;INTRODUCTION;154
8.13.2;MODELS TO DESCRIBE SKILL BASED BEHAVIOR;155
8.13.3;MODELS TO DESCRIBE RULE BASED BEHAVIOR;155
8.13.4;DESCRIPTION OF KNOWLEDGE BASED BEHAVIOR;157
8.13.5;CONCLUSIONS;158
8.13.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;158
8.13.7;REFERENCES;158
8.14;Chapter 20. Modelling Supervisory Pilot Behavior with General System Theory Formalism;160
8.14.1;INTRODUCTION;160
8.14.2;MODELING THE PILOT'S BEHAVIOR;160
8.14.3;MATHEMATICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION;161
8.14.4;CONCLUSION;165
8.14.5;REFERENCES;165
8.15;Chapter 21. Control Theoretic Analysis of Human Operator Mediated Rendezvous and Doking;166
8.15.1;INTRODUCTION;166
8.15.2;OUTLINE OF RVD CASE;167
8.15.3;OUTLINE OF ANALYSIS;167
8.15.4;RESULTS;169
8.15.5;CONCLUSION;171
8.15.6;REFERENCES;171
8.16;Chapter 22. An Approach of Dynamical Allocation of Supervision Tasks Between Man and computer in Control Rooms of Automatized production Systems;172
8.16.1;INTRODUCTION;172
8.16.2;I. DYNAMIC ALLOCATION OF DECISION TASKS BETWEEN MAN AND COMPUTER;172
8.16.3;II. MODELLING THE SUPERVISORY OPERATOR;173
8.16.4;Ill. OPERATION OF THE MODEL AND EXPECTED RESULTS;177
8.16.5;IV. CONCLUSION;177
8.16.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;178
8.17;Chapter 23. An Intelligent Interface for Accessing a Technical Data Base;180
8.17.1;INTRODUCTION;180
8.17.2;DESCRIPTION OF ERDS;181
8.17.3;STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM;182
8.17.4;USER PROFILE AND REQUIREMENTS;182
8.17.5;INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS AND BASIC ARCHITECTURE;183
8.17.6;THE NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY INTERFACE;183
8.17.7;THE EXPERT INTERFACE;185
8.17.8;CONCLUSIONS;185
8.17.9;REFERENCES;186
8.18;Chapter 24. Kncwledge Engineering as a Human Interface Problem - Lessons of Building
an Expert System in Neonatology;188
8.18.1;INTRODUCTION;188
8.18.2;BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE EXPERT SYSTEM;188
8.18.3;PARTNERSHIP ORIENTED SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION;189
8.18.4;CONCLUSION;192
8.19;Chapter 25. Artificial Intelligence for Cockpit Aids;194
8.19.1;INTRODUCTION;194
8.19.2;ANALYSIS OF FLIGHT CREW TASKS;194
8.19.3;AREAS AND TYPES OF DESIRABLE AIDS;197
8.19.4;HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES;198
8.19.5;RESEARCH NEEDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE;199
8.19.6;CONCLUSION;200
8.19.7;REFERENCES;200
8.20;Chapter 26. Learning by Exploration;202
8.20.1;INTRODUCTION;202
8.20.2;METHODOLOGY;202
8.20.3;RESULTS;203
8.20.4;CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS;205
8.20.5;REFERENCES;206
8.21;Chapter 27. Data Bases with fuzzy Infomtion and their Smrization in the E'rammrk
of Pcesibility Theory;208
8.21.1;I. SUMMARIZATION OF DATA FROM A MANMACHINE POINT OF VIEW;208
8.21.2;II. BACKGROUND;208
8.21.3;Ill. SUMMARIES FOR ANSWERING QUERIES;209
8.21.4;IV. LOOKING FOR GENERAL LAWS;210
8.21.5;V. CONCLUSION : THE ADVANTAGES OF THE POSSIBILISTIC APPROACH FOR THE USER;211
8.21.6;REFERENCES;211
8.22;Chapter 28. Expert Resolutim;214
8.22.1;INTRODUCTION;214
8.22.2;THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS;214
8.22.3;THE EXPERIMENT;216
8.22.4;CONCLUSION;216
8.22.5;REFERENCES;216
9;PART IV: SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESIGN;218
9.1;Chapter 1. An Ergonanic StUay of 'Ik Query Languages for Relational Databases;218
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;218
9.1.2;DATA BASE AND QUERY LANGUAGES;219
9.1.3;SECOND EXPERIMENT;221
9.1.4;THIRD EXPERIMENT;221
9.1.5;RESULTS;221
9.1.6;FURTHER EVALUATION;222
9.1.7;FOURTH EXPERIMENT;223
9.1.8;RELATION QUERY TIME AND ERRORS;223
9.1.9;ESTIMATION OF CORRECT PERFORMED QUERIES;223
9.1.10;RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRES;224
9.1.11;EVALUATION OF ALL RESULTS;224
9.1.12;Acknowledgements.;224
9.1.13;REFERENCES;224
9.2;Chapter 2. Cansiderations on Ergoncmic Deficiencies in Humam Factors Research from a Psychological point of View;226
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;226
9.2.2;PROBLEM DOMAIN;227
9.2.3;DIALOGUE DESIGN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SELFDETERMINED TASK ACCOMPLISHMENT;227
9.2.4;A MODEL OF ACTION-SPHERES;228
9.2.5;EFFICIENT-DIVERGENT CONSEQUENCES;230
9.2.6;FURTHER PROBLEMS;231
9.2.7;REFERENCES;231
9.3;Chapter 3. Modelling and Assisting the operator's Diagnostic Strategies in Accident sequences;232
9.3.1;DIAGNOSIS DURING ABNORMAL CONDITIONS;232
9.3.2;CURRENT APPROACHES TO OPERATOR DECISION SUPPORT;232
9.3.3;UNDERSTANDING THE OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODEL FOR DECISION SUPPORT;233
9.3.4;ELICITING THE OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODEL;233
9.3.5;USING THE SCCM AS A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM;234
9.3.6;EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF EXPLORE IN PROVIDING DECISION SUPPORT;234
9.3.7;EVALUATION OF THE IMAS APPROACH;235
9.3.8;ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS FOR THE IMAS APPROACH;236
9.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;236
9.3.10;Acknowledgements;236
9.3.11;References;236
9.4;Chapter 4. Production Disturbances - A Safety Problem in Autcmtic Machines;244
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;244
9.4.2;ACCIDENT STATISTICS;244
9.4.3;Ringdahl CASE STUDIES OF AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT;245
9.4.4;DISCUSSION;248
9.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;249
9.4.6;REFERENCES;249
9.5;Chapter 5. Analysis and Design of a Nuclear Safety System v. the Operator T h Constraints;250
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;250
9.5.2;ANALYSIS OF THE AFS PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR;250
9.5.3;Nuclear RELIABILITY ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH RBE;252
9.5.4;OPERATOR BEHAVIOUR MODEL;252
9.5.5;STUDY OF THE OPERATOR TIME CONSTRAINTS;253
9.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;253
9.5.7;REFERENCES;254
9.6;Chapter 6. Including the User's View in Systems Design;256
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;256
9.6.2;DIALOGUE TOOLS;256
9.6.3;AN APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGY;257
9.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;258
9.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;258
9.6.6;REFERENCES;258
9.6.7;SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESIGN;218
9.7;Chapter 7. User Acceptability of Man-Machine Systems;262
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;262
9.7.2;THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE;263
9.7.3;DIMENSIONS OF USER ACCEPTANCE;264
9.7.4;EVALUATING ACCEPTANCE;266
9.7.5;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;266
9.7.6;REFERENCES;267
10;PART V: MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE;268
10.1;Chapter 1. A Formal Method for Designing the Interface of Interactive Systems;268
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;268
10.1.2;METHODOLOGY;270
10.1.3;RESULTS;271
10.1.4;CONCLUSION;273
10.1.5;REFERENCES;273
10.2;Chapter 2. Human Ability of Control and its Inprovement by Interface Inprovement by Interface;274
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;274
10.2.2;THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION;274
10.2.3;EXPERIMENT;275
10.2.4;EFFECT OF CONTROL DEVICE;275
10.2.5;EFFECT OF DISPLAY;276
10.2.6;EFFECTS OF MODELING ERROR AND CONTROL GAIN;276
10.2.7;STABILIZATION OF DOUBLE INVERTED PENDULUM;277
10.2.8;CONCLUSION;277
10.2.9;REFERENCES;277
10.3;Chapter 3. Graphics and Vision
Graphics and Natural Language: An Integrated Interface for Man-Machine Interaction;280
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;280
10.3.2;GRAPHIC INTERFACE;280
10.3.3;CONCLUSIONS;283
10.3.4;REFERENCES;284
10.4;Chapter 4. Shape Understanding via Fuzzy Models;288
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;288
10.4.2;SHAPE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AND MANMACHINE COMMUNICATION;288
10.4.3;THE REPRESENTATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELS;289
10.4.4;DESCRIPTION OF PRIMITIVE SHAPES;289
10.4.5;FUZZY LABELING OF A CONVEX OUTLINE;290
10.4.6;IMPLEMENTATION;291
10.4.7;CONCLUSION;291
10.4.8;REFERENCES;291
10.5;Chapter 5. Conceptional Design of a Human Error Tolerant Interface for Complex Engineering Systems;294
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;294
10.5.2;SPECIFICATIONS FOR AN ERROR-TOLERANT INTERFACE;294
10.5.3;PROPOSED DESIGN PHILOSOPHY;295
10.5.4;PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE FOR INTELLIGENT MONITORING;296
10.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;298
10.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;298
10.5.7;REFERENCES;298
10.6;Chapter 6. ADBS: A Tool for Designing and Inplemsnting the Man-Process Interface for Different Users;300
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;300
10.6.2;PROGRAM STRUCTURE OF A MONITORING AND SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PROCESS AUTOMATION;300
10.6.3;SHELL-ORIENTED SYSTEM CONCEPT FOR ...

REALIZATION OF A DIALOG SYSTEM;300
10.6.4;IMPLEMEWTATION;302
10.6.5;ADAPTATION FOR DIFFERENT USERS;304
10.6.6;CONCLUSION;304
10.6.7;REFERENCES;304
10.7;Chapter 7. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Individualization in Man-Computer Interaction;306
10.7.1;THEORETICAL CONTEXT;306
10.7.2;HYPOTHESIS;306
10.7.3;EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TASK;306
10.7.4;RESULTS;307
10.7.5;DISCUSSION;308
10.7.6;CONCLUSION;308
10.7.7;REFERENCES;308
11;PART VI: SYSTEMS OPERATION;12
11.1;Chapter 1. Control Room Design from Situation Analysis to Final Lay-out: Operator Contributions and the Role of Ergonomics;312
11.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;312
11.1.2;2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN PROJECT;312
11.1.3;3. COMPARISON TO OTHER DESIGN PROJECTS;315
11.1.4;4. CONCLUSION;316
11.1.5;REFERENCES;316
11.2;Chapter 2. Collective Control in an Automatized System as Apprehended in Verbal Comrunications;318
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;318
11.2.2;CASE STUDY;318
11.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;321
11.2.4;REFERENCES;322
11.3;Chapter 3. An Interactive Approach to Disturbance Analysis in Nuclear Power Plants;324
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;324
11.3.2;COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF OPERATORS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS;324
11.3.3;THE DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM SAAP-2;325
11.3.4;CONCLUSION;327
11.3.5;REFERNCES;327
11.4;Chapter 4. Features of MMI System of EURELIOS Solar Plant;330
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION AND SOLAR PLANT SURVEY;330
11.4.2;DATA BASE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON OPERATORS AND EXPERIMENTERS;331
11.4.3;OPERATION EXPERIENCE AND CONCLUSIONS;332
11.4.4;REFERENCES;333
11.5;Chapter 5. Design and Development of Human Interface in Engineering Workstation for Power System Planning;336
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;336
11.5.2;ISSUE ON HUMAN INTERFACE;336
11.5.3;INTELLIGENT WORKSTATION FOR POWER SYSTEM PLANNING;337
11.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;340
11.5.5;REFERENCES;340
11.6;Chapter 6. Cockpit Analysis and Assessment by the MESSMSE Methodology;342
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;342
11.6.2;A MODEL OF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTIONS FOR MESSAGE;343
11.6.3;USING THE MESSAGE SYSTEM;345
11.6.4;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION;345
11.6.5;REFERENCES;346
11.7;Chapter 7. Laboratory and Moving-base Simulator Experiments on Speed and Accurancy of Visual and Whole-body Motion Perception;348
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;348
11.7.2;TEST FACILITIES;348
11.7.3;EXPERIMENT I;349
11.7.4;EXPERIMENT II;351
11.7.5;EXPERIMENT III;351
11.7.6;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;352
11.7.7;REFERENCES;353
11.8;Chapter 8. Ccnparison of Conventional and Dialogue-oriented Concepts for the Use of Vechicle Information Systems;354
11.8.1;THE PROBLEM;354
11.8.2;THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON INTERACTION TECHNIQUES FOR A CENTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM;355
11.8.3;EXPERIMENTAL SET UP;356
11.8.4;EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS;357
11.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;359
11.8.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;359
11.9;Chapter 9. Passengers Management and Guidance at Railway Station ;360
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;360
11.9.2;AUTOMATION OF THE REVENUE COLLECTION WORK;360
11.9.3;INSTRUCTION AND GUIDANCE OF PASSENGERS AT STATIONS;362
11.9.4;CONCLUSION;363
11.9.5;REFERENCES;363
11.10;Chapter 10. Control Properties of Hunan-prosthesis System with Bilinear Variable Structure;366
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;366
11.10.2;MATHEMATICAL MODEL;366
11.10.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;371
11.10.4;REFERENCES;371
12;PART VII: ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION;372
12.1;Chapter 1. Industrial Problems Session;372
12.1.1;APPENDIX ROUND TABLE 1: INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SESSIONS ON MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS; Topics for Discussion;372
12.2;Chapter 2. Guidelines for the Design of Man-Machine Interfaces;374
12.3;Chapter 3. Humanization of Technology vs Human Engineering;376
13;Author Index;378
14;Subject Index;380