The Geological Deformation of Sediments

1994
ISBN: 978-0-412-40590-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buch, Englisch, 362 Seiten, HC runder Rücken kaschiert, Format (B × H): 183 mm x 260 mm, Gewicht: 1187 g

shallow processes and for the pursuit of more Sediments are now known to undergo deforma­ tion in a wide variety of geological circumstances. quantitative relationships. With these goals in The deforming processes can happen on a vast mind, workers are increasingly drawing on the scale and at all stages before the material be­ principles and methods of the well-established comes fully lithified. In fact, as exploration of the engineering discipline of soil mechanics. earth continues, the widespread extent and im­ All this is beginning to attract wider geological portance of sediment deformation is still being interest. Yet to the newcomer, because progress revealed, for example, below the oceans and has been rapid in recent years, the literature is beneath ice sheets. At the same time, it is still already formidable. The information is scattered, being realized just how varied are the resulting so even an expert on sediment deformation in a structures, and how strikingly similar they can be certain setting may be unaware of analogous to those produced by the deformation of deeply problems and successes in other environments. buried rocks. At the same time, although the same basic prin­ However, there are few precedents to guide the ciples apply in the various geological regimes, a geologist in interpreting structures that formed in subtly different terminology is evolving, which unlithified sediments, or in understanding the can make the subject boundaries hard to cross.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Maltman, A.

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Geologie Geomorphologie, Erosion, Glaziologie
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Tektonik, Strukturgeologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction and overview.- 1.1 General considerations.- 1.2 Mechanical aspects.- 1.3 Causes of deformation.- 1.4 Mélanges as a case history.- 2 Mechanical principles of sediment deformation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Mechanics of particulate media in theory and experiment.- 2.3 Natural stress, strain and pore pressure.- 2.4 Conclusions.- 3 Glacial deformation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Subglacial conditions.- 3.3 Stresses arising from overlying ice.- 3.4 Sediment properties.- 3.5 The sediment transport system: production, alteration and loss.- 3.6 Models of sediment properties and deformation.- 3.7 Basal processes as a control on deformation.- 3.8 Effects of deformation.- 3.9 Preservation of features.- 3.10 Other types of glacial deformation.- 3.11 Conclusion.- 4 Sedimentary deformational structures.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Principles of physical disturbance.- 4.3 Physical deformation structures.- 4.4 Conclusion.- 5 Mass movements.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Falls.- 5.3 Fluidal flows.- 5.4 Flows with plastic behavior.- 5.5 Slumps.- 5.6 Slides.- 5.7 Creep.- 6 Tectonic deformation: stress paths and strain histories.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Stress paths during burial and up-lift of sediments in basins.- 6.3 Stress paths associated with deformation in accretionary prisms.- 6.4 Conclusions.- 7 Fluids in deforming sediments.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Some basic hydrogeological concepts.- 7.3 Fluid sources and the nature of the tectonic processes driving fluid flow.- 7.4 Control of lithology and burialrelated consolidation on the permeability of sedimentary units.- 7.5 Permeability variations due to deformation in active tectonic systems: fractures, faults and gouge.- 7.6 Permeability changes at low effective stresses.- 7.7 Effect of deformation on the tortuosity of flow paths atdifferent scales.- 7.8 Discussion: transience and the intimate coupling of hydrogeological and tectonic processes.- 8 Sediment deformation, dewatering and diagenesis: illustrations from selected mélange zones.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Progressive deformation and dewatering in the Nankai accretionary prism.- 8.3 Progressive deformation of coherent sediments in the Kodiak accretionary prism.- 8.4 Progressive deformation of mélange terranes in the Kodiak accretionaryprism.- 8.5 Deformation and fluid evolution in an accretionary sequence in western Washington.- 8.6 Conclusions.- 9 Deformation structures preserved in rocks.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Techniques of examination.- 9.3 Microfabrics.- 9.4 Micro- to macroscopic structures.- 9.5 Macro- to mesoscopic structures.- 9.6 Recognition of sediment deformation structures.- Appendix: List of symbols.- References.